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Common Diseases of
 Cucurbit Vegetables,
Mango, Corn and Onion
    Agricultural Extension 217 –
    Advanced Crop Protection


         Mr. Pedro Ramos
             Professor

           Ronel D. Cana
           Student, MSA
Introduction

       Crop
    Production
                           production of
    involves in
                          food and other
    depth plant
                    aim       related
     sciences
                           products and
   and up-to-date          commodities
    technologies
Introduction

                      Crop
                   Protection
    application of different technologies for the
   purpose of increasing yield and minimizing, if
          not totally eradicating yield loss

          engages both the recognition
          and control of plant pests and
                    diseases
Introduction

                   Tropical
                  Agricultural
                    Crops
   among the crops that are most susceptible to
                 plant diseases
     these susceptible crops include cucurbit
       vegetables, mango, corn and onion
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Alternaria leaf spot
     Cause: Fungus – Alternaria cucumerina and
     Alternaria alternata
     Symptoms: Small spots develop on the upper
     surface of leaves which could develop into
     larger coalescing lesions. These lesions might
     have concentric rings.
     Control: Use of disease-free seeds; Use of
     recommended fungicides.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Alternaria leaf spot
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Downy Mildew
    Cause: Fungus – Pseudoperenospora cubensis
    Symptoms: Leaves have a mottled
    appearance. Leaf spots turn a pale yellow
    color, enlarge and dry out. Can be confused
    with the bacterial disease angular leaf spot.
    Control: Use tolerant varieties where available; Use
    a fungicide program that allows for the rotation of
    protective and systemic fungicides which reduce the
    chance of fungicide resistance developing.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Downy Mildew
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Powdery mildew
    Cause: Fungus – Podosphaera xanthi
    Symptoms: White powdery spots develop on
    leaves. Symptoms usually develop first on the
    underside of leaves before covering both
    sides. Leaves gradually turn yellow to a
    papery brown and eventually die.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Powdery mildew
    Control: Use tolerant varieties where
    available; Monitor crops closely; Use a
    fungicide program involving the rotation of
    protective and systemic fungicides that
    reduce the chance of fungicide resistance
    developing; Petroleum spray oils, milk and
    bicarbonates might offer some control.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Powdery mildew
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Anthracnose
    Cause: Fungi – Colletotrichum orbiculare
    Symptoms: Brown to black spots develop on
    leaves; long dark spots develop on stems and
    round sunken spots develop on fruit. Fruit
    symptoms might develop in transit.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Anthracnose
    Control: Use tolerant varieties where
    available; Monitor crops closely to identify
    the disease early in its cycle; Use
    recommended fungicides; Don’t replant in
    sites that have previously had the disease, or
    use a long rotation.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Anthracnose
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Scab
       Cause: Fungus – Cladosporium cucumerinum
       Symptoms: Can affect leaves, petioles, stems and
       fruits. Water-soaked spots occur on leaves and
       runners. These spots eventually turn grey to white.
       Lesions on fruit are often confused with
       anthracnose. These spots are 3–4 mm in diameter
       and might ooze a gummy substance. The spots
       could then be invaded by secondary rotting bacteria
       which cause the spots to smell.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Scab
       Control: Use resistant cultivars; Use disease-
       free seed; Apply appropriate fungicides
       particularly if cool, wet weather is expected;
       Rotate cucurbits with other crops, with two
       or more years between cucurbits; Avoid low-
