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3. Summer 2012 Living in Ostia Apartments, houses, eating, drinking, recreation
- 2. Evolution of Housing in Ostia • Republican Peristyle Domus (through early Empire) • Early Insula-Trajan • Major Phase of Insula Construction-Hadrian • Redecoration-Antonine and Severan • Breakup of Larger Apartments • New Phase of Domus Construction • Decline, Decay and Abandonment
- 3. Housing Yale Open Courses Lecture 16 Roman Architecture Residential Architecture at Ostia: The Insulae [00:36:57 -00:49:43]
- 4. Needs in Housing? • Basic amenities (4 s’s) • Symbol of status and honor – Social hierarchy and relationships – Salutatio: Client-Patron – Convivium: Owner-friends • Income – Rentals of apartments and shops – Shops found in all environments
- 5. Where People Lived • Unmarried laborer or poor family – Inn/Boarding house? – Sublet by day or week • Shopkeeper/ Craftsman – Room in back of shop – Mezzanine above shop
- 6. Where People Lived • Small apartment in an insula – Medianum apartment • Larger apartment in an insula • Domus – single family house
- 7. Atrium – peristyle house (idealized) Parlor Tablinum – salutio Dining room(s) Triclinium – convivium Bedrooms cubiculi
- 8. Domus di Giove Fulminatore (IV,IV,3)
- 9. Domus di Giove Fulminatore (IV,IV,3); Apotropaic ‘welcome mat’ (photos: Jan Theo Bakker; Wikimedia Commons)
- 10. • Supports for a loft (House of the Paintings) • Mezzanines indicated by internal staircases in shops • Possibility of wood partitions Alterations
- 11. Opus spicatum: Flooring in shops and some upper stories
- 12. Small Apartments Walls • Yellow or white panels • Miniature landscapes, still-lifes, isolated animals, birds, garlands, and cupids. • No figures Floors • White tesserae • Crushed pottery or brick in mortar • Opus spicatum in utility areas
- 13. House of Annius • Commercial building converted to a three room and a five apartment
- 14. 196 23 197 Cooking – A Double Boiler? Elizabeth Fentress Cooking pots and cooking practice: an African bain-marie? Papers of the British School at Rome 78 (2010), pp. 145-50
- 15. Cubiculo Cubiculo Latrine Exedra Medianum 3m Casette-tipo: A basic medianum apartment Trajanic period (117.3 m2=1263 ft2) III xiii 2
- 16. Medianum Apartments - Duplex
- 17. Domus delle Muse House of the Yellow Walls Casa delle Ierodule
- 20. Design features • Walls – Architectural, polychrome backgrounds in main rooms • Floors – Somewhat complex in main rooms – Simpler geometrical patterns, white or white w. black borders in other rooms
- 21. House of the Yellow Walls [Casa delle Pareti Gialle (III,IX,12)]
- 22. House of the Yellow Walls, Room 8
- 23. House of the Yellow Walls, Room 8 Hercules and Achelous.
- 24. House of the Yellow Walls, Room 5. Photograph: Stephan Mols
- 25. House of the Muses Plan with mosaics
- 26. House of the Muses Room of the Muses (5), S. wall, Apollo flanked by two Muses. Clarke 1991, plate 20
- 27. House of the Muses Apollo
- 28. Casa delle Ierodule (III,IX,6) Casa di Lucceia Primitiva) Drawing of the paintings on the ceiling of room 6. Veloccia Rinaldi 1971, fig. 4.
