Cities for People: Vortrag über Stadtplanung mit Fokus auf menschliche Bedürfnisse, China in April 2015.

1. Planning Cities for People
How to Achieve High Quality Urban Places
Robert Salkeld
Ernst Basler + Partner
Kunming, April 22, 2015 Southbank, London, photo by Robert Salkeld

2. Contents
 Planning for People
 The Human Scale
 The Human Mind
 Aspects of Development Form
 Urban Structure / Urban Grain
 Landscape
 Density and Mix
 Height and Massing
 Details / Materials
 Prompts for Thinking about Urban Planning
 Character
 Continuity and Enclosure
 Quality of the Public Ream
 Ease of Movement
 Legibility
 Adaptability
 Diversity

3. Trailer von The Human Scale
click for trailer

4. Bild(er) von menschenfeindlichen Orten
National Library, Paris, photo by Robert Salkeld
For decades the human dimension has been overlooked or strongly
neglected in urban planning …

5. Bild(er) autodominiertem Ort in Stadt
Bangkok, Thailand, photo by Robert Salkeld
… while the car has become more and more important and has and often
still does dominate planning decisions.

6. Singapore, photo by Robert Salkeld
Planning ideologies have
specifically put a low priority on
public space, pedestrians and the
role of city space as a meeting
place for urban dweller. The
planning ideology of modernism
has separated uses and has put
an emphasise on free standing
buildings.

7. Bild(er) von Hochhäusern
The Shard by Renzo Piano, London, photo by Robert Salkeld Swisshôtel The Stamford by Ieoh Ming Pei, Singapore,
photo by Robert Salkeld
Market forces and architectural trends have gradually shifted focus from
the interrelations and common spaces of the city to individual buildings,
which in the process have become increasingly more isolated,
introverted and dismissive.

8. April 2015 8Marina Bay Sands by Mosche Safdie, Singapore, photo by Robert Salkeld
Buildings have become icons in the city scape to which local people can no
longer relate.

9. Bild von Menschen in der Stadt, Copenhagen, Barcelona etc
Square in Rome, photo by Robert Salkeld
Source text for introduction (slides 4 - 9): Jan Gehl, Cities for People
But planning has moved on,
at least in some places,
especially in economically
advanced countries and
people have moved into the
centre of planning once
again.

10. Bild von Menschen in der Stadt, Copenhagen, Barcelona etc
Singapore, photo by Robert Salkeld
Not only historic cities are
attractive for people but
also modern cities like
Singapore …

11. Bild von Menschen in der Stadt, Copenhagen, Barcelona etc
Westfield Mall Stratford, London, photo by Robert Salkeld
…or the Olympic Village with its open air shopping mall in London
provide a human friendly environments.

12. The Human
Body …
… and mind
April 2015 12
Vitruvian Man Posters by Leonardo da Vinci
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin

13. The Human
 linear
 frontal
 horizontal
 maximum 5 km/h
April 2015 13
Photo by Robert Salkeld

14. 14
Sense and Scale
Source:JanGehl,CitiesforPeople
We can see other people
form 100 m away, and if this
distance is shortened, we
can see a bit more. But the
experience only becomes
interesting at a distance of
less than 10 m.

15. Sense and Scale
April 2015 15
Biasca Switzerland, Photo by Robert Salkeld
National Library, Paris, Photo by Robert Salkeld
The “human scale” is within the
distance we can recognise people.
That’s the scale we feel comfortable
with.

16. Sense and Scale
16
Prime Tower, Zürich; Photo by Robert Salkeld
50°-55°
10°
70°-80°
Adapted from Jan Gehl,
Cities for People
Photo by Robert Salkeld
Our sense of sight has developed to
enable us to walk on a horizontal
plane. We do not see much above
us and only slightly more when we
look down in order to avoid
obstacles in our path.

17. Sense and Scale
April 2015 17Source: Jan Gehl, Cities for People
Up to the fifth floor, we can
recognise people at ground
level and talk to them, further
up it gets more and more
difficult and there is no more
personal interaction between
the people in the building and
the ground level.

18. Sense and Scale
April 2015 18
Source: WikipediaNaples, Italy, photo by Robert Salkeld
When we walk, we have
time to see faces and
details. And it is still
possible to see a fair
amount of detail when
we bicycle (20 km/h) or
run (12 km/h).