       lying, shaded areas prone to moisture and
       dews.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Scab
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Damping-off of seedlings and fungal root rots
     Cause: Fungi including Pythium, Rhizoctonia
     and Fusarium
     Symptoms: The first symptoms are water-
     soaked lesions occurring at soil level. This
     leads to wilting and seedling death. Often,
     plants that have survived damping-off might
     show symptoms of root rot. Roots can have a
     watery grey appearance, particularly the finer
     feeder roots.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Damping-off of seedlings and fungal root rots
     Control: Usually sporadic outbreaks and can
     be difficult to control; Fungicide seed
     treatments provide some control of damping-
     off; Plant to allow vigorous growth, and do
     not overwater; Ensure residue from previous
     crops is well-decomposed.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Damping-off of seedlings and fungal root rots
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Bacterial leaf spot
     Cause: Bacterium – Xanthomonas campestris
     pv. Cucurbitae
     Symptoms: Spots first appear leaves as small
     water-soaked or greasy areas on the
     underside of leaves, and as indefinite yellow
     areas on the upper side of leaves. In about
     five days the spots become round to angular
     with thin, brown, translucent centres and a
     wide, yellow halo.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Bacterial leaf spot
     The spots enlarge up to about 7 mm
     diameter. Occasionally young stems and
     petioles are attacked. Young fruit may also be
     affected. Fruit may produce a light brown
     ooze from small, water-soaked areas, which
     can extend into the seed cavity, causing seed
     infection.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Bacterial leaf spot
     Control: Use disease-free seed; Do not work
     in the crop when it is wet; Practise rotation
     and destroy plant debris by burning, if
     possible, or ploughing in; Use recommended
     chemical treatments, but often it is too late
     after fruit symptoms are noticed.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Bacterial leaf spot
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Mosaic
    Cause: Watermelon mosaic virus, papaya
    ringspot virus and tomato mosaic virus.
    Symptoms: Light and dark green mottling of
    the leaves. Distortion of leaves and stunting
    of the plant might occur. Squash fruit might
    show sunken concentric circles or a raised
    marbled pattern.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Mosaic
    Control: Use tolerant varieties; If only a few
    plants are affected they should be removed
    and destroyed; Insect control (Aphids) is an
    option if monitoring is practised and
    appropriate insecticide applications are
    made; Plant residue should be incorporated
    as soon as possible after harvest.
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Mosaic
Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables
Mosaic
Common Diseases of Mango
Anthracnose
    Cause: Glomerella cingulata, Colletotrichum
    gloeosporiodies, Gloeosporium mangiferae.
    Symptom: The disease appears on young
    leaves, stem, inflorescence and fruits. Leaves
    show oval or irregular grayish, brown spots
    which may coalesce to cover larger area of
    the leaves.
Common Diseases of Mango
Anthracnose
    Consequently, the development of the
    affected leaves is hampered and they dry and
    shed off. On young stem, grey brown spots
    develop. These enlarge and cause girdling
    and drying of affected area. Often, black
    necrotic I areas develop on the twigs from the
    tip downwards causing a dieback.
Common Diseases of Mango
Anthracnose
    Control
     a. The fungus survives on dead and dried twigs,
        therefore, they should be pruned/cut and burnt
        as soon as possible.
     b. The disease can be controlled by spraying
        Bordeaux I mixture (3:3:50) Blitox or Phytolan
        (0.3%), Bavistin or Benlate (0.1 %), thrice a year..
     c. Affected full grown fruits should be dipped in
        hot water (51OC) for 15 minutes before storage.
Common Diseases of Mango
Anthracnose
Common Diseases of Mango
Anthracnose
Common Diseases of Mango
Powdery mildew
    Cause: Odium mangiferae