- 29. House of Diana
- 32. A Look at an Insula (V. ii) • 14 buildings • Including presumed upper floors: 61 % private; 39% public • Five shops, factories, storage areas • Baths of the Philosopher
- 33. A Look at an Insula (V. ii) • Two Mansions – House of Fortuna Annonaria – House of the Porch (Domus del Protiro) • A smaller domus • Two apartment buildings
- 35. House of the Porch
- 36. Sanitation: Insula (V. ii) • Public latrine by baths (10-15 seats) • House of the Porch; House of Fortuna Annonaria; House of the Well – (Ground floor and upper floor) – Rental area (ground and upper floor) • Apartment House – Latrine in shop; latrines on both floors of rear apartment
- 37. Furnishing the Ostian Home
- 38. Bronze Fittings for furniture
- 39. Dining • At home – purchase food at shops and market • Out – hot food • Out – cold food • Drink
- 40. Fish shop, mosaic sign
- 41. Relief from Isola Sacra: wine, oil, water?
- 42. Relief from Isola Sacra, another scene
- 44. Drink Caupona di Fortunato (II,VI,1)
- 45. ‘Thermopolium’
- 46. Ostia Antica.org/ Bill Strange
- 47. Caupona di Alexander e Helix (IV,VII,4) Sports bar? Brothel?
- 48. Aurleius Helix: considered greatest pancratist of his time (218-222) ? Gaius Perelius Aurelius Alexander: head of the association of athletes in Rome
- 49. Other Mosaics
- 50. Seven Sages Room 5 Photograph: Stephan Mols.
- 51. Thales
- 52. Baths • Hygiene • Exercise • Socializing • Recreation loutron alexiponon • Art gallery Baths for driving away sorrow
- 53. Baths – Part of Life Balnea, vina, Venus. Mecum senuere per annos Baths, wine, Venus (love) grow old with me through the years.
- 54. Baths Type Financing Size Amenities Examples Thermae Public or Entire Block Palestra Porta major Marina, benefactor Neptune Forum Balnea Speculator Within insula No palestra Seven Sages Association Cisiari, Philosopher Sanctuary Buticosus Private Within Dioscures domus or villa
- 55. Comparison of Baths Diocletian, Rome 305 CE Caracalla, Rome 216 CE Forum, Ostia 160 CE Forum, Pompeii 80 BCE
- 56. Baths of the Forum Changing rooms 4, 5, 12, 13 Cold bath 6 Lukewarm baths 17, 18 Hot bath 19 Sweat bath 16 Sun-bathing 15
- 59. Athletes Marciana Neptune
- 61. Theater Theatrical masks: part of the architectural decoration Photograph: Jan Theo Bakker.
- 62. Gladiator Terracotta Mould: Fighting animals Combat Scenes Graffito: Gladiators
- 63. Mould: Eteokles, Oedipus, Jocata, Polykneikes
Notas del editor
- Shelter, sustenance, sanitation, statusNote on medianum: People of a common fortune did not need magnificent vestibules, alcoves, and halls: they were not visited themselves, they visited others. Such people must be pictured in apartments and small houses. The representative rooms of the Ostianmedianum-apartments however do not concur with Vitruvius' description. This may well be due to the growing political and economical importance and therefore changing needs of freedmen in second-century Ostia, if they lived in the apartments. Residents of garden houses are considered lower-upper class by one author.Methods of analysis. Spatial – site lines movement, access control, function of decoration. In the Ostian context, the presence of one or more primary spaces in a residencecan be taken as a sign of elevated social status. If the resident held a prominent positionin Ostian society, he would likely have had various public responsibilities, some of whichhe would have fulfilled in the domestic setting. To this end, he would have requiredappropriately adorned spaces to carry out these activities. It seems logical that if we wishto discover something about the relationship between housing and social status at Ostia,we should first look to the primary spaces of the apartments
- Rent - no accurate statistics survive. In Petronius 8. 4, rent is one as per night for a room in extremely unpleasant quarters. In the late Republic, an unskilled labourer might make about HS 1,OOO a year(Cic., Rosc. Com. 28). In 48 B.C., In 45 BCE Julius Caesar remitted all Roman rents up to HS 2,000 a year,all Italian rents to HS 500 a year(Suet., Caes. 38. 2; Dio 42. 5I. i). Minimum rent for decent quarters in late Republican Rome perhaps approached this second figure
- Exedra garden room
- Initial phase 150-50 BCE remodeled in Augustan era. Perhaps had peristyle that was removed when adjacent baths were built
- Small patio house from the republican period, partly decorated with mosaics. It can be distinguished six phases. The oldest one in the years 150 to 50 BC The uncertain function of the building at this time. In the Augustan period was set up here an atrium house that could be accessed through a vestibule between two shops. Here is a mosaic with a phallus, which probably dates from the second century. In the atrium behind a impluvium is made of marble. The room is decorated with geometric mosaics. On both sides of the atrium there are small spaces (cubicula) in one of them a flight of stairs. In the back of the house there are two further rooms and a passage with a statue niche in between. This passage may have once led to a peristyle, but that was built over the terms of bizantine. At the end of the fourth century, the level of the floor was raised by one meter (this change is now removed). In the house there was an altar with a dedication to Jupiter, which the House gave the (modern) name.
