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Made By:-
              Rakesh Kunwar
                  MCA 3rd Year Group no-4
                  Institute of management Education
      Sahibabad(GZB)
                  E-mail: rakeshkunwar87@gmail.com


             ONLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM


                                        This system is basically concerned with the
      reservation and cancellation of railway tickets to the passengers. The need of
      this system arose because as is the known fact that India has the largest
      railway network in the whole of the world and to handle it manually is quite a
      tough job. By computerizing it, we will be able to overcome many of its
      limitations and will be able to make it more efficient. The handling of data
      and records for such a vast system is a very complex task if done manually
      but it can be made much easier if the system is computerized.

             To be more specific, our system is limited in such a way that a train
      starting from a particular source will have a single destination.
      The basic functions being performed by our system are reservation and
      cancellation. These functions will be handled with the help of following sub
      functions: -

 It reserves and cancels seats for the passenger.
 It contains information about the trains.
 It contains information about the passenger.
 It contains the details of reservation fees, any concessions etc.
 It makes entries for reservation, waiting, cancelled tickets.
 It will update for uptime and downtime trains.


                                                                                1
Index:-
            • System Specification
                   Security
                   Limitation of Executing System
            • Data Flow Diagrams
            • Description of Flow Chart
            • Entity Relationship Diagrams
            • Feasibility Study
            • Introduction of Feasibility study
            • Summary
            • Testing
            • Debugging
            • Conclusion
            • Reference


  SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

  The railway network is a very vast system to be handled manually and its
  computerization will prove to be of great help to both the employees and the
  passengers.

  SECURITY:-

  From security point of view, authentication will be done by password
  checking. If correct password has been entered by the user, the user will get
  further access to the system, otherwise he will have to re-enter the password.
  The facility to change the password has also been provided but for that the
  user will have to first enter the old password. The password can be four
  characters long.


  LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM: -

 Data redundancy: It means that same data fields appear in many different
Admin
Passenger



              files and often in different formats. In manual system, it poses quite a big
              problem because the data has to be maintained in large volumes but in our
              system, this problem can be overcome by providing the condition that if the
              data entered is duplicate, it will not be entered, otherwise, updating will take
              place.
             Difficulty in accessing the data: In manual system, searching information is
              time consuming but in our system, any information can be accessed by
              providing the primary key.
             Unsatisfactory security measures: In manual system, no security measures
              were provided but in this system, password security has been provided. The
              person can access the system by providing the correct password otherwise he
              is denied the access.

               DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

               The data flow diagram is a graphical representation that depicts information
               flow and the transforms that are applied as data moves from input to output.
               The DFD may be used to represent a system or software at any level of
               abstraction. In fact DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent
               increasing information flow and functional detail.


               The level 0 DFD or a context model represents the entire software element as
               a single bubble with input and output data indicated by incoming and
               outgoing arrows, respectively.
               In level 0 diagram shown below, the passenger fills either the reservation or
               cancellation form as input. He gets the ticket as the output and the report is
               sent to the administration.



                                                                        Up/down train info
                          Fill cancellation form

                         Fill reservation form                            resva/cancle info

                             Ticket info                                    passenger info

                                                                                          3
Passenger       Down Storage   Reservation storage file
                                   Up Storage

   Level 0 DFD Or Context Free Diagram


                                                                  Waiting info




            Level – 1 data flow diagram




            A level 1 DFD is the furthur refinement of level 0 DFD showing greater
Level 2 DFD


details and functionalities. In this, the single bubble of level 0 DFD is refined
furthur . Each of the processes depicted at level 1 is a subfunction of the
overall system depicted in the context model.

As shown in the DFD above, the passenger either enquires about the trains or
goes directly for the reservation or the cancellation processes as a result of
which he gets the ticket generated. The reports are then sent to the
administration.