    Symptom: A white superficial powdery mass
    of fungus growth covers the leaves, the stalks
    of the panicles, the flowers and tender fruits.
    The powdery mass consists mainly of fungal
    spores. The mildew affects the flowers before
    fertilization and the fruits in their earliest
    stages.
Common Diseases of Mango
Powdery mildew
    The affected flowers and fruits drop
    prematurely, reducing the crop considerably
    or preventing the fruit set. Rain and mist
    accompanied by cool nights during the
    flowering period, favors the development of
    the disease. Shedding of infected leaves may
    also occur.
Common Diseases of Mango
Powdery mildew
    Control
     a. The most effective method of control is by
       dusting finely powdered sulfur on the flowering
       branches. More than one round of dusting will
       be necessary. The first round should be given
       before flower opening. This will be followed by
       two or more rounds at fortnightly interval.
     b. It can also be controlled by the application of
       Kemthane (0.1%) or Bavistin (0.1%) or Benlate
       «0.1%). The spray should be given before the
       flowering, as a preventive measure.
Common Diseases of Mango
Powdery mildew
Common Diseases of Mango
Bacterial canker
     Cause: Pseudomonas mangiferae

     Symptom: The earliest symptom is the
     formation of small dark green water soaked
     spots which finally assume the shape of a
     raised black spot. These areas on the fruits
     develop longitudinal cracks and gum starts
     oozing out from the splits.
Common Diseases of Mango
Bacterial canker
     Seriously affected fruits drop down and the
     yield is reduced since affected fruits are
     unattractive and unmarketable.
Common Diseases of Mango
Bacterial canker
     Control
      a. Bordeaux mixture (4:4:50) may be applied at
         fortnightly interval from the first appearance of
         the disease on the leaves.
      b. Recently, two sprays of Streptocycline (200
         ppm) have been found to be helpful in reducing
         the incidence of this disease.
      c. Field sanitation and seedling certification as
         preventive measures and seedling branches and
         fruits are reported to minimize the infestation of
         this disease.
Common Diseases of Mango
Bacterial canker
Reading Excercise Muna!
I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd
waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the
hmuan mnid. Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at
Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht
oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt
tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit
pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can
sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the
huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef,
but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I
awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt!
OK, back to our lesson:
Common Diseases of Corn
Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Root Rot
     Cause: Pythium, Fusarium, Gibberella,
     Trichoderma and Penicillium
     Symptoms: The color of the roots most often
     provides a good indication of which organism(s) are
     present:
      • greyish-white indicates Diplodia
      • tan to pink indicates Fusarium or Gibberella
      • reddish to brown indicates Rhizoctonia
      • blue-green indicates Penicillium or Trichoderma
Common Diseases of Corn
Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Root Rot
     Symptom: Seed, seedling and roots infected
     by Pythium are most often soft (wet) and
     dark coloured, as opposed to roots infected
     with Fusarium, Gibberella, Diplodia and
     Rhizoctonia, which are firm or leathery.
Common Diseases of Corn
Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Root Rot
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Leaf Blight
     Cause: Colletotrichum graminicola

     Symptoms: Anthracnose may affect both
     leaves and stalks. The main symptoms are
     leaf spotting, top dieback and stalk rot. Leaf
     spots are oval, up to 15 mm (6 in.) long, with
     a tan centre and reddish-brown border.
     Individual lesions may join, forming streaking
     along the margin or midrib.
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Leaf Blight
     Symptom: A general yellowing of the tissue
     surrounding the infected areas often
     develops. With the aid of a hand lens, small
     black spots can be seen in the centre of the
     lesions. The disease is first observed on the
     lower leaves and later on the upper leaves.
     Top dieback can occur late in the season as
     diseased leaves wilt and gradually die.
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Leaf Blight
     Control
      a. Planting resistant varieties
      b. Practicing crop rotation
      c. Using of effective fungicides
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Leaf Blight
Common Diseases of Corn
Common Smut and Head Smut
    Cause: Ustilago zeae and Sporisorium holci-sorghi

    Symptoms: Greyish smut galls up to 10 cm (4
    in.) in diameter develop on the stalks, ears
    and tassels, while smaller galls often appear
    on the leaves. The galls initially have a white
    membrane cover that eventually breaks and
    releases dark-brown or black powdery
    spores.
Common Diseases of Corn
Common Smut and Head Smut
    Symptom: On the leaves, galls develop into a
    hard, dry growth. Smut galls can replace
    kernels. Unlike common smut, head smut
    occurs only on the ears and tassels.
Common Diseases of Corn
Common Smut and Head Smut
    Control
     a. Minimizing mechanical and chemical injury to
        the plant;
     b. Practicing a balanced-fertility program
     c. Using of effective fungicides
Common Diseases of Corn
Common Smut and Head Smut
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Stalk Rot
     Cause: Colletotrichum graminicola

