Lezione tenuta il 15 giugno 2012 al Master di II livello in "Management dei sistemi informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo - SI4MED", MEDAlics (Pizzo Calabro)

1. ICT4D: TECNOLOGIE DIGITALI PER LO
1
SVILUPPO
Roberto Masiero 1 Roberto Polillo 1, 2
1
Think! The innovation Knowledge Foundation
2
Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Comunicazione,
Università di Milano Bicocca
Master Universitario di II livello in "Management dei sistemi
informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo – MaSI4MED"
15 giugno 2012

2. The discipline: ICT4D
2
 Information and Communication Technologies for
Development
“The application of ICT within the field of socio-
economic development, international development
and human rights” (Wikipedia)
 Interdisciplinariety, different approaches,
philosophies, goals, ...
 We bring with ourselves our story, …

3. Agenda
3
1. What is development – and how to measure it
2. ICT penetration and digital divide
3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource
4. Internet for development: a quantic gap
5. Approaches to ICT4D
6. ICT4D: some good practices
7. Think! research methodology: the diamon of
digital innovation

4. 1. What is development
4
– and how to measure it

5. What does it mean "development"?
5
 Development means different things to different
people
 At its core, it involves concepts of "progress" and
"growth"
 Development is a multi-dimensional entity, involving
empowerment, participation, ….
 It cannot be simply equated to the growth of GNP
or personal purchasing power…

6. However you measure it…
6
A world of differences

7. GDP per capita, 2010
7
Blue: above world GDP per capita (USD 10,700, purchasing power parity)
Orange: below world GDP per capita
Source: IMF International Monetary Fund, from Wikipedia

8. Country classification by yearly GNI per capita
(World Bank, 2008)
35.500
48.000
GNI per capita (US$)
> 11.906
≤ 11.905
(In 2010, tresholds increased by 3%) ≤ 3.855
≤ 975 8

9. Least Developed Countries
9
LDC defined by UN, based on 3 criteria:
Low income
Human resources weakness
Economic vulnerability
In 2010:
•49 countries
•833 ml people
LDC in 2007, from Wikipedia

10. Almost half the world live on less
than $2.50 a day
http://www.globalissues.org

11. HDI: Human Development Index
11
 Developed by UNDP (United Nations Development
Programme, www.undp.org ), from 1992
 Covering almost 200 countries
 Three basic dimensions :
 HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth
 EDUCATION: Education Index
(various indices, changed in 2011)
 INCOME: Per-capita GNI Index

12. HDI divide in 2011
12
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index

13. Other indicators
Life expectancy
13
Poverty rates
Unenployment rates
Disposable income
Education levels
…
Satisfaction with life
Health conditions
Standard of living
Family life
Jobs
….
Natural resources
Pollution & waste
Human health
www.beyond-gdp.eu …

14. 14 2. ICT penetration and digital divide

15. What a decade!
15
 The first decade of the new millennium saw
extraordinary progress in ICT – globally:
 Global mobile cellular penetration
 Global internet penetration
 Enormous technological improvements in ICT
 The Internet as a pervasive resource
 The lag between developed and developing
world can be considered to be less that 10 years
– on average

16. A fundamental source, highly recommended:
www.itu.org
16
(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)

17. The global picture
17
 Mobile
 With 5.9 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions, global
penetration reaches 87%, and 79% in the developing world
 In LDCs two thirds of people have cellular coverage and
mobile cellular penetration has reached 34% - up from 5%
five years earlier
 Internet
 One third of the world population is online
 45% of Internet users are below the age of 25
 25% of internet users are in China
Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011

18. The global growth, 2000-2010
18
2011 est:
86.7%
12%
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

19. Mobile cellular penetration growth
19
Source: ITU

20. Mobile cellular subscription divide, 2000-2010
20
6 yrs lag
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

21. Mobile cellular penetration by 2011*
21
Much higher
that the USA
penetration
in 2004
(43%)
CIS:
Commonwealth
of Independent
States
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

22. Rural population covered by a mobile signal,
2002-2008
22
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

23. 23

24. 24

25. Internet Users divide, 2000-2010
25
This is higher than
global fixed (16%)
and mobile (12%)
telephone
penetration in 2000
Lag about 11 years
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

