1. Participatory Extension
Method
R P Singh
Associate Director Extension

2. Advantages
• Efficiency
• Effectiveness
• Self Reliance
• Coverage
• Sustainability

3. Participatory Extension – Basic Elements and Relationship

4. Problem Identification

5. Problem Analysis
• In the course of the diagnosis, the various socio-
interest groups identify the major problems. In
order to seek valid solutions, it is necessary to
describe and understand the problem in detail by
posing the following questions:
• What exactly causes the problems?
• Who are affected by these problems? How?
• What will happen if the problems are not solved?
• So far the problems have not been solved. Why?
• Do we intend to solve the problems?
• What can be done to solve the problems?

6. Objectives & Methodology
• The objectives of problems analysis are:
• To identify the causes and effects of priority
problems indicated by the village residents.
• To select the most relevant causes which the
village residents can and wish to address
• Methodology: The methods and tools used for
problems analysis are:
• a) Village introductory meeting and
• b) Problem tree

7. Village Introductory Meeting
• Selection of problems for analysis
– A problem for which numerous causes have
apparently been responsible.
– One of the priority problems indicated by the
majority of socio-interest groups; this may
– indicate that a large number of people in the
village have been affected by the problem.
– Problems in the priority list which are of
interest to the service agencies represented.

8. Cont..
• Course of the Meeting
– The facilitator explains the objectives of problem
analysis
– The residents are divided into sub-groups and
allocated problems analysis
– The number of sub-groups should depend on the
number of complex problems and the
– number and the number of the facilitators available.
– It is important that the technical staff from relevant
service agencies participate in the problem analysis.

9. Problem Tree

10. Steps in Participatory Approaches
• Rapport building
• DIY (Do-It Yourself)
• Consultations with the villagers
and outsiders
• Secondary Data Collection
• Training of Trainers
• Diagnosis

11. Some of the these approaches are
• Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
• Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
• Participatory Learning Methods (PALM)
• Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA)
• Participatory Action Research (PAR)
• Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and
Evaluation (PAME)
• Farming Systems Research (FSR)
• Participatory Rural Appraisal and Planning
(PRAP)

12. Distinguishing Features of
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
• Closed to Open
• Measurement to Comparison
• Individual to Group
• Democracy of the Ground
• Verbal to Visual
• Higher to Lower
• Reserve to Rapport

13. Principles of PRA
• Listening and Learning
• Offsetting Biases
• Utilization of precious Community Time
• Seeking Diversity
• Triangulation /Cross checking
• Optimal ignorance and appropriate
imprecision
• Multi-disciplinary Team

14. Behavioral Principles of PRA
• Handing over the Stick
• Self-critical Awareness
• Use Your Best Judgments
• From Stealing to Sharing

15. Participatory Tools and Techniques
•Space related PRA Methods
– Social Map
– Resource Map
– Transect
– Mobility Map
•Time Related PRA Methods
– Time line
– Trend Analysis
– Seasonal diagram

16. Cont..
• Relation Related PRA Methods
– Cause and effect diagram
– Well-being Ranking
– Venn diagram