     Symptoms: Large, dark brown-to-black shiny
     areas or streaks on the outer stalk rind. These
     shiny or discoloured areas are often found at
     the base of the stalk. Cutting the stalk
     lengthwise will reveal a discolored and rotted
     pith. Premature death occurs above the ear,
     with the plant tissue below the ear remaining
     green.
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Stalk Rot
     Examination of the stalk in these dead areas
     will show the same shiny black areas that are
     found at the stalk base. Plants with top
     dieback symptoms correspond to areas of the
     field that had late-season stresses.
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Stalk Rot
     Control
      a. planting hybrids that have good resistance or
         tolerance to leaf diseases and stalk rots
      b. managing insects such as corn borer
      c. good weed control
      d. appropriate plant populations
      e. a balanced N and K fertility program
      f. crop rotation
Common Diseases of Corn
Anthracnose Stalk Rot
Common Diseases of Corn
Fusarium Ear Rot
     Cause: Fusarium verticilloides

     Symptoms: Unlike gibberella ear rot, kernels
     infected with fusarium ear rot will be
     scattered around the cob among healthy-
     looking kernels or on kernels that have been
     damaged (by corn borer or bird feeding). Silks
     are susceptible to infection during the first 5
     days after initiation.
Common Diseases of Corn
Fusarium Ear Rot
     Fusarium infection produces a white-to-pink
     or salmon-coloured mould. A "white
     streaking" or "star-bursting" can be seen on
     the infected kernel surface.
Common Diseases of Corn
Fusarium Ear Rot
     Control
      a. Harvest as early as possible.
      b. If bird damage is evident, harvest outside
         damaged rows separately. Keep and handle the
         grain from these rows separately.
      c. Adjust harvest equipment to minimize damage
         to corn.
      d. Cool the grain after drying.
      e. Clean bins before storing new grain.
Common Diseases of Corn
Fusarium Ear Rot
Common Diseases of Onion
Purple Blotch
    Cause: Alternaria porri

    Symptoms: Small white sunken spots develop
    on the leaves. These enlarge and under moist
    conditions, turn purple. These are also
    prominent on the inflorescence stalks.
    Infection can cause a semi-watery rot on
    necks of bulbs that turn yellow-red in color.
    Infected bulb tissues become papery.
Common Diseases of Onion
Purple Blotch
    Control
     Cultural control methods include long rotations
     with unrelated crops and good drainage. Lowering
     the density of transplanted crops will reduce
     infection, as will the application of high rates of
     calcium superphosphate and potassium fertilizer.
     Nitrogen fertilizer at low and high rates will
     increase the prevalence of disease. Routine
     (weekly interval) field sprays with dithiocarbamate
     fungicides, particularly mancozeb and
     chlorothalonil.
Common Diseases of Onion
Purple Blotch
Common Diseases of Onion
Anthracnose
    Cause: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

    Symptoms: The leaves become twisted due
    to infection.

    Control
     Control measures are similar to purple blotch.
Common Diseases of Onion
Anthracnose
Common Diseases of Onion
Downy Mildew
    Cause: Peronospora destructor

    Symptoms: Appearing as white specks,
    usually confined to the oldest leaves of young
    plants. A white mold develops rapidly in cool
    damp weather and progresses down the
    sheath, and plants eventually fall over and
    dry up.
Common Diseases of Onion
Downy Mildew
    Control
     Young plants can be treated with mancozeb at
     weekly intervals until bulbing begins.
Common Diseases of Onion
Downy Mildew
Common Diseases of Onion
Basal Rots
     Cause: Fusarium spp.

     Symptoms: Outwardly, the bulb may appear
     normal. It eventually becomes soft, however,
     and will develop a watery rot under moist
     conditions or a dry shriveled bulb in a dry
     environment.
Common Diseases of Onion
Basal Rots
     Control
      Application of fungicides, good field drainage and
      removal of excess moisture in the storage area.
Common Diseases of Onion
Basal Rots
That’s it...