- Thin tiles in herringbone pattern
- Cocciopesto or opussigninum(a mixture of crushed pottery or brick, lime, and pozzolana, a volcanic product)
- It is a residential and commercial building of Hadrian's time. On the façade there are three Tonplaketten found with the inscription: OMNIA FELICIA ANNI (translated: the business of Annius is going well). The facade of the building had balconies, which are partly preserved. The building seems initially to have been mainly used for commercial purposes. Later, many doors were walled up to create housing. Inside, there are some well-preserved wall paintings.
- Cooking pots and cooking practice: an African bain-marie?1by Elizabeth FentressPapers of the British School at Rome 78 (2010), pp. 145-50Put three common types together to make a double-boiler
- Insula XII & XIII - CasetteTipo (III,XII,1-2 & III,XIII,1-2)The Standard Houses are the oldest medianum apartments in Ostia, from the early Trajanic period (opus mixtum). On the ground floor four apartments can be recognized, in two blocks completely surrounded by streets. Only the streets to the north, east and between the two blocks were paved with basalt blocks. In the center of each set of apartments was an external, wooden staircase, leading to further apartments on the first floor. The medianum is flanked by two representative rooms. On one long side are two small rooms, presumably bedrooms. On the opposite side is the facade, presumably pierced by windows, that have not been preserved however. Each apartment had a kitchen and a latrine, marked L on the plan. Three of the four apartments have a door leading to the medianum. The medianum of the north-east apartment is the only one facing north-west. The south-east apartment has a door leading to a corridor next to the latrine.There are a few scant remains of paintings and black-and-white mosaics.
- House of Paintings room 10
- Water supply and building heightStevens has confirmed the suggestion that the central apartments were four storeys high (c. 17.70 metres or 60 Roman feet). She concludes that the upper floors of these apartments were supplied with water. According to her rectangular recesses contained terracotta pipes for drainage and lead pipes for the supply of water. The latter recesses are 30 cm. deep and contain a sediment resulting from leaking water. The recesses for drainage are smaller, and contain no sediment. Buildings 17-20 have significantly more recesses than 13-16. In the former complex lead pipes were installed in the corridor between apartments 17-18 and 19-20, and in the east wall of the staircases to the west of the corridor. Stevens suggests that toilets were a standard facility on the third floor. Buildings 17-20 may have had fountains on the upper floors. In most of the buildings of the perimeter there was no private water supply. The inhabitants of these buildings must have used the six basins in the garden.
- There are several basic trends that can be identified among the primary spaces ofthe Group 2A apartments. Where paintings are preserved, they consistently involve anarchitectural system on a polychrome background (Figs. 21-31).354 With the exception ofthe House of the Priestesses, which includes two type-B rooms (one of which has anaedicular system of painted decoration), all of the primary spaces that include painteddecorations exhibit this decorative system.355 Only several of the medianum apartmentscontain traces of their floor mosaics. Those that are largely preserved are comparable toor noticeably more complex than the other mosaics in the residence
- In rooms 7 and 8 are paintings from the Severan period. Again we find architectural motifs, but the colour scheme is totally different. In room 8 are also depictions of a maenad, a Silenus, and of Hercules and Achelous, the chief of all river deities.
