Chapter 1-20

PART VIII: LITERAL OR NON-LITERAL VIEW
Will there be a literal New Heaven
and New Earth?
 What is the New Jerusalem?

LITERAL OR NON-LITERAL VIEWS
Literalist:
Some take the description in these
chapters fairly literally, as applied to a
brand new planet and universe, which will
be created after the close of the Millennium
(premillennialists) or else at the Second
Coming (some amillennialists and some
postmillennialists).
The New Jerusalem described here will be
the eternal home of the redeemed.

LITERAL OR NON-LITERAL VIEWS
Non-Literalist:
 Some spiritualize the whole vision, applying it to a
nonmaterial state of existence in heaven.
 Others take the “New Jerusalem and the New Earth” to
represent what Paul called “a New Creation” (2 Cor.
5:17)—that is, the condition of those who are in
covenant with God and Christ through the New
Covenant, the “Old Heaven and the Old Earth”
(meaning the Old Covenant) having passed away.
 The New Jerusalem represents the church itself,
represented under the imagery of a new Holy of
Holies—the tabernacle of God with men—in its present
earthly existence.

REVELATION 21
Revelation opens with seven rather
beleaguered churches enduring intense
persecution or suffering. In light of such
circumstances one might wonder what hope
the church has of coming out the other side
of the vision victorious. Yet in chapter 21, the
bride alluded to in two previous chapters
emerges in all her glory. This is the stunning
bride whose appearance captivates the
onlookers.

VERSE 1 & COMMENTARY
1 Now I saw a new heaven and a new
earth, for the first heaven and the first
earth had passed away. Also there was
no more sea.
The heaven and earth had fled from the
presence of God in His glory. They melted in
His fiery gaze as He renewed them through
fire.

VERSE 1 COMMENTARY
The sea has been used as a symbol of
chaos and a source of fear. In the new
heaven and earth the chaos introduced by
sin will be gone in the absence of sin there
will be no reason for fear or anxiety.

2 Then I, John, saw the holy city, New
Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven
from God, prepared as a bride adorned
for her husband.
The new heavens and earth were ready to
receive the new city, the holy city, the New
Jerusalem. The city that Abraham saw by
faith, “a city which hath foundations, who
builder and maker is God” (Heb. 11:10).

3 And I heard a loud voice from heaven
saying, "Behold, the tabernacle of God is
with men, and He will dwell with them, and
they shall be His people. God Himself will
be with them and be their God.
There is no temple in this city, but there is the
presence of the Lord. God is said to
“tabernacle (or dwell) with men, and He will
dwell with them.” This has been God’s design
and His desire from the time of creation, and
now it comes to fruition.

4 And God will wipe away every tear from
their eyes; there shall be no more death,
nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be no
more pain, for the former things have
passed away."
Note the tenderness of this verse. God
stooping down to wipe the last tear we will
ever shed from our eyes. After that tear is
flicked away there will never be any more
tears because there will be no more death.

5 Then He who sat on the throne said,
"Behold, I make all things new." And He
said to me, "Write, for these words are true
and faithful."
God declared that everything will be new. The
earth will have that new earth smell, void of
pollutants.
God instructs John to write these things as a
statement of fact, as a signed and sealed
contract or covenant with the righteous.

6 And He said to me, "It is done! I am the
Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and
the End. I will give of the fountain of the
water of life freely to him who thirsts.
God had a plan, Jesus unfurled it in chapter
five, and it has moved forward through time
and space to fulfill His purposes.

VERSE 6 COMMENTARY
Then God declares, “I am the Alpha and
Omega, the Beginning and the End.” I think
this simply means that God finishes what He
starts. It may seem a long time in coming,
but God will reconcile all things to Himself.

7 He who overcomes shall inherit all
things, and I will be his God and he shall
be My son.
The promises made earlier to them that
overcome, are realized at this point in the
vision. In the letters to the seven churches
specific things are listed to those who
overcome, but here it is simply summed up
with, “He who overcomes shall inherit all
things.”

8 But the cowardly, unbelieving,
abominable, murderers, sexually immoral,
sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars shall have
their part in the lake which burns with fire
and brimstone, which is the second death."
Those whose names were found in the Lamb’s
Book of Life will enter that city, but there will be
some people—people who have been a source
of persecution and pain for the people of God—
who will not be there.