                                                                            5
Reservation
          Report                                  Reservation                Reservation
Passenger


                                                             Waiting Table




                                                                               Generate Ticket




                                       Generate report




                                                                        Cancel table
                         Reservation table


                                             Waiting table




                                                       The level 2 DFD is the further refinement
                   of the level 1 DFD. As shown in the DFD above the passenger has many
                   options like he can directly go to the reservation counter or can first inquire
                   and then go to the reservation counter or he can just inquire and return back.
                   If the passenger wants reservation then the seats are checked for availability
and if the seats are available the confirmation ticket is generated otherwise he
is asked for waiting and waiting ticket is generated if he wants. If the user
wants tickets to be cancelled he is given the cancellation ticket and the
reports of all the transactions are sent to the administrator.




DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART
The program flowchart shows how the system proceeds from the input form
to the output form of the system. It explains how the system is actually
processed step by step .It represents the flow of control as the system is
processed.
   There are three types of program flow chart:
      1. Input flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic input operations in
the system. In railway reservation system, first of all the password is checked
then if the password is valid then we process the input form if the data is
valid then the entries are updated in the data base otherwise the form is
refilled.
                  2. Output flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic output
operations in the system. The user is required to enter t
he criteria for output. If it is for the reservation then the availability if seats is
checked. If the seats are available then the confirmed ticket is generated
otherwise the user is asked for waiting and if he wants then waiting ticket is
generated. If the user wants the seat to be cancelled it is done and the
cancelled ticket is generated for the user. The information about all the above
transactions is then transferred to the related databases.

             3. Report flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic operations
for the generation of reports. If the entries from the processed database are
valid the concerned reports are generated otherwise the process will have to
be repeated.




                                                                                 7
Yes
Reservation database is updated No




                    INPUT FLOW CHART
Yes        No
                             Waiting
Send Generate ticket
     to related database               Cancel




                                                9
Yes
Generate report




      OUTPUT FLOWCHART




                  No




         REPORT FLOWCHART
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

Entity relationship diagram expresses the overall logical structure of a
database graphically. It shows the relationship between different entities. The
entities can have composite, multivolume or derived attributes. The entities
and their attributes are: -
1 Passenger
        #. Name
          *. First name
          *. Middle name
          *. Last name
        #. Gender
        #. Address
          *. House no.
          *. Street
          *. City
        #. Age
        #. Phone no.
2 Form
       #. Form no.
3 Ticket
       #. Ticket no.
         *. Waiting
         *. Confirmed
         *. Cancelled
4 Reservation counter
5 Administrator

                                                                           11
6 Train
       #. Train no
       #. Train name
       #. Source
       #. Destination
7 Seat
       #. Seat no.
       #. Compartment no.
The relationships between different entities are: -
  1. Fill: The passenger fills the form.
  2. Submit: The form is submitted to the reservation counter.
  3. Check: The reservation counter checks the seats.
  4. Generate: Reservation counter generates the ticket.
  5. Issue: Reservation counter issues ticket to the passenger.
  6. Send info: The reservation counter sends information to the
      administrator.
  7. Allotted: The seat is allotted in the train.


    Symbols                          Meanings
    0100090000032a0200000200a2        Data flow
    0100000000a201000026060f00
    3a03574d464301000000000001
    00fb8b00000000010000001803
    00000000000018030000010000
    006c0000000000000000000000
    1a000000370000000000000000
    000000f50700004f0300002045
    4d460000010018030000120000
    00020000000000000000000000
    00000000f6090000e40c0000d8
    00000017010000000000000000
    0000000000005c4b0300684304
    00160000000c00000018000000
    0a000000100000000000000000
    0000000900000010000000f000
13
0100090000032a0200000200   Process
a20100000000a201000026060f
003a03574d4643010000000000
0100fb8b000000000100000018
03000000000000180300000100
15
Railway Reservation Documentation
0100090000032a0200000200a    Data store
20100000000a201000026060f0
03a03574d4643010000000000
0100fb8b000000000100000018
03000000000000180300000100
00006c00000000000000000000
001a0000003700000000000000
00000000f50700004f03000020
454d460000010018030000120
00000020000000000000000000
00000000000f6090000e40c000
0d80000001701000000000000
00000000000000005c4b030068
430400160000000c0000001800
00000a00000010000000000000
00000000000900000010000000
f000000063000000250000000c
0000000e000080250000000c00
00000e000080120000000c0000
00010000005200000070010000
01000000d2ffffff00000000000
00000000000009001000000000
00004400022430061006c00690
06200720069000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000001100b0a71100
1000000014ab110094a811005
251465c14ab11000ca81100100
000007ca91100f8aa110024514

