contiene un texto para realizarlo en un dialogo de ingles

1. THE ACCOUNTING
Begin to define some terms used in accounting.
I present two definitions of accounting.
ACCOUNTING
1. - Umbrella term encompassing the multitude of disciplines including auditing, taxation, financial statement analysis, and managerial accounting. Accounting-
related functions include financial accounting, cost accounting, not-for-profit accounting, and financial planning.
2. - Process of recording, measuring, interpreting, and communicating financial data. The accountant prepares financial statements to reflect financial condition
and operating performance. Also, the accounting practitioner renders personal accounting services to clients such as preparing personal financial statements and
tax planning.
ACCOUNTING CYCLE
Series of steps in recording an accounting event from the time a transaction occurs to its reflection in the financial statements; also called bookkeeping cycle.
The orders of the steps in the accounting cycle are:
1) Transactions are analyzed;
2) Transactions are journalized and posted to the ledger;
3) Trial balance is prepared;
4) Data needed to adjust the accounts are assembled;
5) Work sheet is prepared;
6) Financial statements are prepared;
7) Adjusting entries are journalized and posted to the ledger;
8) Closing entries are journalized and posted to the ledger;
9) Post-closing trial balance is prepared”.
Which is the Accounting Equation?
ACCOUNTING EQUATION. - Double entry bookkeeping where there is an identity of debit and credit elements of a transaction. For each transaction, the
total debits equal the total credits. For example, the payment of $ 100 to a creditor requires a debit to accounts payable and a credit to cash for $ 100. The
accounting equation can also be expressed as:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital
An increase (or decrease) in total assets is accompanied by an equal increase (or decrease) in liabilities and capital”.
ACCOUNTING MANUAL. - “handbook containing policy guidelines, procedures, and standards for accounts of a company or an individual. The chart (or
classification) of accounts is part of the accounting manual”.
ACCOUNTING PERIOD. - “Time covered by financial statements which can be for any length but is usually annual, quarterly, or monthly. The annual
financial statements may be on a calendar or fiscal year basis. Quarterly (interim) financial statements are common and required of publicly-owned companies”.
Generally the accounting period begins the first of January and ends on 31 December.
CHART OF ACCOUNTS.-Accountshomogeneouslygroupedthefacts andinformationoperations, depending on the objectivesof accounting andthe
characteristics of eachcompanydefinea chart of accounts. Achart of accountsis amethodicalorderto exposeaccounting information.
Thefundamental classificationdistinguishesthe following types ofaccounts:
a) Equity accounts(balance sheet) andbasicaccounting equation
b) Income Statement Accounts(income statement)
c) TransitoryTransactionAccounts
d) Accounts of Order
At Equity accounts can be found in the (balance sheet) and basic accounting equation, likewise to the Income Statement Accounts they may find on the
statements of income.
The key features of each account group are:
Equity accounts
Equity accountsare groupedinassets, liabilitiesand net worth.Activeaccountsare those thatrepresentassets and rights(cash funds, creditsand merchandise,
machinery). Liability accountsarecertainrights(debt) or contingent(forecasts) of others against society. Theequity accountsare those thatrepresent the
excessofassets over liabilities, all of whichrepresents the shareof owners.
Income Statement Accounts
These accountsprovidea summaryof the facts andsignificant factorsthat causean increase ordecrease in net worth(excludingcontributions
anddistributionstoowners).
Transitory Transaction Account
Transientlyaccumulateoperations, for example, internal companyinformation(purchases ofgoods, returns, etc.). At period end, the account is canceleddue to
transfer tothe final statement.
Accounts of Order
Report oncontingencyorcontingencies, in casethatis not foryourpostingon the balance sheet. Example: securities and guarantees in favor ofthird party, third
partynotes receivablediscountedor endorsedthird party propertyon deposit, etc...
Finally speak on Specialized accounting fields.
SPECIALIZED ACCOUNTING FIELDS
As in many other areas of human activity during the twentieth century, a number of specialized fields in accounting have evolved as a result of rapid
technological advances and accelerated economic growth. The most important accounting fields are described briefly in the following paragraphs:
a) Financialaccounting
b) Auditing
c) Costaccounting
d) Management accounting
e) Taxaccounting
f) Accountingsystems
g) Budgetaryaccounting
h) International accounting
i) Not-for-profitaccounting
j) Social accounting
Well I'll explain each of them.
Financial accounting.
Is concerned with the recording of transactions for a business enterprise or other economic unit and the periodic preparation of various reports from such records.
The reports, which may be for general purposes or for a special purpose, provide useful information for managers, owners, creditors, governmental agencies, and
the general public. Of particular importance to financial accountants are the rules of accounting, termed generally accepted accounting principles.
Auditing
Is a field of activity involving an independent review of the accounting records. In conducting an audit, public accountants examine the records supporting the
financial reports of an enterprise and give an opinion regarding their fairness and reliability. An important element of “fairness and reliability” is adherence to
generally accepted accounting principles.