19. Sense and Scale
5 km/h 60 km/h
April 2015 19
Naples, Italy, photo by Robert Salkeld Top: Opfikon, Switzerland, bottom, National Library Paris,
photo by Robert Salkeld

20. Human Needs
April 2015 20
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin

21. April 2015 21Photo by Robert Salkeld
What are needs? Do we really need all these different plastic toys?

22. Human Needs
Physiological Needs
 Food, drink, physical integrity, oxygen, warmth, light, rest, reproduction
Individual Needs
 Efficiency: maximise effect with minimal effort
 Comprehend: understand ones environment and be able to make predictions
 Competence: to deal with quality standards and enjoying to perform
 Autonomy: feeling of self-empowerment, to recognise oneself as source of
ones own actions
 Stimulation: pleasant sensory impressions, perception of variety
 Identity: possibility for self-portrayal, personal activity options
Social Needs
 Belonging: to experience positive social belonging, feeling of social belonging
 Status: desire to belong to the upper segment of society
 Privacy: control over the extent and nature of social contacts
 Fairness: comprehensible and fair relationship between effort and profit
April 2015 22
Source: Alice Hollenstein, Introduction into Urban Psychology, 2014

23. April 2015 23Photo by Rüdiger WölkI
Efficiency
Efficiency is maximise the effect
with minimal effort.
It is efficient to have a bicycle stand
next to the train station, but there
might be a more efficient way to
organise it.

24. Barbican, London, photo by Ewan Munro
Comprehend
Comprehend: the need to understand our
environment and be able to make predictions.
How to get to the other side of the pond?

25. Oerlikon, Zurich, Switzerland, photo by Robert Salkeld
Competence
Dealing with quality
standards and enjoying
to perform.

26. 1 More London Place, photo by Robert Salkeld
Autonomy
To feel self-empowerment
and to recognise oneself
as source of ones own
actions.

27. Procida, Italy, photo by Robert Salkeld
Stimulation
Pleasant sensory
impressions and the
perception of variety.

28. Hong Kong, photo by Robert Salkeld
Stimulation

29. Acquarossa Switzerland, photo by Robert Salkeld
Identity
Possibility for self-
portrayal; to have personal
activity options; to be able
to chose.

30. Naples, photo by Robert Salkeld
Belonging
Positive social belonging;
to feel as part of a group.

31. Kunming, photo by Robert Salkeld
Status
Desire to belong to the
upper segment of society.

32. Hong Kong, photo by Robert Salkeld
Privacy
Control over the extent
and nature of social
contacts.

33. Favela do Moinho Brazil Slums, photo by Milton Jung
Fairness
Expectation of a fair
relationship between
effort and profit.

34. “Life, space, buildings –
in that order”
Jan Gehl, Cities for People
Barcelona, photo by Robert Salkeld

35. Aspects of Development Form
 Urban Structure / Urban Grain
 Landscape
 Density and Mix
 Height and Massing
 Details / Materials
April 2015 35
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

36. Urban Structure / Urban Grain
The framework of routes and spaces that connect locally and more widely,
and the way developments, routes and open spaces relate to one other.
The pattern of the arrangement of street blocks, plots and their buildings.
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
Barcelona, source: Google

37. Landscape
The character and appearance of land, including its shape, form, ecology,
natural features, colours and elements, and the way these components
combine.
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
Naples, photo by Robert Salkeld

38. Density and Mix
The amount of development on a given piece of land and the range of
uses. Density influences the intensity of development, and in combination
with the mix of uses can affect a place’s vitality and viability.
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
wikimedia.org blog.plancontrol.ro

39. Height and Massing
Scale is the size of a building in relation to its surroundings, or the size of
parts of a building or its details, particularly in relation to the size of a
person. Height determines the impact of development on views, vistas
and skylines.
The combined effect of the arrangement, volume and shape of a building
or group of buildings in relation to other buildings and spaces.
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
Hong Kong, photo by Robert Salkeld

40. Details / Materials
The craftsmanship, building techniques, decoration, styles and lighting of
a building or structure. The texture, colour, pattern and durability of
materials, and how they are used.
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
Ardez, Switzerland, photo by Robert Salkeld

41. Bringing Objectives
and Development Form Together
April 2015 41
High Quality
Urban Places
Local Context
Aspects of
Development Form
Objectives:
Putting Humans First

42. Prompts to Thinking about Urban Design
 Character
 Continuity and Enclosure
 Quality of the Public Ream
 Ease of Movement
 Legibility
 Adaptability
 Diversity
April 2015 42
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

43. Character
A place with its own identity
 Consider the site’s land form and character when laying out new development
 Integrating new development into its landscape sitting reduces its impact on
nature and reinforces local distinctiveness
 Responding to the existing layout of buildings, streets and spaces ensures that
adjacent buildings relate to one another, streets are connected and spaces
complement one another.
 Responding local building forms and patterns of development in the detailed
layout and design of development helps to reinforce a sense of place.
 The use of local materials, building methods and details is a major factor in
enhancing local distinctiveness.
 The scale, massing and height of development should be considered in relation
to that of adjoining buildings; the topography; the general pattern of heights in
the area; and views, vistas and landmarks.
April 2015 43
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

