The document discusses the complex skill of speaking and outlines several key components:
1) Conceptualization and formulation involve planning what to say and how to structure sentences based on topic, purpose, and discourse type.
2) Articulation is the physical production of speech using organs like the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, teeth and lips.
3) Self-monitoring and repair allow speakers to correct any errors in formulation or articulation during speech.
With practice, these components become more automatic and fluent.
6. The skill of speaking is complex and it involves:
→ a command of certain skills;
→ several types of knowledge;
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Speech production, in the way of utterance
(sentences), is linear and happens in real time.
It relies on spontaneity.
12. • Planning time – input process
formulation • utterances in a slow-down or
pause or re-phrasing.
• Expressing time – output process
articulation • wrong word or pronunciation’s
correction
19. • The fundamental rule is that the speakers have to
respect the other’s turn, not both speaking at once
in fact.
→ Long silences must to be avoided;
→ listen when other speakers are speaking.
20. → recognize your turn time and the other
speaker’s turn.
→ signalling when you want to say something
and also that you’re listening to.
→ holding the floor when it’s your turn
→ yelding the turn
21.
22. Gestures during the conversation (face-to-face) that
confirm speaker’s intention.
23. On the phone, where we can’t see the other speaker’s face,
expression, gestures, we have to rely on intonation, tempo and
pausing, and still respecting the turn.