- In rooms 4, 5 and 6 are paintings from the second half of the second century. Architectural motifs, small, impressionistic landscapes, and a head of Oceanus were painted on a yellow background.
- Also known as house of the Priestess. The paintings on the ceilings were applied on canes tied together with ropes and attached to a wooden support with iron nails (in Italian: "camera a canna")
- Deduced from drain pipes
- Pompeii Note fittings
- Table support – female herm; Herm; Winged childFrom apartment over mill that collapsed in earthquake.
- Brazier from Pompeii. Brazier have been found at Ostia. Food cooked in dining room itself.
- IPO A 169B 43 por 49,5 cm., con 3 cm. de fondo
- Relieve IPO A 169A. Fuente: Squarciapino, M.F.,Piccolo corpus deimattoniscolpitiostiensi. BulletinodellaCommissioneArcheologicaComunale di Roma 76, 1956-1958 tab. V.Conjecture thatboth were originally symmetrical around a central commemorative inscription
- Left – From Tunisia used for olive oil or occasionally fish sauceRight – From Libya used for olive oilOne to far right in relief is Dressel 20 from Guadalquivir valley in southern Spain (the Roman province of Baetica), between the cities of Cordoba and Seville used for olive oilOne in other relief is Its design is identified with the type known as Gauloise 4 is a container of wine produced in southern France, near the mouththe Rhone in Languedoc. We can rule out another trytype of amphora Dressel as 3024 as this type has a pivot anfóricomore elongated.A deposit (Bath of the Swimmer) contained 31% Dressel 20 from Andalusia and most of the rest from North Africa
- The Bar of Fortunatowas installed in a room that was originally a passage between the Decumanus to the south and Via della Fontana to the north. A new passage between the roads was apparently created to the east of the bar. There is a wide entrance in the south wall of the bar, with a travertine threshold.On the floor is a black-and-white mosaic with a drinking vessel and the damaged inscription:[10 letters missing?] FORTVNATVS[10 letters missing?]ATERA QVOD SITISBI (chalice) BEIt is interpreted by Vaglieri as follows:[hospesinquit] FORTVNATVS[vinum e cr]ATERA QVOD SITISBI (chalice) BE"(Your host) Fortunatus (says): drink (wine from) the crater because you are thirsty" (a variant by Calza: (dicit) FORTVNATVS (vinumcr)ATERA QUOD SITIS BIBE). Ashby interprets Fortunatus as a nominative for a vocative, and takes cratera as the Greek form of the accusative, translating: "Fortunatus, drink the bowl, because you are thirsty". He does not, however, take the missing letters to the left into account.
- Note shelves behind counter
- he precise identification of the objects remains difficult. From left to right we may see: green olives; a turnip; eggs or peaches in a glass with water; two red cheese or watermelons or cymbals hung from a nail.
- Near maritime entrance In the centre of the room is a basin with a shelf at one end, suggesting that it was a fountain. In the north corner is the bar counter with a double basin. The top of the counter has disappeared. Behind the counter are a focus (hearth) and three stepped shelves.
- Aurelius Helix fought during the reign of Heliogabalus (218-222 AD) and was the greatest pancratiast of his day
- To the south-east of the bar counter are two grotesque, dancing figures. One has a large phallus. In their hands are sticks. The scene is based on Egyptian examples. In front of the door to the backroom is Venus holding a mirror, accompanied by a winged amorino who is holding her girdle.
