1. Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals and over 100 elements are known. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2. Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances that have an orderly crystalline structure, definite chemical composition, and are generally considered inorganic. Minerals form through processes like crystallization from magma, precipitation, and pressure and temperature changes. 3. Minerals can be classified into groups based on their chemical composition, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, halides, and native elements. Properties of minerals like color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and density can help identify

1. Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens 

2. Chapter 2 Minerals

3. 2.1 Matter  Elements are the b asic building blocks of minerals.  Over 100 elements are known. Elements and the Periodic Table

6. Model of an Atom

7. 2.1 Matter  Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles.  Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.  Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons  The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. Isotopes

9. 2.1 Matter 1. Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions. 2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. 3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons. Types of Chemical Bonds

10. 2.2 Minerals 1. Naturally occurring 2. Solid substance 3. Orderly crystalline structure 4. Definite chemical composition 5. Generally considered inorganic Definition of a Mineral

11. 2.2 Minerals 1. Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation 3. Pressure and temperature 4. Hydrothermal solutions How Minerals Form

12. Minerals Formed as a Result of Crystallization of Magma

14. The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

15. Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and Three-Dimensional Networks

18. Sulfides

19. Native Copper

20. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. Color

21. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form. Streak

22. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Luster

23. Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays Metallic Luster.

24. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. Crystal Form

25. Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form.

26. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.  Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest). Hardness

27. Mohs Scale of Hardness

28. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces. Cleavage

29. Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction

30. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.  Fracture — the uneven breakage of a mineral Fracture

31. Conchoidal Fracture

32. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. Density

33. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties. Distinctive Properties of Minerals