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Tipe Input Proses output User EIS Pengumpulan data;eksternal, internal Grafik, Simulasi, interaktif Proyeksi jawaban pertanyaan Manajer senior DSS Sejumlah data untuk dianalisis; model2 analitik dan alat2 bantu analisis Interaktif, simulasi, analisis Laporan2 khusus, analisis keputusan, jawaban pertanyaan Staf ahli, atau manajer MIS Rangkuman data; sejumlah besar data, model2 sederhana Laporan rutin, model2 sederhana, analisis level rendah Rangkuman dan laporan akhir Manajemen madya ECS Dokumen; jadwal Pengolahan dokumen, penjadwalan, komunikasi Dokumen, jadwal, surat Manajer, petugas administrasi PCS Spesifikasi desain robotic Pemodelan, simulasi Model-model grafis Staf ahli, staf teknis TPS Transaksi;even-even Pensortiran, pengkombinasian, pembaruan Laporan rinci, daftar, rangkuman Personil operasi, pengawas, supervisor
 
 
 
 
Dimensi DSS MIS Philosophy Provide integrated tools, data, models, and language to users Provide structured information to end users System analysis Establish what tool are used in the decision process Identify information requirements Rancangan Iteratve process Deliver system based on frozen requirements
“ What financing option will cost he least to buy the house when the principal and interest are all paid? What option will result in the lowest monthly payments?” Bob says : 1 Question 2 Choice of model 3 Needed information 4 Answer 6 Model result 5 Now Bob says : 7 “ Now that I’ve figured the total cost of all the loan options and also the payment for each of the loans I can use that information to make the final decision on financing.” U S E R I N T E R V A C E M A N A G E M E N T M O D E L M A N A G E M E N T D A T A M A N A G E M E N T What-If Models Optimization Models Goal-Seeking Models Statistical Models Organizational Information External Information Personal Information
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Type of Information System Focus Expert Systems Knowledge – from experts Decision Support Systems Decision – interactive support Executive Information Systems Information – for executives Management Information Systems Information – for managerial end users Transaction Processing Systems Data – from business operations
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Referensi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kumaraswamy, M.M., Palaneeswaran, E. and Ng, S.T. (2004a). Towards ICT-enhanced management support systems for optimising infrastructure procurement, International Journal of IT in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction, 2(3), 191-203. Kumaraswamy, M.M., van Egmond, E.L.C., Rahman, M.M. and Ugwu, J. (2004b). Technology Exchange through Relationally Integrated Joint Venture Teams, CIB W92 International Symposium on Procurement Systems – Project Procurement for Infrastructure Construction, 7-10 January, 2004, Chennai, India, 326- 334. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Ng, T.S.T., Luu, D.T., Anumba, C., and Palaneeswaran, E. (2004c). Proactive Procurement and Improved Project Delivery, Proceedings of the CIBW92 Symposium, Chennai, India, Edited by: Kalidindi, S.N. and Varghese, K., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 179-187. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Anvuur, A. and Rahman, M.M. (2005) ‘Balancing Contractual and Relational Approaches for PPP success and sustainability’,  Conference on Public Private Partnerships – Opportunities and Challenges , Feb. 22, 2005, Hong Kong, CICID, The University of Hong Kong and HKIE Civil Divisions, 105-114. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Ling, F.Y.Y., Rahman, M.M. and Phng, S.T. (2005) Constructing Relationally Integrated Teams, Journal of  Construction Engineering and Management , 131(10), 1076-1086. Lam, K.C., Ng, S.T., Hu, T., Skitmore, M. and Cheung, S.O. (2000). Decision support system for contractor prequalification – artificial neural network model,  Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management , 7(3), 251-266. Love, P.E.D. Irani.  Z., Li, H. Tse, R.Y.C and Cheng, E.W.L. (2000). An Empirical Analysis of IT/IS Evaluation in Construction.  