24. Freshwater Ecosystems continued: Wetlands 5- Wetlands (swamps, marshes, & bogs) are shallow ecosystems in which the land surface is saturated or submerged at least part of the year.
Predators Help Restore Biodiversity in Yellowstone: In the past dozen years, Yellowstone National Park has been the site of a grand experiment in managing biodiversity. The park is renowned for its wildlife and wilderness. But between about 1930 and 1990, park managers and ecologists observed that growing elk populations were overbrowsing willow and aspen. Plant health and diversity were declining, and populations of smaller mammals, such as beaver, were gradually dwindling. Most ecologists blamed these changes on the eradication of one of the region’s main predators, the gray wolf ( Canis lupus). Now, a project to restore wolves has provided a rare opportunity to watch environmental change unfold.