                                           17
Railway Reservation Documentation
0100090000032a0200000200a2   Entity
0100000000a201000026060f00
3a03574d464301000000000001
00fb8b00000000010000001803
00000000000018030000010000
006c0000000000000000000000
1a000000370000000000000000
000000f50700004f0300002045
4d460000010018030000120000
00020000000000000000000000
00000000f6090000e40c0000d8
00000017010000000000000000
0000000000005c4b0300684304
00160000000c00000018000000
0a000000100000000000000000
0000000900000010000000f000
000063000000250000000c0000
000e000080250000000c000000
0e000080120000000c00000001
00000052000000700100000100

                                      19
0000d2ffffff0000000000000000
00000000900100000000000004
400022430061006c0069006200
72006900000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
000000001100b0a71100100000
0014ab110094a811005251465c
14ab11000ca81100100000007c
a91100f8aa11002451465c14ab
11000ca811002000000049642b
5e0ca8110014ab110020000000
fffffffffc027801d0642b5effffffff
ffff0180ffff01804fff0180ffffffff
006b0000000800000008000022
b6215e01000000000000002c01
000025000000372e9001000002
0f0502020204030204ff0200e1f
fac004009000000000000009f0
1000000000000430061006c006
90062007200000000000000000
0d4a81100dee32a5ee88d045f34
ac110040a811009c38235e1f00
0000010000007ca811007ca811
00e878215e1f000000a4a81100f
c0278016476000800000000250
000000c0000000100000025000
0000c000000010000002500000
00c00000001000000180000000
c0000000000000254000000540
0000000000000000000001a000
00037000000010000008887074
1d1450741000000002c0000000
10000004c00000004000000000
0000000000000f100000064000
0005000000020001a001b00000
046000000280000001c0000004
744494302000000ffffffffffffffff
f1000000640000000000000046
00000014000000080000004744
494303000000250000000c0000
000e000080250000000c000000
0e0000800e0000001400000000
00000010000000140000000400
000003010800050000000b0200
000000050000000c0218003a00
040000002e0118001c000000fb
020400020000000000bc020000
00000102022253797374656d00
3f00003f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f080
0000001003f3f3f3f3f00040000
002d010000040000002d010000
04000000020101001c000000fb
02f5ff000000000000900100000
0000440002243616c696272690
00000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000040
000002d010100040000002d010
100040000002d0101000500000
00902000000020d000000320a0
b00000001000400000000003a0
0180020000600040000002d010
000040000002d0100000300000
00000




                                  21
Form            Administrator
Passenger




 Ticket                  R.C.




  Train                  Seat




          ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
FEASIBILITY STUDY




An initial investigation in a proposal that determines whether an alternative
system is feasible. A proposal summarizing the thinking of the analyst is
presented to the user for review. When approved, the proposal initiates
feasibility study that describes and evaluates candidate systems and provides
for the selection of best system that meets system performance requirements.

                                                                         23
To do a feasibility study, we need to consider the economic, technical
factors in system development. First a project team is formed. The team
develops system flowcharts that identify the characteristics of candidate
systems, evaluate the performance of each system, weigh system
performance and cost data and select the best candidate system for the job.
The study culminates in a final report to the management.

By the end of this chapter you should know:
                    1. The steps in defining system performance.
                    2. What key considerations are involved in feasibility
                       analysis?
                    3. How to conduct a feasibility study?