International Journal of Construction Information Technology , 8(2), 21-38. McCaffer, R. and Hassan, T.M. (2002). Changes in large scale infrastructure arising from ICT developments, Journal of Building and Construction Management , 7(1), 1-8. Ng, S.T., Luu, D.T., Chen, S.E., Lam, K.C. (2002). Fuzzy membership functions on procurement selection criteria,  Construction Management and Economics , 20(3), 285-296. Ng, T.S.T. Palaneeswaran, E., and Kumaraswamy, M.M. (2002). A dynamic e-reporting system for contractor’s performance appraisal,  Journal of Advances in Engineering Science , 33, 339-349. Ng, T.S.T., Palaneeswaran, E., and Kumaraswamy, M.M. (2003). A web-based centralized multi-client cooperative contractor registration system,  Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering , 17(1), 28-37. Palaneeswaran, E., and Kumaraswamy, M.M. (1999) “Contractor Prequalification Expert System for Design- Build projects.”  Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Civil and Structural Engineering , University of Oxford, UK in September 1999, ISBN 0-
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Management Support System

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  • 5. Tipe Input Proses output User EIS Pengumpulan data;eksternal, internal Grafik, Simulasi, interaktif Proyeksi jawaban pertanyaan Manajer senior DSS Sejumlah data untuk dianalisis; model2 analitik dan alat2 bantu analisis Interaktif, simulasi, analisis Laporan2 khusus, analisis keputusan, jawaban pertanyaan Staf ahli, atau manajer MIS Rangkuman data; sejumlah besar data, model2 sederhana Laporan rutin, model2 sederhana, analisis level rendah Rangkuman dan laporan akhir Manajemen madya ECS Dokumen; jadwal Pengolahan dokumen, penjadwalan, komunikasi Dokumen, jadwal, surat Manajer, petugas administrasi PCS Spesifikasi desain robotic Pemodelan, simulasi Model-model grafis Staf ahli, staf teknis TPS Transaksi;even-even Pensortiran, pengkombinasian, pembaruan Laporan rinci, daftar, rangkuman Personil operasi, pengawas, supervisor
  • 6.  
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  • 10. Dimensi DSS MIS Philosophy Provide integrated tools, data, models, and language to users Provide structured information to end users System analysis Establish what tool are used in the decision process Identify information requirements Rancangan Iteratve process Deliver system based on frozen requirements
  • 11. “ What financing option will cost he least to buy the house when the principal and interest are all paid? What option will result in the lowest monthly payments?” Bob says : 1 Question 2 Choice of model 3 Needed information 4 Answer 6 Model result 5 Now Bob says : 7 “ Now that I’ve figured the total cost of all the loan options and also the payment for each of the loans I can use that information to make the final decision on financing.” U S E R I N T E R V A C E M A N A G E M E N T M O D E L M A N A G E M E N T D A T A M A N A G E M E N T What-If Models Optimization Models Goal-Seeking Models Statistical Models Organizational Information External Information Personal Information
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.  
  • 16.  
  • 17.  
  • 18.  
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  • 20. Type of Information System Focus Expert Systems Knowledge – from experts Decision Support Systems Decision – interactive support Executive Information Systems Information – for executives Management Information Systems Information – for managerial end users Transaction Processing Systems Data – from business operations
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Palaneeswaran, E. and Ng, S.T. (2004a). Towards ICT-enhanced management support systems for optimising infrastructure procurement, International Journal of IT in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction, 2(3), 191-203. Kumaraswamy, M.M., van Egmond, E.L.C., Rahman, M.M. and Ugwu, J. (2004b). Technology Exchange through Relationally Integrated Joint Venture Teams, CIB W92 International Symposium on Procurement Systems – Project Procurement for Infrastructure Construction, 7-10 January, 2004, Chennai, India, 326- 334. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Ng, T.S.T., Luu, D.T., Anumba, C., and Palaneeswaran, E. (2004c). Proactive Procurement and Improved Project Delivery, Proceedings of the CIBW92 Symposium, Chennai, India, Edited by: Kalidindi, S.N. and Varghese, K., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 179-187. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Anvuur, A. and Rahman, M.M. (2005) ‘Balancing Contractual and Relational Approaches for PPP success and sustainability’, Conference on Public Private Partnerships – Opportunities and Challenges , Feb. 22, 2005, Hong Kong, CICID, The University of Hong Kong and HKIE Civil Divisions, 105-114. Kumaraswamy, M.M., Ling, F.Y.Y., Rahman, M.M. and Phng, S.T. (2005) Constructing Relationally Integrated Teams, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management , 131(10), 1076-1086. Lam, K.C., Ng, S.T., Hu, T., Skitmore, M. and Cheung, S.O. (2000). Decision support system for contractor prequalification – artificial neural network model, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management , 7(3), 251-266. Love, P.E.D. Irani. Z., Li, H. Tse, R.Y.C and Cheng, E.W.L. (2000). An Empirical Analysis of IT/IS Evaluation in Construction. International Journal of Construction Information Technology , 8(2), 21-38. McCaffer, R. and Hassan, T.M. (2002). Changes in large scale infrastructure arising from ICT developments, Journal of Building and Construction Management , 7(1), 1-8. Ng, S.T., Luu, D.T., Chen, S.E., Lam, K.C. (2002). Fuzzy membership functions on procurement selection criteria, Construction Management and Economics , 20(3), 285-296. Ng, T.S.T. Palaneeswaran, E., and Kumaraswamy, M.M. (2002). A dynamic e-reporting system for contractor’s performance appraisal, Journal of Advances in Engineering Science , 33, 339-349. Ng, T.S.T., Palaneeswaran, E., and Kumaraswamy, M.M. (2003). A web-based centralized multi-client cooperative contractor registration system, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering , 17(1), 28-37. Palaneeswaran, E., and Kumaraswamy, M.M. (1999) “Contractor Prequalification Expert System for Design- Build projects.” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Civil and Structural Engineering , University of Oxford, UK in September 1999, ISBN 0-
  • 24.
  • 25.

Notas del editor

  1. Abad 21 adalah abad di mana bisnis sangat bergantung pada teknologi informasi/sistem informasi. Dengan sistem informasi pembuat keputusan dapat membuat suatu perencanaan, pemasaran, produksi, hubungan antar organisasi sesegera mungkin. Sistem informasi juga dapat membantu penyelesaian masalah dan dapat memberikan peluang untuk meraih keungulan bersaing.
  2. Sistem informasi yang digunakan akan berbeda antara pegawai, manajer, executive, yang mempunyai tanggung jawab, rentang kendali yang berbeda. Sebab, sebagai end-user (pemakai informasi) harus mempunyai pengetahuian yang spesifik bagaimana sistem informasi mempengaruhi fungsional-fungsional organisasi. Misalnya, manajer pemasaran harus mengetahui bagaimana sistem informasi digunakan dalam aktivitas pemasaran. Sehingga informasi yang diperoleh dari sistem informasi pemasaran sanyat membantu dalam pengambilan keputusannya.
  3. Pertama, Support Operational System, mendukung level operasional bisnis dan level operasional manajemen, terdiri dari tipe Enterprise Collaboration Systems, Process Control System, Trancaction Processing Systems. Sistem ini melayani manajer operasional dengan cara mencatat aktivitas transaksi di dalam organisasi. Biasanya data yang tersedia harus dengan mudah didapat, akurat, dan belum kadaluarsa , contoh : Persediaan bahan baku. Kedua, Support Management System, mendukung level taktikal manajemen, dan level stategik manajemen, terdiri dari management Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, Executive Information Systems. Sistem ini melayani manajer taktikal dan executive dengan cara memonitor, mengendalikan, mengambil keputusan. Data yang didapat berupa data berkala mengenai suatu aktivitas, contoh : Penentuan harga jual produk.
  4. Pada tabel di atas diperlihatkan spesifik tipe-tipe sistem informasi yang dihubungkan pada tiap-tiap level di dalam organisasi. Organisasi memiliki Executive Information Systems (EIS) pada level stratejik, Management Information Systems (MIS) dan Decision Support Systems (DSS) pada level manajemen, Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS) pada operational level, dan Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) pada level operasional bisnis. Tipe informasi ini akan secara khusus melayani setiap fungsi masing-masing area. Karena itu tipe sistem yang didapat di dalam organisasi dirancang untuk pekerja, manajer di setiap level dan informasi fungsional seperti sales, marketing, manufacturing, keuangan, akuntansi, dan sumber daya manusia.
