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JOINTS


CAPT RISHI POKHREL
INTRODUCTION




               2
CLASSIFICATIONS

Fibrous                   Cartilaginous     Synovial
Fixed             Slightly movable           Freely movable
(Synarthroses)    (Amphiarthroses)          (Diarthroses)
Types              Types                    Types
Sutures              Pri.cart. joints     Plane
• Plane             (Synchondroses)       Hinge
• Squamous                                Pivot
• Limbous          Sec.cart. Joints       Bicondylar
• Serrate          (Syndesmoses)          Ellipsoid
• Dentate                                  Saddle

   Schindylesis                            Ball and socket
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis


                                                         3
CLASSIFICATIONS



                 JOINTS

 SYNARTHROSES             SYNOVIAL
FIBROUS
   
       SUTURES
   
       SYNDESMOSIS
   
       GOMPHOSES


CARTILAGENOIS
   
       SYNCHONDROSES
   
       SYMPHYSES




                                     4
FIBROUS JOINTS




SUTURES



                      5
Sutures




    6
Syndesmosis




              7
GOMPHOSES




            8
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS




     SYNCHONDROSES


                       9
SYMPHYSES



            10
SYNOVIAL JOINT




                 11
ARTICULAR SURFACE OF BONES




                             12
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE MIC. STR.


                 LAMINA SPLENDENS
                 
                     Bright line at free surface of
                     articular cartilage seen on
                     oblique sections on negative
                     phase microscopy

                 
                     Not an anatomically distinct
                     surface layer.

                 
                     Artifect at border between
                     regions of different ref index


                                          13
Joint capsule




                14
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE




                    15
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE




                    16
SYNOVIAL FLUID

           Volume – 0.5 ml in knee jt
           Color – clear or pale
            yellow
           pH - slightly alkaline
           Proteins – 0.9 mg/dl
           Cells – 60/ml
           Amorphous
            metachromatic particles




                                 17
INTRAARTICULAR MENISCUS & DISC




                                 18
LABRUM




         19
BLOOD SUPPLY




               20
NERVE SUPPLY




   Hilton's law   21
NERVE RECEPTORS
Ruffini endings
Lamellated articular corpuscles
Golgi tendon organs
Simple nerve endings




                                    22
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS



    Based on shape of articular surface
    ∞ Plane jt               ∞ Ellipsoid jt
    ∞ Hinge jt               ∞ Saddle jt
    ∞ Pivot jt               ∞ Ball and socket jt
    ∞ Bicondylar jt


     Articular shapes are never truly flat, spherical,
    cylinder, cone or ellipsoids but part of a spheroid.


                                                           23
PLANE JOINT




              24
HINGE JOINT




              25
PIVOT JOINT




              26
BICONDYLAR JOINT




                   27
ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT




                    28
SADDLE JOINT




               29
BALL & SOCKET JOINT




                      30
FACTORS INFLUENCING MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS


        
            Complexity of form

        
            Degrees of freedom




                                             31
ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS AND MECHANISMS


    Combination of translation and angulation

    Movement
              
                   slight – similar sized reciprocal surfaces
              
                   wide – habitually more mobile bone has larger
               articular surface




                                                            32
ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS AND MECHANISMS            contd...


  
      Translation
  
      Angulation
                •   Flexion and extension
                •   Abduction and adduction
                •   Axial rotation
                •   Circumduction




                                                   33
Development
Mesodermal origin with some neural
  crest contribution.

  Regions of developing cartilage
  consist of widely spaced cells
  surrounded by matrix.

  Condensation of somatopleuric
  mesenchymal cells develop
  between developing skeletal
  elements to form plates of
  interzonal mesenchyme

  Their subsequent development
  varies acc. to type of joint
       
            Fibrous joint
       
            Cartilagenous joint
       
            Synovial joint
                                     34
Development




              35
APPLIED ANATOMY




1.Craniosynostosis   36
2. JOINT REPLACEMENTS




                        37
3. Premature fusion of synchondroses
4. Arthritis




                                       38
DISCUSSION   39

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