INTRODUCTION

    1. Describe and identify characteristics of candidate systems.
    2. Determine and evaluate performance and cost effectiveness of each
candidate system.
                  4. Weigh system performance and cost data.
                  5. Select the best candidate system.


SUMMARY

1. A feasibility study is conducted to select the best system that meets
performance requirements. This entails an identification description, an
evaluation of candidate systems, and the selection of the best system for the
job.
2. A statement of constraints, the identification of specific system objectives
and a description of outputs define a system’s required performance. The
analyst is then ready to evaluate the feasibility of candidate systems to
produce these outputs.
3. Three key considerations are involved in feasibility analysis: economic,
technical and behavioral.
4. There are eight steps in feasibility study:

 a. STATEMENT OF CONSTRAINTS
         Constraints are factors that limit the solution of a problem. Some
constraints are identified during the initial investigation

    b. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
        Once the constraints are spelled out, the analyst proceeds to identify
 the system’s specific performance objectives. They are derived from the
 general objectives specified in the project directive at the end of the initial
 investigation. The steps are to state the system’s benefits and then translate
 them into measurable objectives.

   c.   DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUTS
        A final step in system performance definition is describing the output
        required by the user. An actual sketch of the format and contents of
        the reports as well as a specification of the media used, their
        frequency, size and numbers of copies required are prepared at this
        point.

   d. FEASIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS
      Three key considerations are involved in the feasibility analysis:
       1. Economic feasibility
       2. Technical feasibility
       3. Behavioral feasibility




                                                                           25
Testing and Debugging
Testing:

Testing is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding errors
and ultimately correcting them. The following testing techniques have been
used to make this project free of errors.


Content Review
The whole content of the project has been reviewed thoroughly to uncover
typographical errors, grammatical error and ambiguous sentences.


Navigation Errors
Different users were allowed to navigate through the project to uncover the
navigation errors. The views of the user regarding the navigation flexibility
and user friendliness were taken into account and implemented in the project.

Unit Testing
Focuses on individual software units, groups of related units.
• Unit – smallest testable piece of software.


• A unit can be compiled /assembled / linked/loaded; and put under a test
   harness.


• Unit testing done to show that the unit does not satisfy the application and
   /or its implemented software does not match the intended designed
structure.




Integration Testing
Focuses on combining units to evaluate the interaction among them
• Integration is the process of aggregating components to create larger
   components.


• Integration testing done to show that even though components were
   individually satisfactory, the combination is incorrect and inconsistent.




                                                                           27
System Testing

Focuses on a complete integrated system to evaluate compliance with
specified requirements (test characteristics that are only present when entire
system is run)

• A system is a big component.
• System testing is aimed at revealing bugs that cannot be attributed to a
   component as such, to inconsistencies between components or planned
   interactions between components.
• Concern: issues, behaviors that can only be exposed by testing the entire
   integrated system (e.g., performance, security, recovery)




Each form encapsulates (labels, texts, grid etc.). Hence in case of project in
V.B. form are the basic units. Each form is tested thoroughly in term of
calculation, display etc.


Regression Testing
Each time a new form is added to the project the whole project is tested
thoroughly to rectify any side effects. That might have occurred due to the
addition of the new form. Thus regression testing has been performed.

Debugging:

Debugging is a consequence of successful testing. That is when a test care
uncovers an error, debugging is the process that results in the removal of
errors. There are mainly two types of debugging.

Backtracking
Backtracking is a fairly common debugging approach that can be used
successfully in small programs. Beginning at the site where a symptom has
been uncovered, the source code is traced backward until the site of the cause
is found.


Brute Forcing
This is the most common category of debugging which involves loading the
source code with write statements and tracking line by line execution to
isolate possible errors.




Conclusion


Practical Training is a very important part of the curriculum as it strengthens
the concepts and enhances knowledge about the practical implementation of
all the theory concepts, we have learnt so far in different subjects.