2. Cost accounting
Emphasizes the determination and the control of costs. It is concerned primarily with the costs of manufacturing processes and of manufactured products. In
addition, one of the most important duties of the cost accountant is to gather and explain cost data, both actual and prospective. Management uses these data in
controlling current operations and in planning for the future.
Management accounting
Uses both historical and estimated data in assisting management in daily operations and in planning future operations. It deals with specific problems that
confront enterprise managers at various organizational levels.This rapidly growing field of specialization by CPAs is frequently called management advisory
services or administrative services.
Tax accounting
Encompasses the preparation of tax returns and the consideration of the tax consequences of proposed business transactions or alternative courses of action.
Accountants specializing in this field, particularly in the area of tax planning, must be familiar with the tax statutes affecting their employer or clients and also
must keep up to date on administrative regulations and court decisions on tax cases.
Accounting systems
Is the special field concerned with the design and implementation of procedures for the accumulation and reporting of financial data. The systems accountant
must devise appropriate “checks and balances” to safeguard business assets and provide for information flow that will be efficient and helpful to management.
Budgetary accounting
Presents the plan of financial operations for a period and, through records and summaries, provides comparisons of actual operations with the predetermined
plan. A combination of planning and controlling future operations, it is sometimes considered to be a part of management accounting.
International accounting
Is concerned with the special problems associated with the international trade of multinational business organizations. Accountants specializing in this area must
be familiar with the influences that custom, law, and taxation of various countries bring to bear on international operations and accounting principles.
Not-for-profit accounting
Specializes in recording and reporting the transactions of various governmental units and other not-for-profit organizations such as churches, charities, and
educational institutions.
Finally
Social accounting
Is the newest field of accounting and is the most difficult to describe in a few words. There have been increasing demands on the profession for measurement of
social costs and benefits which have previously been considered to be unmeasurable. One of the engagements in this field involved the measurement of traffic
patterns in a densely populated section of the nation.
CONCLUSION
I can finish my project expressing the pleasure I have for accounting is why my college career, in fact in my future I hope to become one of the most recognized
counters nationwide and why not think big internationally.
Thanks for your attention.

3. LA CONTABILIDAD
Para empezar definiremos algunos términos utilizados en contabilidad.
Les presento dos definiciones de contabilidad
CONTABILIDAD
1.- Término general que abarca la multitud de disciplinas, incluyendo la auditoría, impuestos, análisis de estados financieros y contabilidad de gestión.
Relacionados con la contabilidad funciones incluyen la contabilidad financiera, contabilidad de costos, contabilidad sin fines de lucro, y la planificación
financiera.
2.- Proceso de grabación, medición, interpretación y comunicación de los datos financieros. El contador prepara estados financieros para reflejar la situación
financiera y los resultados operativos. Además, el profesional contable presta servicios personales de contabilidad para clientes tales como la preparación de
estados financieros personales y planificación fiscal.
CONCLUSION
Puedo concluir mi proyecto espresando el gusto que tengo hacia la contabilidad es por ello mi carrera universitaria es dirigida a ella y de hecho en mi
futuro espero llegar a ser uno de los contadores mas reconocidos a nivel nacional y porque no pensar en grande a nivel internacional.
Muchas gracias por su atencion.