Oops! There’s one more:
IQ & EQ: The Difference
• IQ makes you a brilliant fiscal analyst;
      EQ makes you CEO.
    • IQ makes you a legal scholar;
          EQ makes you a brilliant trial lawyer.
• IQ makes you a valedictorian;
      EQ makes you student body president.
     • IQ makes you a good English professor;
           EQ makes you chairman of English Department.
• IQ makes you a sociologist of marriage;
      EQ makes you happily married.
    • IQ lets you write psychiatric theories;
           EQ means you don’t need a psychiatrist.
Thank you!

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Common diseases of cucurbit vegetables, mango,

  • 1. Common Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables, Mango, Corn and Onion Agricultural Extension 217 – Advanced Crop Protection Mr. Pedro Ramos Professor Ronel D. Cana Student, MSA
  • 2. Introduction Crop Production production of involves in food and other depth plant aim related sciences products and and up-to-date commodities technologies
  • 3. Introduction Crop Protection application of different technologies for the purpose of increasing yield and minimizing, if not totally eradicating yield loss engages both the recognition and control of plant pests and diseases
  • 4. Introduction Tropical Agricultural Crops among the crops that are most susceptible to plant diseases these susceptible crops include cucurbit vegetables, mango, corn and onion
  • 5. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Alternaria leaf spot Cause: Fungus – Alternaria cucumerina and Alternaria alternata Symptoms: Small spots develop on the upper surface of leaves which could develop into larger coalescing lesions. These lesions might have concentric rings. Control: Use of disease-free seeds; Use of recommended fungicides.
  • 6. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Alternaria leaf spot
  • 7. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Downy Mildew Cause: Fungus – Pseudoperenospora cubensis Symptoms: Leaves have a mottled appearance. Leaf spots turn a pale yellow color, enlarge and dry out. Can be confused with the bacterial disease angular leaf spot. Control: Use tolerant varieties where available; Use a fungicide program that allows for the rotation of protective and systemic fungicides which reduce the chance of fungicide resistance developing.
  • 8. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Downy Mildew
  • 9. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Powdery mildew Cause: Fungus – Podosphaera xanthi Symptoms: White powdery spots develop on leaves. Symptoms usually develop first on the underside of leaves before covering both sides. Leaves gradually turn yellow to a papery brown and eventually die.
  • 10. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Powdery mildew Control: Use tolerant varieties where available; Monitor crops closely; Use a fungicide program involving the rotation of protective and systemic fungicides that reduce the chance of fungicide resistance developing; Petroleum spray oils, milk and bicarbonates might offer some control.
  • 11. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Powdery mildew
  • 12. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Anthracnose Cause: Fungi – Colletotrichum orbiculare Symptoms: Brown to black spots develop on leaves; long dark spots develop on stems and round sunken spots develop on fruit. Fruit symptoms might develop in transit.
  • 13. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Anthracnose Control: Use tolerant varieties where available; Monitor crops closely to identify the disease early in its cycle; Use recommended fungicides; Don’t replant in sites that have previously had the disease, or use a long rotation.
  • 14. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Anthracnose
  • 15. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Scab Cause: Fungus – Cladosporium cucumerinum Symptoms: Can affect leaves, petioles, stems and fruits. Water-soaked spots occur on leaves and runners. These spots eventually turn grey to white. Lesions on fruit are often confused with anthracnose. These spots are 3–4 mm in diameter and might ooze a gummy substance. The spots could then be invaded by secondary rotting bacteria which cause the spots to smell.
  • 16. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Scab Control: Use resistant cultivars; Use disease- free seed; Apply appropriate fungicides particularly if cool, wet weather is expected; Rotate cucurbits with other crops, with two or more years between cucurbits; Avoid low- lying, shaded areas prone to moisture and dews.