26. Internet users growth
26
• In developing countries, 30% of those under 25 use the Internet
Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011

27. Internet penetration, by region, 2011*
27
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

28. Global bandwidth growth
28
7x in 5 years

29. Broadband: what is it?
29
 "Broadband" is a technology neutral term, often
used as a marketing buzzword, with different
meanings
 ITU defines broadband internet access as a [fixed or
wireless] public access to the internet at a
downstream speed equal or greater than 256 Kbps
(March 2010)
 Broadband is supported by different technologies
with different speed

30. Broadband requirements: examples
30
 YouTube:
 min 500 Kbps; optimal: 1 Mbps or higher
 Skype:
 voice call: 100 Kbps recommended
 video call: 128-500 Kbps
 group video call (3 people): 512 Kbps – 2 Mbps download
 Streaming movies:
 2,5 Mbps suggested
 10 Mbps suggested for HD

31. Broadband on Europe Digital Agenda
31
 By 2013:
 bring basic broadband to all Europeans
 By 2020:
 ensure that all Europeans have access to internet speed of
above 30 Mbps and
 50% or more European households subscribe to Internet
connections above 100 Mbps

32. Broadband divide
32
Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

33. Cost: IPB (ICT Price Basket)
33
 Developed by ITU to compare the price of TLC in
different countries
 Based on a mix of use using fixed telephone,
mobile cellulare and fixed broadband
 Measured in % to the average monthly income
 2010:
Ranges from 0,2% (Monaco) to 71,6% (Niger)
Italy: 0,9% (28th); USA: 0,6% (12th)

34. IPB index
34
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

35. Price divide by IPB values (2010)
35
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

36. Price divide by IPB values (2010)
36
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

37. Ultra-low cost mobiles
37

38. IDI (ICT Development Index)
38
 Developed by ITU to measure the level and
evolution over time of ICT in different countries, and
to measure the digital divide
 Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development
 Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 & 2008

39. The 3 stages model of IDI
39
1 2 3
Access Use Skills 11
IDI sub-index sub-index sub-index indicators

40. IDI components
40
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009

41. Digital divide by IDI values (2010)
41
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

42. 3. Evolution of the Internet as a global
42
resource

43. Evolution of ICT paradigms
43
Mainframe Client-server Cloud
computing computing computing
1965 1985 2005+

44. Evolution of the Internet
44
1985 1995+ 2005+
+
COMMUNICATION HYPERTEXT, SOCIAL MEDIA
NETWORK  Company web
eCOMMERCE sites
 E-mail  Web portals logs
 File transfer  Search engines
 Newsgroups  E-commerce ocial networks
 ….  Web as an interface
 …. GC
ooperative creation

45. Time person of the year
45
Christmas Christmas Christmas
2006 2010 2011

46. Evoluzione di Internet
46
2010+
Mobile access

47. Internet for development
47
E-health E-education E-communication E-commerce
E-government E-inclusion E-entertainment
Broadband
Internet access

48. Broadband as an enabler
48
 Telehealth & telemedicine: broadband can facilitate provision of medical care to
unserved and underserved population through remote diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and
consultation with specialists (telehealth & telemedicine)
 Education, culture & entertainment: broadband can overcome geographical and
financial barriers to provide access to a wide range of educational, cultural and recreational
opportunities and resources
 Economic development / E-commerce: broadband can promote economic development
and revitalization through electronic commerce by creating new jobs and attracting new
industries; providing access to regional, national, and worldwide markets
 E-government: e-government can help streamline people's interaction with government
agencies, and provide information about government policies, procedures, benefits and
programs
 Public safety and homeland security: broadband can help protect the public by
facilitating and promoting public safety information and procedures
Broadband communication services: broadband provides access to new
telecommunications technologies such as VOIP
 People with disabilities: … www.broadband.gov