                                                                          29
This summer training helped us learn a lot. In this training we did the project
on railway reservation system. This project is used to keep a track on
reserving the seat to the passenger. It helps managing the system very
efficiently and conveniently.


Finally, this gives us a lot of mental satisfaction that the project we have
worked upon is a real time project, which will be installed at the customer
site after some more session of regress testing.


Although the project work has been done in a complete and detailed manner
but due to the constraint of time, we could not include some more features we
wanted to. We left these features as a part of the future development. As soon
as we’ll get time we’ll try to add them to my project.




Reference:-
          Henry F Korth, Abraham Silberschatz, ‘’Database system
           concepts’’, McGrsw-Hill Internation editions, Computer Science
           Series (1991). Second Ed.
          Software Engineering ,McGrsw-Hill Internation editions




       Made By:-
                        Rakesh Kunwar
MCA 3rd Year Group no-4
Institute of management Education Sahibabad(GZB)
E-mail: rakeshkunwar87@gmail.com




                                                   31

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Railway Reservation Documentation

  • 1. Made By:- Rakesh Kunwar MCA 3rd Year Group no-4 Institute of management Education Sahibabad(GZB) E-mail: rakeshkunwar87@gmail.com ONLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM This system is basically concerned with the reservation and cancellation of railway tickets to the passengers. The need of this system arose because as is the known fact that India has the largest railway network in the whole of the world and to handle it manually is quite a tough job. By computerizing it, we will be able to overcome many of its limitations and will be able to make it more efficient. The handling of data and records for such a vast system is a very complex task if done manually but it can be made much easier if the system is computerized. To be more specific, our system is limited in such a way that a train starting from a particular source will have a single destination. The basic functions being performed by our system are reservation and cancellation. These functions will be handled with the help of following sub functions: -  It reserves and cancels seats for the passenger.  It contains information about the trains.  It contains information about the passenger.  It contains the details of reservation fees, any concessions etc.  It makes entries for reservation, waiting, cancelled tickets.  It will update for uptime and downtime trains. 1
  • 2. Index:- • System Specification  Security  Limitation of Executing System • Data Flow Diagrams • Description of Flow Chart • Entity Relationship Diagrams • Feasibility Study • Introduction of Feasibility study • Summary • Testing • Debugging • Conclusion • Reference SYSTEM SPECIFICATION The railway network is a very vast system to be handled manually and its computerization will prove to be of great help to both the employees and the passengers. SECURITY:- From security point of view, authentication will be done by password checking. If correct password has been entered by the user, the user will get further access to the system, otherwise he will have to re-enter the password. The facility to change the password has also been provided but for that the user will have to first enter the old password. The password can be four characters long. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM: -  Data redundancy: It means that same data fields appear in many different
  • 3. Admin Passenger files and often in different formats. In manual system, it poses quite a big problem because the data has to be maintained in large volumes but in our system, this problem can be overcome by providing the condition that if the data entered is duplicate, it will not be entered, otherwise, updating will take place.  Difficulty in accessing the data: In manual system, searching information is time consuming but in our system, any information can be accessed by providing the primary key.  Unsatisfactory security measures: In manual system, no security measures were provided but in this system, password security has been provided. The person can access the system by providing the correct password otherwise he is denied the access. DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS The data flow diagram is a graphical representation that depicts information flow and the transforms that are applied as data moves from input to output. The DFD may be used to represent a system or software at any level of abstraction. In fact DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information flow and functional detail. The level 0 DFD or a context model represents the entire software element as a single bubble with input and output data indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows, respectively. In level 0 diagram shown below, the passenger fills either the reservation or cancellation form as input. He gets the ticket as the output and the report is sent to the administration. Up/down train info Fill cancellation form Fill reservation form resva/cancle info Ticket info passenger info 3