  • 17. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Scab
  • 18. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Damping-off of seedlings and fungal root rots Cause: Fungi including Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium Symptoms: The first symptoms are water- soaked lesions occurring at soil level. This leads to wilting and seedling death. Often, plants that have survived damping-off might show symptoms of root rot. Roots can have a watery grey appearance, particularly the finer feeder roots.
  • 19. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Damping-off of seedlings and fungal root rots Control: Usually sporadic outbreaks and can be difficult to control; Fungicide seed treatments provide some control of damping- off; Plant to allow vigorous growth, and do not overwater; Ensure residue from previous crops is well-decomposed.
  • 20. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Damping-off of seedlings and fungal root rots
  • 21. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Bacterial leaf spot Cause: Bacterium – Xanthomonas campestris pv. Cucurbitae Symptoms: Spots first appear leaves as small water-soaked or greasy areas on the underside of leaves, and as indefinite yellow areas on the upper side of leaves. In about five days the spots become round to angular with thin, brown, translucent centres and a wide, yellow halo.
  • 22. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Bacterial leaf spot The spots enlarge up to about 7 mm diameter. Occasionally young stems and petioles are attacked. Young fruit may also be affected. Fruit may produce a light brown ooze from small, water-soaked areas, which can extend into the seed cavity, causing seed infection.
  • 23. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Bacterial leaf spot Control: Use disease-free seed; Do not work in the crop when it is wet; Practise rotation and destroy plant debris by burning, if possible, or ploughing in; Use recommended chemical treatments, but often it is too late after fruit symptoms are noticed.
  • 24. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Bacterial leaf spot
  • 25. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Mosaic Cause: Watermelon mosaic virus, papaya ringspot virus and tomato mosaic virus. Symptoms: Light and dark green mottling of the leaves. Distortion of leaves and stunting of the plant might occur. Squash fruit might show sunken concentric circles or a raised marbled pattern.
  • 26. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Mosaic Control: Use tolerant varieties; If only a few plants are affected they should be removed and destroyed; Insect control (Aphids) is an option if monitoring is practised and appropriate insecticide applications are made; Plant residue should be incorporated as soon as possible after harvest.
  • 27. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Mosaic
  • 28. Diseases of Cucurbit Vegetables Mosaic
  • 29. Common Diseases of Mango Anthracnose Cause: Glomerella cingulata, Colletotrichum gloeosporiodies, Gloeosporium mangiferae. Symptom: The disease appears on young leaves, stem, inflorescence and fruits. Leaves show oval or irregular grayish, brown spots which may coalesce to cover larger area of the leaves.
  • 30. Common Diseases of Mango Anthracnose Consequently, the development of the affected leaves is hampered and they dry and shed off. On young stem, grey brown spots develop. These enlarge and cause girdling and drying of affected area. Often, black necrotic I areas develop on the twigs from the tip downwards causing a dieback.
  • 31. Common Diseases of Mango Anthracnose Control a. The fungus survives on dead and dried twigs, therefore, they should be pruned/cut and burnt as soon as possible. b. The disease can be controlled by spraying Bordeaux I mixture (3:3:50) Blitox or Phytolan (0.3%), Bavistin or Benlate (0.1 %), thrice a year.. c. Affected full grown fruits should be dipped in hot water (51OC) for 15 minutes before storage.
  • 32. Common Diseases of Mango Anthracnose
  • 33. Common Diseases of Mango Anthracnose
  • 34. Common Diseases of Mango Powdery mildew Cause: Odium mangiferae Symptom: A white superficial powdery mass of fungus growth covers the leaves, the stalks of the panicles, the flowers and tender fruits. The powdery mass consists mainly of fungal spores. The mildew affects the flowers before fertilization and the fruits in their earliest stages.
  • 35. Common Diseases of Mango Powdery mildew The affected flowers and fruits drop prematurely, reducing the crop considerably or preventing the fruit set. Rain and mist accompanied by cool nights during the flowering period, favors the development of the disease. Shedding of infected leaves may also occur.