49. Example: E-health
49
 Electronic health records: enabling the communication of patient data between different
healthcare professionals
 Telemedicine: physical and psychological treatments at a distance
 Consumer health information: use of online resources on medical topics by healthy
individuals or patients
 Health knowledge management: best practice guidelines, online resources for the
healthcare professionals, epidemiological tracking
 Virtual healthcare teams: healthcare professionals collaborating and sharing
information on patients through online communication tools
 M-health: using mobile devices in collecting patient health data, providing healthcare
information, real-time monitoring of patient vitals, and direct provision of care
 Healthcare online information systems: for hospital and healthcare professionals:
appointment scheduling, patient data management, work schedule management and other
administrative tasks surrounding health

50. ICT4D: two basic approaches
50
- ICT for productivity
"TOP DOWN" - From the experience and models of
developed countries
- Emphasis on [large] organizations
- ICT for human development
- From the needs of local
communities and individuals
"BOTTOM UP" - New models of services,
collaboration and interaction based
on local needs and experiences

51. The application long-tail
51
Source: www.kiwania.net

52. 52 4. Internet for development: a quantic gap

53. Never, in the story of technology, we had at our
disposal a set of powerful tools like those
resulting from the evolution of the internet in
the last few years…
These tools can change completely the
approach of ICT4D, and its results…
Three big revolutions…
53

54. 1. Communications
54
 Cellular telephony
 SMS
 Mail
 Forum
 Chat
 Blog
 Social networks
 Microblogging
 IP telephony
 Web radio
 Tele-conference

55. 1. Communications
55
 Cellular telephony 2011 est:
 SMS 86.7%
 Mail
 Forum
 Chat
 Blog
 Social networks
 Microblogging
 IP telephony
 Teleconference
 Web radio/TV
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

56. 1. Communications
56
 Cellular telephony 2003: Skype, Linkedin, MySpace,
 SMS 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Orkut
 Mail 2005: Youtube, Ning, Zoho
 Forum 2006: Twitter , Google Docs
2007:
 Chat 2008: Livestream
 Blog 2009: Foursquare
 Social networks 2010:
2011: Google+
 Microblogging
 IP telephony
 Web radio
 Tele-conference

57. 2. Cloud computing
57
 Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)
 Large reduction of entry barrier to the
implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware &
software infrastructure needed
 Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs

58. 2. Software as a service
58
Application
 Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)
 Large reduction of entry barrier to the
implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware &
software infrastructure needed
 Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs

59. Before
59
Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)
- Hw & sw client & server - hw & sw maintenance
- K-H (systems & apps) - Recurrent fees
- Infrastructure - Technical support
- Organization set-up - Operations
Entry
barrier
t

60. After
60
Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)
- Hw/sw client - Client maintenance
- Recurrent fees
(applications and
connectivity)
Entry
barrier
t

61. 2. Software as a service
61
Developing country
Developed country
A new role for NGO?

62. Application virtualization
62

63. 3. I Applications building blocks
3. building block per le applicazioni
63
 “Ecosystems”
of open-source software components,
developed and maintained by large communities
 Online services easily integrable to provide higher
level services (embedding & mashup technologies)

64. The pace of change
64
 ICT is changing fast…
My grandaddy (born 1883) typewriter: I learned typing on it …and now I use this

65. The pace of change…
65
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• Servizi di hosting
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• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting
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66. The pace of change
66
 People is changing slowly…
 …but the world is getting younger and younger
 …and the new generations have grown (and will
grow) with technology
We must target the new generations as
the driving force for change

67. Internet is a lot more…
67
 The “new” ICT (Internet) is different, and can
give a lot of value…
 …for a low cost
 The main enabler will be broadband [mobile]
access to the Internet
 … because it gives access to lots of things
(definitely, not only information!)

68. An agenda for change
68
 Invest in broadband [mobile] access
 The software is there, and is (almost) free
 Develop skills to identify, mix and integrate existing
software and services
 Take advantage of utility computing to avoid building
local infrastructures
 Concentrate on applications requirements,
prototyping and experimentation
 Share results over the net