44. Character
April 2015 44
Kunming Southeast Development Area, Source: Kunming Planning and Design Institute

45. Character
April 2015 45
London, photo by Robert Salkeld

46. Continuity and Enclosure
A place where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished
 Buildings that relate to a common building line reinforce and define the street.
 The primary access to a building is best achieved form the street.
 The front and back of buildings are often used in different ways, their design
can reflect this.
 Clearly defining and enclosing private space at the back of buildings provides
for better privacy and security.
 Development can help define streets and public spaces.
 Defining the relationship between the fronts of buildings and the street benefits
their respective uses.
April 2015 46
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

47. Continuity and Enclosure
Perimeter blocks can work at any scale
April 2015 47
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment,
Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
Semidetached
Housing
Terrace
Mews
Development
Apartment
Complex
Barcelona, Source: Google

48. Continuity and Enclosure
Kunming, photo by Robert Salkeld

49. Quality of the Public Realm
A place with attractive and successful outdoor areas
 A successful place has a system of open and green spaces that respect natural
features and are accessible.
 Ground floors occupied by uses that relate directly to passing pedestrians create
activity and interest.
 Well-designed public space relates to the buildings around it.
 Streets and spaces that are overlooked allow natural surveillance, feel safer and
generally are safer.
 The design of public spaces should take account of the micro-climate.
 Work of art and well-designed street furniture integrated into the design of
public spaces give identity and enhance the sense of place.
April 2015 49
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

50. Quality of the Public Realm
System of open and green spaces
April 2015 50
Source: Urban Design Competition Niderfeld, Dietikon, Switzerland,
Team BASK, karres en brands, Ernst Basler + Partner

51. Quality of the Public Realm
Well-designed public space relates to the buildings around it
April 2015 51
Canterbury, UK (above and top right), London (bottom right), photos by Robert Salkeld

52. Quality of the Public Realm
Well-designed public space relates to the buildings around it
April 2015 52
Canary Wharf, London (left), 1 More Place London (right), photos by Robert Salkeld

53. Ease of Movement
A place that is easy to get to and move through
 A well-designed urban structure has a network of connected spaces and routes,
for pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles.
 Transport routes should reflect urban design qualities and not just traffic
considerations.
 A development’s access and circulation should contribute to a fine-grain
network of direct and connected routes within and beyond the site rather than
creating big blocks.
 The way development is laid out can encourage low traffic speeds.
 The layout and density of development can help increase accessibility to pubic
transport.
 Integrated transport interchanges promote the use of public transport and
provide for seamless movement between all modes of travel.
April 2015 53
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

54. Ease of Movement
Car Access and Movement
April 2015 54
Pedestrian Access and Movement
Goods Delivery
Source: Draft Masterplan EMPA Dübendorf, Switzerland
Team BASK, Ernst Basler + Partner, Haag.la, IBV Hüsler AT

55. Legibility
A place that has a clear image and is easy to understand
 Development that is sited so as to enhance existing views and vistas, and create
new ones, can help people to find their way around.
 The design, location and function of buildings can reinforce the identity and
character of the routes and spaces they serve.
 Well-designed corners enhance legibility by creating visual interest and
contributing to a distinctive identity.
 The legibility of an area can be improved through the detailing and quality of
materials in new development.
April 2015 55
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

56. Legibility
Well-designed corners
enhance legibility
April 2015 56
Hong Kong, photos by Robert Salkeld

57. Adaptability
A place that can change easily
 Simple, robust building forms, not tightly designed to a very particular use allow
for the greatest variety of possible future uses to be accommodated.
 Places should be capable of being used for a range of activities.
 Developments that endure have flexible layouts and design.
April 2015 57
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

58. Adaptability
The adaptable form of this
former commercial building
allowed it to be converted to
housing when the market
changed.
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment,
Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000
April 2015 58
London, photos by Robert Salkeld

59. Diversity
A place with variety and choice
 Creating a mix of uses can help to attract people to live, work and play in the
same area.
 Getting the mix right is important.
 Diversity of layout, building form and tenure can contribute to making
successful living and working environments.
April 2015 59
Source: By Design, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR, UK, 2000

60. Creating a mix of uses can help to attract people to live, work and play in
the same area.
April 2015 60
Paris, photo by Robert Salkeld
Diversity

61. Summary
April 2015 61
High Quality
Urban Places
Local Context
Aspects of
Development Form
Objectives:
Putting Humans First

62. “Life, space, buildings –
in that order”
Jan Gehl, Cities for People
Barcelona, photo by Robert Salkeld