  • 36. Common Diseases of Mango Powdery mildew Control a. The most effective method of control is by dusting finely powdered sulfur on the flowering branches. More than one round of dusting will be necessary. The first round should be given before flower opening. This will be followed by two or more rounds at fortnightly interval. b. It can also be controlled by the application of Kemthane (0.1%) or Bavistin (0.1%) or Benlate «0.1%). The spray should be given before the flowering, as a preventive measure.
  • 37. Common Diseases of Mango Powdery mildew
  • 38. Common Diseases of Mango Bacterial canker Cause: Pseudomonas mangiferae Symptom: The earliest symptom is the formation of small dark green water soaked spots which finally assume the shape of a raised black spot. These areas on the fruits develop longitudinal cracks and gum starts oozing out from the splits.
  • 39. Common Diseases of Mango Bacterial canker Seriously affected fruits drop down and the yield is reduced since affected fruits are unattractive and unmarketable.
  • 40. Common Diseases of Mango Bacterial canker Control a. Bordeaux mixture (4:4:50) may be applied at fortnightly interval from the first appearance of the disease on the leaves. b. Recently, two sprays of Streptocycline (200 ppm) have been found to be helpful in reducing the incidence of this disease. c. Field sanitation and seedling certification as preventive measures and seedling branches and fruits are reported to minimize the infestation of this disease.
  • 41. Common Diseases of Mango Bacterial canker
  • 42. Reading Excercise Muna! I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid. Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt!
  • 43. OK, back to our lesson:
  • 44. Common Diseases of Corn Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Root Rot Cause: Pythium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Trichoderma and Penicillium Symptoms: The color of the roots most often provides a good indication of which organism(s) are present: • greyish-white indicates Diplodia • tan to pink indicates Fusarium or Gibberella • reddish to brown indicates Rhizoctonia • blue-green indicates Penicillium or Trichoderma
  • 45. Common Diseases of Corn Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Root Rot Symptom: Seed, seedling and roots infected by Pythium are most often soft (wet) and dark coloured, as opposed to roots infected with Fusarium, Gibberella, Diplodia and Rhizoctonia, which are firm or leathery.
  • 46. Common Diseases of Corn Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Root Rot
  • 47. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Leaf Blight Cause: Colletotrichum graminicola Symptoms: Anthracnose may affect both leaves and stalks. The main symptoms are leaf spotting, top dieback and stalk rot. Leaf spots are oval, up to 15 mm (6 in.) long, with a tan centre and reddish-brown border. Individual lesions may join, forming streaking along the margin or midrib.
  • 48. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Leaf Blight Symptom: A general yellowing of the tissue surrounding the infected areas often develops. With the aid of a hand lens, small black spots can be seen in the centre of the lesions. The disease is first observed on the lower leaves and later on the upper leaves. Top dieback can occur late in the season as diseased leaves wilt and gradually die.
  • 49. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Leaf Blight Control a. Planting resistant varieties b. Practicing crop rotation c. Using of effective fungicides
  • 50. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Leaf Blight
  • 51. Common Diseases of Corn Common Smut and Head Smut Cause: Ustilago zeae and Sporisorium holci-sorghi Symptoms: Greyish smut galls up to 10 cm (4 in.) in diameter develop on the stalks, ears and tassels, while smaller galls often appear on the leaves. The galls initially have a white membrane cover that eventually breaks and releases dark-brown or black powdery spores.
  • 52. Common Diseases of Corn Common Smut and Head Smut Symptom: On the leaves, galls develop into a hard, dry growth. Smut galls can replace kernels. Unlike common smut, head smut occurs only on the ears and tassels.
  • 53. Common Diseases of Corn Common Smut and Head Smut Control a. Minimizing mechanical and chemical injury to the plant; b. Practicing a balanced-fertility program c. Using of effective fungicides
  • 54. Common Diseases of Corn Common Smut and Head Smut
