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1
The Danish Way of War – will
the activism continue after
Afghanistan?
Peter Viggo Jakobsen
Royal Danish Defence College and Center
for War Studies, Uni of Southern Denmark
Ifs-12@fak.dk
Air power conference, 17 April 2015
Oops what happened?
2
Main points
•  DK on Venus 1864-1989
•  DK flies to Mars
•  Why Mars?
•  DK way of war on Mars
•  Will DK remain on Mars?
3
Venus vs Mars
•  Europa lives on
på Venus and
has forgotten
how to use
force
•  USA lives on
Mars and uses
force to protect
itself and
Europe
4
DK on Venus 1864-1993
•  DK only shoots
in self-defence
– and only if it
worthwhile
•  (÷ 1940)
•  Reluctant NATO
ally
•  Korean War:
hospital ship >
no to combat
troops
5
1994- DK flies to Mars
•  Highest public
support for:
- Kosovo 1999
(77%)
- Afghanistan 2011
(45%)
- Libya 2011
(78%)
- Invasion of Iran
2012 (27%)
- Iraq 2014 (62%)
6
1994- DK flies to Mars
•  Military force
useful and
legitimate tool of
statecraft
•  50.000 cars with
yellow ribbons
•  Flagday,
memorials,
bravery medals,
home coming
parades, veteran
policy
7
1994- DK flies to Mars
•  War heroes:
Lars Møller,
Anders
Storrud,
Anders Lassen
resurrected
•  DK at war has
trigged an
avalance of
books, movies
and TV series
8
Why Mars?
•  USSR collapses
•  ”no more NATO
footnotes”
•  Demand from
the UN, NATO
and the US !
•  Gulf war
•  Balkans
•  Iraq
•  Afghanistan
9
Why Mars?
•  Operation Hooligan
buster 1994
•  Praise from NATO
and allies
•  Few fatalities during
the 1990s
•  Snowballing effect
=> New strategic
culture: use of force
natural and legitimate
instrument
10
The Danish way of war on Mars
•  Since 1989 DK has constructed a
narrative explained why and how
we go to war that the Danish public
identifies with and takes inspiration
from ! new national identity /
strategic culture
•  Clear and consistent communication
of this narrative by all political
parties backing the use of force
•  Iraq War 2003 the only exception to
this rule
11
The Danish way of war on Mars
Ends
• Defend DK security and
prosperity
• Promote DK liberal values:
demokracy, human rights,
and the rule of law
• Do our duty as a responsible
and civilized nation
12
The Danish way of war on Mars
Ways
Support for NATO and the US
-Plug og play with UK and US
without caveats (almost)
Support for UN
-UN (or NATO) mandate
Broad political support;
-2/3 majority principle
Integrated civil-military approach
Clean hands
- no legal obligations = no
prisoners or private security firms 13
The Danish way of war on Mars
Means
•  Diplomacy
•  Development
•  Humanitarian assistance
•  Military
! The integrated approach means
that Denmark will always employ
civilian and military means together
! prerequisite for broad political
support
14
The Danish way of war on Mars
War popular in DK if
1) It is sold with reference to
national security, liberal values
and the duty to make a difference
as a responsible nation.
2) Fought together with NATO
allies, UN (NATO) mandate, broad
political support, an integrated
approach (civilian + military
means) and in accordance with
the laws of armed conflict.
15
Will DK remain on Mars?
•  The choice
after
Afghanistan
•  Continuation
of the
Mars -
approach or
a return to
Venus?
16
Will DK remain on Mars?
The VENUS-argument
•  Militarisation a mistake – no
gains, just dead soldies and
financial costs
• DK should prevent wars not fight
them
• Never again Iraq and Afghanistan
• Increased risk of terror attacks
• Conflicts cannot be resolved by
force
17
Will DK remain on Mars?
Mars-argument
•  DK foreign policy normalized not
militarized
•  Military force supports and
reinforces civilian instruments
•  DK policy successful - more status
and influence than before
•  Every wants to negotiate, few can
and will fight ! DK makes an
important difference and supports
its values and interests
18
Will DK remain on Mars?
DK makes a
difference
•  6 of 28 NATO
countries sent
troops to
Southern
Afghanistan
•  8 of 28 NATO
countries
bombed in
Libya
19
Will DK remain on Mars?
Who wins?
•  It will be determined by our allies
in the UN and NATO (and our
enemies)
•  If DK allies continue to call
Copenhagen and can provide a
just case and a UN/NATO mandate
•  Then DK will continue to join the
fight
•  Form and frequence will be
determined by allied requests
20
Will DK remain on Mars?
Who wins?
• International > national
factors
• There is just war enough
for everyone ! DK will
remain on Mars
21
Want to know more?
PVJ, Denmark at War: Turning Point or Business as Usual?, in B.
Heurlin and H. Mouritzen (eds.) Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook
2000, Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs:
61-85.
PVJ og KJM, Good News: Libya and the Danish Way of War, in N.
Hvidt og H. Mouritzen (eds.) Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2012
(Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies), 106-30.
PVJ and JR, In Denmark, Afghanistan is worth dying for: How
public support for the war was maintained in the face of
mounting casualties and elusive success, Cooperation and Conflict.
DOI: 10.1177/0010836714545688 (2014)
PVJ and JR, Size and reputation – why the United States has
valued its “special relationships” with Denmark and the United
Kingdom differently since 9/11, Journal of Transatlantic Studies,
13:2 (2015).