VERSES 9-11A
9 Then one of the seven angels who had
the seven bowls filled with the seven last
plagues came to me and talked with me,
saying, "Come, I will show you the bride,
the Lamb's wife." 10 And he carried me
away in the Spirit to a great and high
mountain, and showed me the great city,
the holy Jerusalem, descending out of
heaven from God, 11a having the glory of
God.

VERSES 9-11A COMMENTARY
The next scene John sees is that of the
Bride of Christ. It was one of the angels
who had been an instrument of judgment
who now introduces the blessings and bliss
of eternity as typified in the Lamb’s wife, who
is the church of all the ages.
The city is described in terms and symbols
that almost defy comprehension by the finite
mind that inevitably tries to compare this city
with other cities that we know of.

VERSE 11B & COMMENTARY
11b Her light was like a most precious
stone, like a jasper stone, clear as
crystal.
The light that emanated from this city was a
pure light, “like a jasper stone, clear as
crystal.” This light is pure, holy, virtuous,
and chaste.

VERSES 12-13
12 Also she had a great and high wall
with twelve gates, and twelve angels at
the gates, and names written on them,
which are the names of the twelve tribes
of the children of Israel: 13 three gates on
the east, three gates on the north, three
gates on the south, and three gates on
the west.

VERSES 12-13 COMMENTARY
This city, like most cities of antiquity, will
have a great high wall with twelve gates.
The size of a city’s walls indicated power
and protection. It spoke of the importance
and prominence of the city. This city has “a
great and high wall.” These walls have not
just four gates, but three gates on each of
the four walls, for a total of twelve, and at
the gates twelve angels. These gates will
never have to be closed or barred for
nothing that hurts or destroys will enter
there.

14 Now the wall of the city had twelve
foundations, and on them were the
names of the twelve apostles of the
Lamb.
To stress again the continuity between the
Old and New Covenant believers we are told
that the foundations of the city had the
names of the twelve apostles written on
them. The foundation is the foundation that
God laid (Heb. 11:10).

VERSES 15-17
15 And he who talked with me had a gold
reed to measure the city, its gates, and its
wall. 16 The city is laid out as a square;
its length is as great as its breadth. And
he measured the city with the reed:
twelve thousand furlongs. Its length,
breadth, and height are equal. 17 Then he
measured its wall: one hundred and
forty-four cubits, according to the
measure of a man, that is, of an angel.

The dimensions of the city are given and it is
a city build in the form of a perfect square. In
modern dimensions this is a city that is
fifteen hundred miles in each direction.
Jesus told us that His Father’s house had
many rooms, and apparently He wants all of
His children to live with He there.

18 The construction of its wall was of
jasper; and the city was pure gold, like
clear glass.
The city was made of gold that was so pure
that it was as clear as glass. Often the
impurities in gold are symbolic of sin, so the
purity of the gold in this city represents
absolute and complete purity and
righteousness.

VERSES 19-20
19 The foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with
all kinds of precious stones:
the first foundation was jasper,
the second sapphire,
the third chalcedony,
the fourth emerald,
20 the fifth sardonyx,
the sixth sardius,
the seventh chrysolite,
the eighth beryl,
the ninth topaz,
the tenth chrysoprase,
the eleventh jacinth,
and the twelfth amethyst.

The gates were each made of a single pearl.
Apparently God Himself created these gates
for this purpose.
The streets are paved gold. What men will
give their lives to obtain here, will be little
more than asphalt there. This does not,
however, diminish the powerful imagery and
beauty that is being described. Again, the
gold is so pure that it is possible to see
through it.

22 But I saw no temple in it, for the Lord
God Almighty and the Lamb are its
temple.
There is some debate about whether or not
there will be a temple in the Millennial Reign
of Christ. Ezekiel describes a temple and
gives the dimensions of the temple.
However, in the new earth and new city,
there will be no temple to which people will
go to visit and worship God, for God will be
with His people

23 The city had no need of the sun or of the
moon to shine in it, for the glory of God
illuminated it. The Lamb is its light.
God’s glory, also known as His Shekinah, will
be the light of the city and will not need a sun or
moon. Given that we are talking about eternity,
this makes much more sense because the life
and energy of the sun is limited and will
eventually burn out. But God and His glory are
eternal and not subject to expiration.