69. In three words…
69
1. Connect, 2. Learn and 3. Understand
connect, experience the local needs
connect new paradigms

70. 70 4. Approaches to ICT4D

71. Two possible approaches
71
• ICT for Productivity
• ICT for Human Development

72. From IT Investment to Higher GDP
72
HIGHER INCREASED TAX
GDP REVENUES
LOWER HIGHER
PRICES WAGES
ECONOM IC
COMPETITIVENESS
INNOVATIVE
LESS SEVERE FASTER PRODUCTS
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY LOWER
MORE JOBS AND
DOWNTURNS GROWTH INFLATION
SERVICES
ACCESSIBLE HIGHER BETTER LARGER AND
FLEXIBLE NEW
AND FLEXIBLE INCREASED QUALITY DECISIONS MORE
SUPPLY RESEARCH
WORK EFFICIENCY GOODS AND M AKING EFFICIENT
CHAINS TOOLS
OPPORTUNITIES SERVICES TOOLS MARKETS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(hardware, software, applications
and telecommunications)
Source: ITIF

73. Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms
of innovation-based global competitiveness
73
Overall Score
ITIF : T h e Atlantic C e ntu ry
S ou rce :

74. Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms
of innovation-based global competitiveness
74
Change Score
1999-2009
ITIF : T h e Atlantic C e ntu ry
S ou rce :

75. IT drives productivity growth
75
IT investment as a share
Annual labor productivity growth of total capital investment
S ou rce : IT IF : D igital Pros p e rity

76. Sources of total factor productivity growth
76
S ou rce : ITIF : D igital Pros p e rity

77. The growth of productivity & the internet
77
S ou rce : ITIF : D igital Pros p e rity

78. Beyond the productivity concept:
ICT for Human Development
78
3 gu id e line s for an e xte nd e d conce p t of “ H u m an
d e ve lop m e nt” :
2.D e ve lop m e nt as e m p owe rm e nt, not a s h e e r e conom ic
growth
3.Ap p roach ing IC T4D in a conte xt-b as e d way, nor th rou gh
d e te rm inis tic s tance s
4.P re d om inance of p olitical analys is ove r p e rform ance
e valu ation
S ou rce : S ilvia M as ie ro, D igital Te ch nologie s and H u m an D e ve lop m e nt, Th ink! P ap e r, O ct 201 0

79. From IT Investment to Human Development
79
HIGHER
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HDI
POVERTY HIGHER BETTER QUALITY
HPI-2 PER-CAPITA GDP OF LIFE
REDUCTION
HIGHER NEW SECTORAL
BETTER REDUCTION ACCESS TO
MORE EFFICIENCY TOOLS REDUCTION IN
PUBLIC IN GLOBAL
MORE JOBS EFFICIENT OF INTERNAL (E-HEALTH, INFORMATION
SERVICE HUM AN MARKETS FOR
SUPPLY CHAINS RETAIL E-SCHOOL, ASYMMETRIES
DELIVERY ISOLATION LOCAL SMEs
SYSTEM S E-INCLUSION)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
S ou rce : S ilvia M as ie ro, D igital Te ch nologie s and H u m an D e ve lop m e nt, Th ink! P ap e r, O ct 201 0

80. 80 5. ICT4D: some good practices

81. Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:
Hole-In-the-Wall Education, India, Bhutan, Cambogia, Africa
81
Hole-In-the-Wall Education
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap

82. eHomemarkets, Malesia
82
eHomemarkets
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap

83. Sambaina Villaggio ICT, Madagascar
83
Sambaina Villaggio ICT
Connessione
satellitare
attraverso la
piataforma
satellitare
Infopoverty
Centro d’azione remoto a Centro di supporto
Mahobong al DiPSA – Milano
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap

84. Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:
Akshaya e-Centres, Kerala, India
84
Akshaya e-Centres
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap

85. NETRA: visita oculistica a costo zero
attraverso l'iPhone
85
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap

86. E-Toilet: improving sanitation facilities in
developing countries
86
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg&feature=player_embedded#
!
S ou rce : Th ink! Innovation M ap

87. 87 6. Think! research methodology

89. 89
Roberto Masiero
rm as ie ro@ th inkinnovation.org
Roberto Polillo
rob e rto.p olillo@ u nim ib .it
www.rp olillo.it
The Innovation Knowledge Foundation
Via P ale rm o 5
201 21 M ilan o
www.th inkinnovation.org
Join our Innovator Community: http://theinnovationknowledgefoundation.ning.com//