22
Questions ?
ifs-12@fak.dk 23

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Professor Jakobsen on the Danish Way of War

  • 1. 1 The Danish Way of War – will the activism continue after Afghanistan? Peter Viggo Jakobsen Royal Danish Defence College and Center for War Studies, Uni of Southern Denmark Ifs-12@fak.dk Air power conference, 17 April 2015
  • 3. Main points •  DK on Venus 1864-1989 •  DK flies to Mars •  Why Mars? •  DK way of war on Mars •  Will DK remain on Mars? 3
  • 4. Venus vs Mars •  Europa lives on på Venus and has forgotten how to use force •  USA lives on Mars and uses force to protect itself and Europe 4
  • 5. DK on Venus 1864-1993 •  DK only shoots in self-defence – and only if it worthwhile •  (÷ 1940) •  Reluctant NATO ally •  Korean War: hospital ship > no to combat troops 5
  • 6. 1994- DK flies to Mars •  Highest public support for: - Kosovo 1999 (77%) - Afghanistan 2011 (45%) - Libya 2011 (78%) - Invasion of Iran 2012 (27%) - Iraq 2014 (62%) 6
  • 7. 1994- DK flies to Mars •  Military force useful and legitimate tool of statecraft •  50.000 cars with yellow ribbons •  Flagday, memorials, bravery medals, home coming parades, veteran policy 7
  • 8. 1994- DK flies to Mars •  War heroes: Lars Møller, Anders Storrud, Anders Lassen resurrected •  DK at war has trigged an avalance of books, movies and TV series 8
  • 9. Why Mars? •  USSR collapses •  ”no more NATO footnotes” •  Demand from the UN, NATO and the US ! •  Gulf war •  Balkans •  Iraq •  Afghanistan 9
  • 10. Why Mars? •  Operation Hooligan buster 1994 •  Praise from NATO and allies •  Few fatalities during the 1990s •  Snowballing effect => New strategic culture: use of force natural and legitimate instrument 10
  • 11. The Danish way of war on Mars •  Since 1989 DK has constructed a narrative explained why and how we go to war that the Danish public identifies with and takes inspiration from ! new national identity / strategic culture •  Clear and consistent communication of this narrative by all political parties backing the use of force •  Iraq War 2003 the only exception to this rule 11
  • 12. The Danish way of war on Mars Ends • Defend DK security and prosperity • Promote DK liberal values: demokracy, human rights, and the rule of law • Do our duty as a responsible and civilized nation 12
  • 13. The Danish way of war on Mars Ways Support for NATO and the US -Plug og play with UK and US without caveats (almost) Support for UN -UN (or NATO) mandate Broad political support; -2/3 majority principle Integrated civil-military approach Clean hands - no legal obligations = no prisoners or private security firms 13
  • 14. The Danish way of war on Mars Means •  Diplomacy •  Development •  Humanitarian assistance •  Military ! The integrated approach means that Denmark will always employ civilian and military means together ! prerequisite for broad political support 14
  • 15. The Danish way of war on Mars War popular in DK if 1) It is sold with reference to national security, liberal values and the duty to make a difference as a responsible nation. 2) Fought together with NATO allies, UN (NATO) mandate, broad political support, an integrated approach (civilian + military means) and in accordance with the laws of armed conflict. 15
  • 16. Will DK remain on Mars? •  The choice after Afghanistan •  Continuation of the Mars - approach or a return to Venus? 16
  • 17. Will DK remain on Mars? The VENUS-argument •  Militarisation a mistake – no gains, just dead soldies and financial costs • DK should prevent wars not fight them • Never again Iraq and Afghanistan • Increased risk of terror attacks • Conflicts cannot be resolved by force 17
  • 18. Will DK remain on Mars? Mars-argument •  DK foreign policy normalized not militarized •  Military force supports and reinforces civilian instruments •  DK policy successful - more status and influence than before •  Every wants to negotiate, few can and will fight ! DK makes an important difference and supports its values and interests 18
  • 19. Will DK remain on Mars? DK makes a difference •  6 of 28 NATO countries sent troops to Southern Afghanistan •  8 of 28 NATO countries bombed in Libya 19
  • 20. Will DK remain on Mars? Who wins? •  It will be determined by our allies in the UN and NATO (and our enemies) •  If DK allies continue to call Copenhagen and can provide a just case and a UN/NATO mandate •  Then DK will continue to join the fight •  Form and frequence will be determined by allied requests 20
  • 21. Will DK remain on Mars? Who wins? • International > national factors • There is just war enough for everyone ! DK will remain on Mars 21
  • 22. Want to know more? PVJ, Denmark at War: Turning Point or Business as Usual?, in B. Heurlin and H. Mouritzen (eds.) Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2000, Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs: 61-85. PVJ og KJM, Good News: Libya and the Danish Way of War, in N. Hvidt og H. Mouritzen (eds.) Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2012 (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies), 106-30. PVJ and JR, In Denmark, Afghanistan is worth dying for: How public support for the war was maintained in the face of mounting casualties and elusive success, Cooperation and Conflict. DOI: 10.1177/0010836714545688 (2014) PVJ and JR, Size and reputation – why the United States has valued its “special relationships” with Denmark and the United Kingdom differently since 9/11, Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 13:2 (2015). 22