  • 55. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Stalk Rot Cause: Colletotrichum graminicola Symptoms: Large, dark brown-to-black shiny areas or streaks on the outer stalk rind. These shiny or discoloured areas are often found at the base of the stalk. Cutting the stalk lengthwise will reveal a discolored and rotted pith. Premature death occurs above the ear, with the plant tissue below the ear remaining green.
  • 56. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Stalk Rot Examination of the stalk in these dead areas will show the same shiny black areas that are found at the stalk base. Plants with top dieback symptoms correspond to areas of the field that had late-season stresses.
  • 57. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Stalk Rot Control a. planting hybrids that have good resistance or tolerance to leaf diseases and stalk rots b. managing insects such as corn borer c. good weed control d. appropriate plant populations e. a balanced N and K fertility program f. crop rotation
  • 58. Common Diseases of Corn Anthracnose Stalk Rot
  • 59. Common Diseases of Corn Fusarium Ear Rot Cause: Fusarium verticilloides Symptoms: Unlike gibberella ear rot, kernels infected with fusarium ear rot will be scattered around the cob among healthy- looking kernels or on kernels that have been damaged (by corn borer or bird feeding). Silks are susceptible to infection during the first 5 days after initiation.
  • 60. Common Diseases of Corn Fusarium Ear Rot Fusarium infection produces a white-to-pink or salmon-coloured mould. A "white streaking" or "star-bursting" can be seen on the infected kernel surface.
  • 61. Common Diseases of Corn Fusarium Ear Rot Control a. Harvest as early as possible. b. If bird damage is evident, harvest outside damaged rows separately. Keep and handle the grain from these rows separately. c. Adjust harvest equipment to minimize damage to corn. d. Cool the grain after drying. e. Clean bins before storing new grain.
  • 62. Common Diseases of Corn Fusarium Ear Rot
  • 63. Common Diseases of Onion Purple Blotch Cause: Alternaria porri Symptoms: Small white sunken spots develop on the leaves. These enlarge and under moist conditions, turn purple. These are also prominent on the inflorescence stalks. Infection can cause a semi-watery rot on necks of bulbs that turn yellow-red in color. Infected bulb tissues become papery.
  • 64. Common Diseases of Onion Purple Blotch Control Cultural control methods include long rotations with unrelated crops and good drainage. Lowering the density of transplanted crops will reduce infection, as will the application of high rates of calcium superphosphate and potassium fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer at low and high rates will increase the prevalence of disease. Routine (weekly interval) field sprays with dithiocarbamate fungicides, particularly mancozeb and chlorothalonil.
  • 65. Common Diseases of Onion Purple Blotch
  • 66. Common Diseases of Onion Anthracnose Cause: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Symptoms: The leaves become twisted due to infection. Control Control measures are similar to purple blotch.
  • 67. Common Diseases of Onion Anthracnose
  • 68. Common Diseases of Onion Downy Mildew Cause: Peronospora destructor Symptoms: Appearing as white specks, usually confined to the oldest leaves of young plants. A white mold develops rapidly in cool damp weather and progresses down the sheath, and plants eventually fall over and dry up.
  • 69. Common Diseases of Onion Downy Mildew Control Young plants can be treated with mancozeb at weekly intervals until bulbing begins.
  • 70. Common Diseases of Onion Downy Mildew
  • 71. Common Diseases of Onion Basal Rots Cause: Fusarium spp. Symptoms: Outwardly, the bulb may appear normal. It eventually becomes soft, however, and will develop a watery rot under moist conditions or a dry shriveled bulb in a dry environment.
  • 72. Common Diseases of Onion Basal Rots Control Application of fungicides, good field drainage and removal of excess moisture in the storage area.
  • 73. Common Diseases of Onion Basal Rots
  • 75. IQ & EQ: The Difference • IQ makes you a brilliant fiscal analyst; EQ makes you CEO. • IQ makes you a legal scholar; EQ makes you a brilliant trial lawyer. • IQ makes you a valedictorian; EQ makes you student body president. • IQ makes you a good English professor; EQ makes you chairman of English Department. • IQ makes you a sociologist of marriage; EQ makes you happily married. • IQ lets you write psychiatric theories; EQ means you don’t need a psychiatrist.