  • 4. Passenger Down Storage Reservation storage file Up Storage Level 0 DFD Or Context Free Diagram Waiting info Level – 1 data flow diagram A level 1 DFD is the furthur refinement of level 0 DFD showing greater
  • 5. Level 2 DFD details and functionalities. In this, the single bubble of level 0 DFD is refined furthur . Each of the processes depicted at level 1 is a subfunction of the overall system depicted in the context model. As shown in the DFD above, the passenger either enquires about the trains or goes directly for the reservation or the cancellation processes as a result of which he gets the ticket generated. The reports are then sent to the administration. 5
  • 6. Reservation Report Reservation Reservation Passenger Waiting Table Generate Ticket Generate report Cancel table Reservation table Waiting table The level 2 DFD is the further refinement of the level 1 DFD. As shown in the DFD above the passenger has many options like he can directly go to the reservation counter or can first inquire and then go to the reservation counter or he can just inquire and return back. If the passenger wants reservation then the seats are checked for availability
  • 7. and if the seats are available the confirmation ticket is generated otherwise he is asked for waiting and waiting ticket is generated if he wants. If the user wants tickets to be cancelled he is given the cancellation ticket and the reports of all the transactions are sent to the administrator. DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART The program flowchart shows how the system proceeds from the input form to the output form of the system. It explains how the system is actually processed step by step .It represents the flow of control as the system is processed. There are three types of program flow chart: 1. Input flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic input operations in the system. In railway reservation system, first of all the password is checked then if the password is valid then we process the input form if the data is valid then the entries are updated in the data base otherwise the form is refilled. 2. Output flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic output operations in the system. The user is required to enter t he criteria for output. If it is for the reservation then the availability if seats is checked. If the seats are available then the confirmed ticket is generated otherwise the user is asked for waiting and if he wants then waiting ticket is generated. If the user wants the seat to be cancelled it is done and the cancelled ticket is generated for the user. The information about all the above transactions is then transferred to the related databases. 3. Report flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic operations for the generation of reports. If the entries from the processed database are valid the concerned reports are generated otherwise the process will have to be repeated. 7
  • 8. Yes Reservation database is updated No INPUT FLOW CHART
  • 9. Yes No Waiting Send Generate ticket to related database Cancel 9
  • 10. Yes Generate report OUTPUT FLOWCHART No REPORT FLOWCHART
  • 11. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM Entity relationship diagram expresses the overall logical structure of a database graphically. It shows the relationship between different entities. The entities can have composite, multivolume or derived attributes. The entities and their attributes are: - 1 Passenger #. Name *. First name *. Middle name *. Last name #. Gender #. Address *. House no. *. Street *. City #. Age #. Phone no. 2 Form #. Form no. 3 Ticket #. Ticket no. *. Waiting *. Confirmed *. Cancelled 4 Reservation counter 5 Administrator 11
  • 12. 6 Train #. Train no #. Train name #. Source #. Destination 7 Seat #. Seat no. #. Compartment no. The relationships between different entities are: - 1. Fill: The passenger fills the form. 2. Submit: The form is submitted to the reservation counter. 3. Check: The reservation counter checks the seats. 4. Generate: Reservation counter generates the ticket. 5. Issue: Reservation counter issues ticket to the passenger. 6. Send info: The reservation counter sends information to the administrator. 7. Allotted: The seat is allotted in the train. Symbols Meanings 0100090000032a0200000200a2 Data flow 0100000000a201000026060f00 3a03574d464301000000000001 00fb8b00000000010000001803 00000000000018030000010000 006c0000000000000000000000 1a000000370000000000000000 000000f50700004f0300002045 4d460000010018030000120000 00020000000000000000000000 00000000f6090000e40c0000d8 00000017010000000000000000 0000000000005c4b0300684304 00160000000c00000018000000 0a000000100000000000000000 0000000900000010000000f000