- The room of the Seven SagesThe building was named after the paintings in room 5. Most of the walls of this room belong to a pre-existing building from the late-Flavian period (Domitianus). The paintings belong to the Hadrianic or early-Antonine period. The "seven Greek sages" are depicted, who all lived around 600 BC. Their names and city of origin are painted in Greek next to them: SOLÒN ATHÈNAIOS ("Solon of Athens") THALÈS MEILÈSIOS ("Thales of Milete") CHEILÒN LAKEDAIMONIOS ("Chilon of Sparta") [Bias] PRIÈNEUS ("[Bias] of Priene") (Cleobulus of Lindos, Pittacus of Mitylene, and Periander of Corinth have not been preserved).Humorous, ironic texts in Latin refer to activity in the latrine: VT BENE CACARET VENTREM PALPAVIT SOLON ("Solon rubbed his belly to defecate well") DVRVM CACANTES MONVIT VT NITANT THALES ("Thales recommended that those who defecate with difficulty should strain") VISSIRE TACITE CHILON DOCVIT SVBDOLVS ("The cunning Chilon taught how to flatulate unnoticed") [---]ENIS BIAS. Below Solon is the text: IVDICI (?) | OR(di)NA (?) and VERGILIVM LEGIS(se) PVERIS (?) Below Thales we read: VERBOSE TIBI | NEMO | DICIT DVM PRISCIANV(s) | (?) (u)TARIS XYLOSPHONGIO NOS | (? a) QVAS ("No one gives you a long lecture, Priscianus, as long as you use the sponge on a stick ...").Below the sages the heads have been preserved of people that are probably sitting on a communal latrine (plaster added later and a bench cover the lower part). We can read what they say: MVLIONE SEDES, PROPERO ("I'm making haste") AGITA TE CELERIVS | PERVENIES ("Push hard, you'll be finished more quickly") AMICE FVGIT TE PROVERBIVM | BENE CACA ET IRRIMA MEDICOS [1]. Above the sages and on the vault are paintings of a flying male figure (perhaps Pan) and of amphorae, one with the word FALERNVM, referring to high-quality Campanian wine, one with the letter M. This suggests that originally the room was a bar, that was obviously visited by well-educated people.
- Part of inscription on architecture See Augustine.
- Baths, wine, Venus (love) grow old with me through the years.
- Visitors proceeded to the changing-rooms (apodyteria) 4, 5, 12 and 13. In the entrance of each room were two marble columns. Rooms 4 and 12 had three windows in the north wall. Between the changing-rooms is the cold bath (frigidarium), 6. It was surrounded by large marble columns. The height of the room must have been 15-17 meters. To the north and south are basins, that may have had columns on the partition-walls. They had niches in the back- and side-walls. The niches in the north basin were blocked when an apse was added in the early fourth century. Holes and imprints of lead pipes show that there was a jet of water below each niche. Rooms 7 and 8 had a large window in the north wall.The octagonal room 15 was used for sun-bathing (heliocaminus). It had relatively few artificial heating, and the largest windows. Room 16 was a sweating room (sudatorium). Along the walls are marble seats. The room seems to have been closed off with double doors. Rooms 17 and 18 were lukewarm (tepidaria). There are no basins here, because tepidaria were only transitional rooms, where people could rest and relax. Holes in the square columns of room 18 were used to fasten window-frames. Room 19 was a hot bath (caldarium), with three basins. In these basins many hairpins were found, proving that women also used the baths.Fl. Octavius VictorThe work of Fl. Octavius Victor is documented by a few inscriptions. In the frigidarium are fragments of an architrave belonging to the northern basin (another fragment is in Rome). They carry Greek inscriptions:... a hexameter and a pentameter. The baths were restored by Victor, "an eminent man in Italy because of his important duties". He is presumably the praefectusannonae, whose name is also read on another fragment from the baths, with the text [-- cura]nteFl(avio) Octavio V[ictore --].We hear of "healing baths", or "baths that drive away sorrow" (loutronalexiponon). Meiggs has drawn our attention to a few sentences in Augustine's Confessions (9,12,32). After the death of his mother Monica, in Ostia, Augustine visited baths, "because I had heard baths were called balnea from the greekbalaneion, which means driving away care from the mind". Had Augustine seen the Greek inscription in the Baths of Forum?
- Fighting animals
- Family of Oedipus