24 And the nations of those who are
saved shall walk in its light, and the kings
of the earth bring their glory and honor
into it.
The redeemed of every nation, tribe and
tongue will walk in the light of the city, that is,
the presence of God in Christ. Furthermore,
all the kings of the earth will acknowledge
that Jesus is the King of kings and will come
to give glory to God.

25 Its gates shall not be shut at all by day
(there shall be no night there).
Because this is a city that is free from all sin,
and does not have any inhabitants who
would do anything contrary toward God or
man, the city itself is safe and open at all
times. The gates will always be open and
the night, which is a symbol of evil and sinful
deeds, will no longer occur in this city.

VERSE 26-27
26 And they shall bring the glory and the
honor of the nations into it. 27 But there
shall by no means enter it anything that
defiles, or causes an abomination or a lie,
but only those who are written in the
Lamb's Book of Life.
The kings will come from the nations of the new
earth and will bring their glory, or their praise,
into the city to offer to God. Only glory will
enter, nothing impure or iniquitous will be found
here.

CONCLUSION
As we approach the end of the vision there has
been a dramatic change. The church has gone
from being the persecuted, faltering examples
set forth in the first seven letters to being a
bride adorned in the great city whose beauty
and power are unparalleled. Despite what the
present may hold before us, God has a plan
and that plan will not fail. He said, “For I know
the plans I have for you," declares the LORD,
"plans to prosper you and not to harm you,
plans to give you hope and a future” (Jer.
29:11, NIV).

REVELATION CHAPTER 22
The final chapter of Revelation brings the Bible
full circle and tells us that God’s plan will not
fail. Satan tempted Eve and Adam in the first
Paradise, but now the tempter has been
removed from the scene. In a place of perfect
peace and rest the church is allowed to partake
of the Tree of Life, a tree that the first couple
were barred from partaking of after sin was
introduced through their disobedience. Death
came through sin, but life (a prominent theme
in this chapter) is the promise.

REVELATION CHAPTER 22
Four things stand out in chapter 22:
1. Numerous references to the immanence
of Christ’s return.
2. Five references to “life”.
3. All three members of the Triune God are
mentioned.
4. The word “prophecy” occurs seven times
in Revelation, and four of those times are
in this chapter (7, 10, 18, 19), with
reference to the “prophets” another two
times (6, 9).

1 And he showed me a pure river of water
of life, clear as crystal, proceeding from
the throne of God and of the Lamb.
Phillips believes that this river is a symbolic
reference to the Holy Spirit. He points to
John’s Gospel, chapter 7 verses 38 and 39
for support of this view.

2 In the middle of its street, and on either
side of the river, was the tree of life,
which bore twelve fruits, each tree
yielding its fruit every month. The leaves
of the tree were for the healing of the
nations.
Throughout the city there was one huge
tree, the Tree of Life. The Tree of Life is first
introduced in Genesis 2:9.

VERSE 2 COMMENTARY, “TREE OF LIFE”
Genesis appears to refer to a literal tree of
life, Proverbs clearly uses “the tree of life” as
a symbol for various other things. So the
question is, could Revelation be drawing
upon the imagery of the Tree of Life in
Genesis as a symbolic reference, such as is
used in Proverbs? Of course the next
question would be what would the tree of life
symbolize in Revelation?

VERSE 2 COMMENTARY, “TREE OF LIFE”
One clue would be the fact that the tree bears fruit year
round, that is, perpetually. Second, this fruit is for the
healing of the nations. Finally, in verse 3 there is the
additional note that, “there shall be no more curse.”
Taken together, consider this:
 Isa 53:5 But He was wounded for our transgressions,
He was bruised for our iniquities;
The chastisement for our peace was upon Him,
And by His stripes we are healed.
 Gal 3:13-14 Christ has redeemed us from the curse of
the law, having become a curse for us (for it is written,
"Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree"), 14 that the
blessing of Abraham might come upon the Gentiles in
Christ Jesus, that we might receive the promise of the
Spirit through faith.

VERSE 2 COMMENTARY “TREE OF LIFE”
Perhaps the tree of life is symbolic of the
cross, which is a source of healing,
redemption, and forgiveness. It was a
curse, but the curse was reversed and the
cross became a source of blessing upon all
people. In the Genesis man was banned
from access to the Tree of Life, but the cross
is our access to eternal life and to the throne
of God (Heb. 4:16).