  5. Dengan mengerti komponen dan phylosophy dari DSS memungkinkan untuk membicarakan lebih rinci apa yang dimaksud dengan decision support. Masalah terstruktur adalah berulang-ulang dan rutin untuk algoritma yang diketahui dan akan mendukung pemecahan masalah. Masalah tidak terstruktur adalah cerita tidak rutin, dimana tidak ada algoritma (rumus) untuk pemecahan masalah, sehingga tidak dapat dipecahkan dengan suatu persamaan. Masalah semistruktur berbagi antara terstruktur dengan masalah tidak terstruktur. DSS dirancang untuk mendukung masalah semistruktur dan analisa masalah tidak terstruktur.
  6. Saat ini informasi dapat dikumpulkan sebanyak mungkin melalui berbagai media yang dimiliki, namun belum tentu dapat dikelola dengan baik agar dapat dimanfaatkan pada waktu yang tepat secara efisien dan efektif. Kemampuan mengambil keputusan yang cepat dan cermat akan menjadi kunci keberhasilan dalam persaingan global di waktu mendatang, memiliki banyak informasi saja tidak cukup, bila tidak mampu meramunya dengan cepat menjadi alternatif-alternatif terbaik untuk pengambilan keputusan. Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah memungkinkan pengambilan keputusan dilakukan secara lebih cepat dan cermat. Decision Support Systems berfokus pada pengambilan keputusan dan memungkinkan terjadinya komunikasi dan koordinasi antara berbagai bidang maupun tingkat manajemen.
  7. Pengambilan keputusan di dalam suatu organisasi merupakan hasil suatu proses komunikasi dan partisipasi yang terus dari keseluruhan organisasi. Pendekatan dapat dilakukan melalui yang bersifat individual/kelompok, sentralisasi/desentralisasi, partisipasi/tidak partisipasi, demokrasi/konsensus. Persoalan pengambilan keputusan pada dasarnya adalah bentuk pemilihan dari berbagai alternatif tindakan yang mungkin dipilih melalui mekanisme tertentu untuk menghasilkan keputusan yang terbaik. Penyusunan model keputusan adalah suatu cara untuk mengembangkan hubungan-hubungan logika yang mendasari persoalan keputusan ke dalam suatu model matematis yang mencerminkan hubungan yang terjadi antara faktor-faktor yang terlibat.
  8. Pada dasarnya DSS merupakan pengembangan lebih lanjut dari Sistem nformasi manajemen terkomputerisasi (Computerized management Information System) yang dirancang sedemiian rupa seingga bersifat interaktif dengan pemakainya. Interaktif dimaksudkan untuk memudahkan integrasi antara berbagai komponen dalam proses pengambila keputusan, seperti prosedur, kebijakan, teknik analisis, serta pengalaman dan wawasan manajerial guna membentuk suatu kerangka keputusan yang bersifat fleksibel.
  9. DSS memiliki kapabilitas dialog untk memperoleh informasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan, outpt ditujukan untuk persoil organisasi dalam semua tingkatan, memiliki subsistem-subsistem yang terintegrasi sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat berfungsi, sebagai kesatuan sistem, membutuhkan struktur data yang komprehensif yang dapat melayani kebutuhan informasi seluruh tingkatan manajemen, pendekatan easy to use (DSS yang efektif adalah kemudahannya untuk digunakan yang memungkinkan pemakai memilih pendekatan-pendekatan baru dalam membahas masalah, kemampuan sistem beradaptasi secara cepat (dapat menghadapi masalah baru dan menangani dengan mengadaptasi perubahan yang terjadi.
  10. Suatu DSS memiliki 3 basic komponen utama yang menentukan kapablitas teknis DSS yaitu user interface management (perangkat lunak penyelenggara dialog), model management (manajemen basis model) dan data management (manajemen basis data)
  11. Software yang sudah sangat terkenal adalah buseness Intelligent. Software yang memungkinkan user menggunakan database dan membuat model untuk mengolah databasenya ataupun formula yang sesuai dengan keinginan user.