  • 13. 13
  • 14. 0100090000032a0200000200 Process a20100000000a201000026060f 003a03574d4643010000000000 0100fb8b000000000100000018 03000000000000180300000100
  • 15. 15
  • 17. 0100090000032a0200000200a Data store 20100000000a201000026060f0 03a03574d4643010000000000 0100fb8b000000000100000018 03000000000000180300000100 00006c00000000000000000000 001a0000003700000000000000 00000000f50700004f03000020 454d460000010018030000120 00000020000000000000000000 00000000000f6090000e40c000 0d80000001701000000000000 00000000000000005c4b030068 430400160000000c0000001800 00000a00000010000000000000 00000000000900000010000000 f000000063000000250000000c 0000000e000080250000000c00 00000e000080120000000c0000 00010000005200000070010000 01000000d2ffffff00000000000 00000000000009001000000000 00004400022430061006c00690 06200720069000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000001100b0a71100 1000000014ab110094a811005 251465c14ab11000ca81100100 000007ca91100f8aa110024514 17
  • 19. 0100090000032a0200000200a2 Entity 0100000000a201000026060f00 3a03574d464301000000000001 00fb8b00000000010000001803 00000000000018030000010000 006c0000000000000000000000 1a000000370000000000000000 000000f50700004f0300002045 4d460000010018030000120000 00020000000000000000000000 00000000f6090000e40c0000d8 00000017010000000000000000 0000000000005c4b0300684304 00160000000c00000018000000 0a000000100000000000000000 0000000900000010000000f000 000063000000250000000c0000 000e000080250000000c000000 0e000080120000000c00000001 00000052000000700100000100 19
  • 20. 0000d2ffffff0000000000000000 00000000900100000000000004 400022430061006c0069006200 72006900000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 000000001100b0a71100100000 0014ab110094a811005251465c 14ab11000ca81100100000007c a91100f8aa11002451465c14ab 11000ca811002000000049642b 5e0ca8110014ab110020000000 fffffffffc027801d0642b5effffffff ffff0180ffff01804fff0180ffffffff 006b0000000800000008000022 b6215e01000000000000002c01 000025000000372e9001000002 0f0502020204030204ff0200e1f fac004009000000000000009f0 1000000000000430061006c006 90062007200000000000000000 0d4a81100dee32a5ee88d045f34 ac110040a811009c38235e1f00 0000010000007ca811007ca811 00e878215e1f000000a4a81100f c0278016476000800000000250 000000c0000000100000025000 0000c000000010000002500000 00c00000001000000180000000 c0000000000000254000000540 0000000000000000000001a000 00037000000010000008887074 1d1450741000000002c0000000 10000004c00000004000000000 0000000000000f100000064000 0005000000020001a001b00000
  • 22. Form Administrator Passenger Ticket R.C. Train Seat ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
  • 23. FEASIBILITY STUDY An initial investigation in a proposal that determines whether an alternative system is feasible. A proposal summarizing the thinking of the analyst is presented to the user for review. When approved, the proposal initiates feasibility study that describes and evaluates candidate systems and provides for the selection of best system that meets system performance requirements. 23
  • 24. To do a feasibility study, we need to consider the economic, technical factors in system development. First a project team is formed. The team develops system flowcharts that identify the characteristics of candidate systems, evaluate the performance of each system, weigh system performance and cost data and select the best candidate system for the job. The study culminates in a final report to the management. By the end of this chapter you should know: 1. The steps in defining system performance. 2. What key considerations are involved in feasibility analysis? 3. How to conduct a feasibility study? INTRODUCTION 1. Describe and identify characteristics of candidate systems. 2. Determine and evaluate performance and cost effectiveness of each candidate system. 4. Weigh system performance and cost data. 5. Select the best candidate system. SUMMARY 1. A feasibility study is conducted to select the best system that meets
  • 25. performance requirements. This entails an identification description, an evaluation of candidate systems, and the selection of the best system for the job. 2. A statement of constraints, the identification of specific system objectives and a description of outputs define a system’s required performance. The analyst is then ready to evaluate the feasibility of candidate systems to produce these outputs. 3. Three key considerations are involved in feasibility analysis: economic, technical and behavioral. 4. There are eight steps in feasibility study: a. STATEMENT OF CONSTRAINTS Constraints are factors that limit the solution of a problem. Some constraints are identified during the initial investigation b. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SYSTEM OBJECTIVES Once the constraints are spelled out, the analyst proceeds to identify the system’s specific performance objectives. They are derived from the general objectives specified in the project directive at the end of the initial investigation. The steps are to state the system’s benefits and then translate them into measurable objectives. c. DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUTS A final step in system performance definition is describing the output required by the user. An actual sketch of the format and contents of the reports as well as a specification of the media used, their frequency, size and numbers of copies required are prepared at this point. d. FEASIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS Three key considerations are involved in the feasibility analysis: 1. Economic feasibility 2. Technical feasibility 3. Behavioral feasibility 25
  • 26. Testing and Debugging Testing: Testing is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding errors and ultimately correcting them. The following testing techniques have been used to make this project free of errors. Content Review The whole content of the project has been reviewed thoroughly to uncover typographical errors, grammatical error and ambiguous sentences. Navigation Errors Different users were allowed to navigate through the project to uncover the navigation errors. The views of the user regarding the navigation flexibility and user friendliness were taken into account and implemented in the project. Unit Testing Focuses on individual software units, groups of related units. • Unit – smallest testable piece of software. • A unit can be compiled /assembled / linked/loaded; and put under a test harness. • Unit testing done to show that the unit does not satisfy the application and /or its implemented software does not match the intended designed
  • 27. structure. Integration Testing Focuses on combining units to evaluate the interaction among them • Integration is the process of aggregating components to create larger components. • Integration testing done to show that even though components were individually satisfactory, the combination is incorrect and inconsistent. 27
  • 28. System Testing Focuses on a complete integrated system to evaluate compliance with specified requirements (test characteristics that are only present when entire system is run) • A system is a big component. • System testing is aimed at revealing bugs that cannot be attributed to a component as such, to inconsistencies between components or planned interactions between components. • Concern: issues, behaviors that can only be exposed by testing the entire integrated system (e.g., performance, security, recovery) Each form encapsulates (labels, texts, grid etc.). Hence in case of project in V.B. form are the basic units. Each form is tested thoroughly in term of calculation, display etc. Regression Testing Each time a new form is added to the project the whole project is tested
  • 29. thoroughly to rectify any side effects. That might have occurred due to the addition of the new form. Thus regression testing has been performed. Debugging: Debugging is a consequence of successful testing. That is when a test care uncovers an error, debugging is the process that results in the removal of errors. There are mainly two types of debugging. Backtracking Backtracking is a fairly common debugging approach that can be used successfully in small programs. Beginning at the site where a symptom has been uncovered, the source code is traced backward until the site of the cause is found. Brute Forcing This is the most common category of debugging which involves loading the source code with write statements and tracking line by line execution to isolate possible errors. Conclusion Practical Training is a very important part of the curriculum as it strengthens the concepts and enhances knowledge about the practical implementation of all the theory concepts, we have learnt so far in different subjects. 29
  • 30. This summer training helped us learn a lot. In this training we did the project on railway reservation system. This project is used to keep a track on reserving the seat to the passenger. It helps managing the system very efficiently and conveniently. Finally, this gives us a lot of mental satisfaction that the project we have worked upon is a real time project, which will be installed at the customer site after some more session of regress testing. Although the project work has been done in a complete and detailed manner but due to the constraint of time, we could not include some more features we wanted to. We left these features as a part of the future development. As soon as we’ll get time we’ll try to add them to my project. Reference:-  Henry F Korth, Abraham Silberschatz, ‘’Database system concepts’’, McGrsw-Hill Internation editions, Computer Science Series (1991). Second Ed.  Software Engineering ,McGrsw-Hill Internation editions Made By:- Rakesh Kunwar
  • 31. MCA 3rd Year Group no-4 Institute of management Education Sahibabad(GZB) E-mail: rakeshkunwar87@gmail.com 31