VERSES 3-4
3 And there shall be no more curse, but the
throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it,
and His servants shall serve Him. 4 They
shall see His face, and His name shall be on
their foreheads.
The curse of sin is gone. The separation that
man experienced through sin has been
overcome by the blood of the Lamb so that now
the saints of the ages can see the One Whom
they serve. “They shall see His face.”

Not even Moses had been allowed to see
the face of God but now, all who enter this
city may access the throne and see the face
of God.
The name upon their foreheads will be the
name of God. This identifies them as
belonging to God and to God alone. There
are no mixed allegiances; only a total
commitment to the One Who redeemed
them from the curse.

5 There shall be no night there: They
need no lamp nor light of the sun, for the
Lord God gives them light. And they shall
reign forever and ever.
The glory of God so powerfully radiates
throughout this city that there will be no night
there and therefore there is no need for
lamp or sun. God gives the saints their light
and they, the saints shall reign with Him
“forever and ever.”

VERSES 6-7 & COMMENTARY
6 Then he said to me, "These words are
faithful and true." And the Lord God of the
holy prophets sent His angel to show His
servants the things which must shortly take
place. 7 Behold, I am coming quickly!
Blessed is he who keeps the words of the
prophecy of this book."
The angel tells John that the words that have
been recorded by John in this vision are
“faithful and true.” This book is as inspired and
authoritative as any of the Books of the
Prophets found in the Old Testament.

The immanence of the return of Jesus
resonates throughout this book—according
to Mounce this is a major theme of this
chapter. However, we now know that almost
2,000 years have passed since John
received this vision and it was read in the
churches. So how do we reconcile these
two, apparently contradictory facts?

Mounce answers this enigma, writing:
It is best to take the utterance at face value
and accept that the difficulty of a
foreshortened perspective on the time of
the end rather than to reinterpret it in the
sense that Jesus “comes” in the crises of
life and especially at the death of every
man. Revelation has enough riddles
without our adding more. (p. 391)
This is to say that the return of Christ is
always immanent.

VERSES 8-9
8 Now I, John, saw and heard these
things. And when I heard and saw, I fell
down to worship before the feet of the
angel who showed me these things.
9Then he said to me, "See that you do
not do that. For I am your fellow servant,
and of your brethren the prophets, and of
those who keep the words of this book.
Worship God."

Once again John is so overwhelmed by
what he sees and hears that he falls down to
worship at the feet of the angel (see 19:10),
and once again the angel forbids John from
doing this. The angel simply acknowledges
that he too is a servant of the Lord. In short,
we must “Worship God” and Him alone.

10 And he said to me, "Do not seal the
words of the prophecy of this book, for the
time is at hand.
Unlike Daniel, who was commanded to seal up
the book, John is told not to seal up the words
of the prophecy because the time of the
fulfillment was as hand. This is a revelation that
God wants the church to hear. It is an
encouraging word intended to address the
anxieties of the church with respect to growing
persecution and the probability of suffering for
the name of Jesus.

11 He who is unjust, let him be unjust still;
he who is filthy, let him be filthy still; he
who is righteous, let him be righteous still;
he who is holy, let him be holy still."
When Christ returns it will be too late to repent.
If you are righteous, then you will be righteous.
If holy, then you will be holy. But if you are
unjust, or filthy, then this is final and
irreversible. The warning is to be ready for the
return of the Lord.

VERSES 12-13 & COMMENTARY
12 "And behold, I am coming quickly, and
My reward is with Me, to give to every one
according to his work. 13 I am the Alpha
and the Omega, the Beginning and the End,
the First and the Last."
Christ is speaking here (verse 16, “I Jesus”).
He stresses that He is coming quickly, and He
will reward everyone according to their works.
Metzger notes, with regard to the eternal
rewards of the saints, “In heaven everyone’s
cup of joy will be full, but some cups are larger
than others.”

14 Blessed are those who do His
commandments, that they may have the
right to the tree of life, and may enter
through the gates into the city.
Those who have been obedient, “who do His
commandments,” have access to the
benefits of the Tree of Life, and have access
to into this city. This is a reverse of the
curse caused by Adam’s disobedience.