  12. Suatu model adalah abstrak representasi yang menggambarkan komponen atau hubungan dari phenomena. Suatu model dapa menjadi phisic seperti model pesawat, suatu model matematika (seperti suatu persamaan) atau suatu model verbal (seperti penjabaran prosedure untuk menulis suatu pesana).
  13. Kemampuan yang dibutuhkan dari manajemen database sebagai berikut : - Kemampuan untuk mengkombinasikan berbagai variasi data melalui pengambilan dan ekstraksi data Kemampuan untuk menambahkan sumber data secara cepat dan mudah - Kemampuan untuk menggambarkan sruktur data logikal sesuai dengan pengertian pemakai sehingga pemakai mengetahui apa yang tersedia dan dapat menentukan kebutuhan penambahan dan pengurangan. - Kemampuan untuk menangani data secara personil sehingga pemakai dapat mencoba berbagai alternatif pertimbangan personil - Kemampuan untuk mengelola berbagai variasi data
  14. EIS difokuskan terhadap penyediaan informasi sesuai dengan spesifikasi end-user, status access terhadap penggunaan time series data untuk mengidentifikasi kecenderungan (trend) dan penggunaan secara terintegrasi dari informasi eksternal untuk memberikan suatu konteks dunia yang sebenarnya terhadap data korporate internal. Penerapan EIS yang berhasil akan meminimalkan penggunaan laporan-laporan hard-copy, namun tetap memberikan informasi-informasi yang paling mutakhir kepada eksekutif.
  15. 1. Sarana presentasi informasi yang memiliki fungsi untuk : Menyajikan data rutin dan merinci suatu informasi (Drill-Down), Pemantauan kecenderungan (Trend), Laporan pengecualian (exception Report), Multimedia analisa. 2. Sarana pembentukan keputusan (DSS), yang dapat membantu eksekutif dalam menjelaskan penyimpangan yang terjadi, membentuk suatu model, melihat hal yang bersifat subyektif. 3. Sarana sistem permintaan secara multi dimensi dan time series, sehingga mempermudah pembacaan informasi dan pengambilan keputusan karena informasi sudah dalam bentuk Matriks dan per periodik waktu.
  16. Management by exception merupakan perbandingan antara kinerja yang dianggarkan dan kinerja aktual, EIS bisa mengidentifikasikan perkecualian secara otomatis yang membuatnya diperhatikan oleh eksekutif. Peran utama EIS adalah membuat sintesa/sari dari informasi bervolume besar, sehingga menghasilkan suatu gambaran/model mental dari operasi perusahaan. CSFs merupakan hasil analisis manajemen terhadap tujuan tertentu yang diajukan dalam bentuk penetapan elemen kritis agar tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai secara epektif.
  17. Sponsor eksekutif yang mengerti dan berkomitmen, Usaha EIS yang paling berhasil adalah yang pemakai utamanya adalah puncak eksekutif Sponsor operasi bekerjasama dengan eksekutif pemakai dan spesialis informasi untuk memastikan bahwa pekerjaan itu terlaksana Staf jasa informasi yang sesuai, harus tersedia staf yang mengerti teknologi informasi dan juga mengerti cara eksekutif menggunakan sistem ini. Teknologi informasi yang sesuai, penerapan EIS tidak berlebihan dalam memasukan perangkat keras/lunak yang tidak perlu, sistem itu harus sesederhana mungkin dan harus memberikan tepat seperti yang eksekutif inginkan. Manajemen data, eksekutif harus mampu mengetahui seberapa mutakhir data, dan mampu mengikuti analisis data Kaitan yang jelas dengan tujuan bisnis, sebagian besar EIS yang berhasil dirancang utnuk memecahkan masalah-masalah spesifik atau memenui kebutuhan yang dapat ditangani oleh teknologi informasi.
  18. EIS dirancang untuk membantu eksekutif atau manajer senior untuk melakukan pemantauan terhadap perencanaan strategis perusahaan maupun untuk membantu dalam melakukan perencanaan strategis di masa yang akan datang. DSS dirancang untuk mendukung dan mengkatkan proses pengambilan keputusan. DSS dikembangkan untuk mendukung keputusan dari tingkat menengah ke atas, berbeda dengan EIS yang berkonsentrasi pada tingkat manajemen paling atas.