15 But outside are dogs and sorcerers and
sexually immoral and murderers and idolaters,
and whoever loves and practices a lie.
Those who are not to be found in the city and have
already been cast into the lake of fire, are dogs
(undesirable people, in the OT used to refer to male
homosexual pagan temple prostitutes, Deut. 23:18),
sorcerers, sexually immoral, murderers and
idolaters, and whoever loves and practices a lie.
They are banned from the city, and based upon the
previous indication of chapter 21, they will be far
removed from the city.

16 I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify
to you these things in the churches. I am
the Root and the Offspring of David, the
Bright and Morning Star."
Jesus unambiguously identifies Himself in
this verse. He affirms that the angel who
showed John the vision was His emissary.
Jesus then continues to identify Himself as
“the Root and Offspring of David, the Bright
and Morning Star.”

VERSE 16 COMMENTARY
As the Root and Offspring of David Jesus
is fulfilling the Davidic covenant by sitting
upon the throne in New Jerusalem. The
Davidic Covenant was God’s promise that
there would never fail to be an offspring of
David upon the throne. It is also the
fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah that the
Messiah would come as “a shoot from the
stump of Jesse” (Isa. 11:1). In Christ God
keeps this promise.

VERSE 16 COMMENTARY
As the Bright and Morning Star Jesus is
acknowledging that He is the light of the city,
the embodiment of the glory of God that
lightens the city. Furthermore, as Mounce
observes, “In the fourth oracle of Balaam the
prophet declares that ‘ star shall come forth
out of Jacob’” (Num. 24:17). Jesus fulfills
this prophecy as well.

17 And the Spirit and the bride say,
"Come!" And let him who hears say,
"Come!" And let him who thirsts come.
Whoever desires, let him take the water
of life freely.
Here the Spirit (without a doubt the Holy
Spirit) speaks. He says one word, “Come!”
It is a word of invitation that goes beyond
this moment in the vision and is an invitation
to whosoever will.

VERSE 17 COMMENTARY
Not only does the Spirit say come, but the
Bride is in agreement with the Spirit and
speaks the same word, “Come.”
Furthermore, anyone who hears and
receives this invitation is called, in turn, to
make the invitation to others, “let him who
hears say come.” The invitation is for
anyone who is thirsty, anyone who desires to
drink of the waters of salvation.

VERSES 18-19
18 For I testify to everyone who hears the
words of the prophecy of this book: If
anyone adds to these things, God will
add to him the plagues that are written in
this book; 19 and if anyone takes away
from the words of the book of this
prophecy, God shall take away his part
from the Book of Life, from the holy city,
and from the things which are written in
this book.

Jesus warns the hearers of this book, first
the seven churches, but additionally
“anyone,” that if anything is added that
person will have the plagues of this vision
added to his or her life. Moreover, if anyone
should subtract or diminish this vision, he or
she would have their part (names/rewards)
removed from the Book of Life, and
therefore become ineligible for citizenry in
the New Jerusalem.

The indication that one’s name could be
taken out of the Book of Life is not an idle
threat or an empty warning, but a real
possibility. This is in keeping with the
Wesleyan view of salvation and the
possibility that one’s name could be
removed after having been previously
entered into the Book of Life.

20 He who testifies to these things says,
"Surely I am coming quickly." Amen.
Even so, come, Lord Jesus!
Jesus’ return is imminent and the church
should anticipate His return at any moment.
John adds, “Amen. Even so, come, Lord
Jesus!” John is anxious for the return of the
Lord, and all believers should be equally
desirous.

CONCLUSION
Revelation is a powerful book that provides
a profound look into the future. There are
many symbols and figures of speech that
elude our efforts to fully comprehend them. I
doubt one could ever grasp the fullness of
eternity with minds that are so tied to the
temporal. When the end comes and eternity
begins, the reality of what lies ahead will be
unlike anything anyone has ever conceived.

CONCLUSION
There is no book written that can give the
last word on the subject, and there is no
man alive who can speak with infallible
authority on the subjects contained in the
Book of Revelation, but we can and should
read and study this book because a blessing
is promised to those who do:
Rev 1:3 Blessed is he who reads and
those who hear the words of this
prophecy, and keep those things which
are written in it; for the time is near.

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