The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.

1. Research
Discover new knowledge
Seek answers to questions

2. “Scientists are rated by
what they finish, not by
what they attempt”

3. Common Research Process
Chapter 1 - Introduction
FORMULATION PHASE
Chapter 2 - Literature review
Cyclic and dynamic
interation
Chapter 3 – Methodology DESIGN AND EXCUTING PHASE
Chapter 4 - Data analysis
ANALYTICAL PHASE
Chapter 5- Discussion
Chapter 6- Conclusion
References
Appendix

4. IDEAS OF BASIC RESEARCH
1. Scientific World 2. Theoretical World
•Data valid
•Data Reliable •Social reliability:
•Objective Facts,
•Generabiligy Field,
•Prediction: on basis of data
Poverty,
•Add to your field: new
idea/knowledge
Culture.
3. Empirical
World
•Idea to real
•Opposite direction
of theoretical world
4

5. Reading
and
Evaluating Research
5

6. Critique Nursing Studies:
• Important questions that are part of intellectual
research critique are:
1. What are the major strengths of the study?
2. Major weakness of the study?
3. Findings of the study are accurate
reflection of reality.
4. Significance of the findings for nurses.
5. Findings consistence with previous study.
6

7. Reading for Understanding
• Choosing an article
• Reading the abstract
• Reading the introduction
• Reading the method section
• Reading the results section
• Reading the discussion
7

8. How to critically review a paper?
• What the hypotheses? How many are there?
Are they clearly stated? Is the number tested
appropriate? Is there a salient central theme
of the paper or are they scattered? Are you
convinced by the authors of the significance of
their topic and questions?
8

9. • What methods are used? Are they
appropriate to test the hypotheses? Are the
questionnaires well established? Are they
appropriate? Is the subject selection
appropriate?
• What findings are reported? Do they
support the hypotheses?
9

10. • How did the authors interpret the findings? Do
you agree with them? Are there other
alternative explanations that they may have
missed, and that may threaten the internal
validity of their interpretation/conclusion? How
could have they done their study differently?
• How a scale of 1 to 7 (1=at not all, 4=average,
7=best), how would you rate the 1) overall
significance, 2) the presentation clarity, 3) the
methodological soundedness?
10

11. • Length of critique: no longer than 2 pages
11

12. Guidelines for Critical Analysis of Research
Report: Critiquing Criteria
• Read the research study from beginning to
end in terms of elements of research process
and compare each element to the established
criteria. Critique the study by giving answers
to the following questions raised as follows:
12

13. Statement of the Research Problem &
Purpose:
• Is the problem clearly stated to identify the
research variables, settings and Populations?
• Does the purpose clarify the focus of the
problem to be stated?
• Are the findings of previous studies/existing
literature used to generate the research
problem and purpose?
13

14. Objective and Hypothesis:
• Are they appropriately expressed?
• Are they linked to research purposes?
• Are the variables identified?
• Are there uncontrolled variables to confound
the findings to the study?
14

15. Conceptual / Theoretical Framework:
• Does the conceptual framework describe and define
the concepts of interest?
• Are the relationships among variable clearly stated?
• Is the model of framework provided for the clarity?
• Does the framework reflect all the variables of the
study?
• Is it consistent with what is being studied?
15

16. Operational Definitions:
• Are the variables defined on the basis of
previous research or theories?
• Is the operational definition consistent with
conceptual definition?
Limitations of the study:
• Are the biases present in the study
identified/
16

17. Literature Review:
• Are the previous studies related to research
problem identified and described?
• Is the current knowledge of research problem
described?
• Are the references current?
• Is it organized to demonstrated progressive
development of idea through previous
research?
• Does it provide rationale for the study?
• Are primary sources mainly used?
• Does it follow the purposes of the study?
17

18. Population and Sample:
• Are the setting and the population in which
findings to be generalized clearly identified?
• Is the sample representative?
• Is sample size sufficiently large?
• Is the sample selection procedure clearly
described?
• Is the human rights protected in carrying out
sampling technique?
18

19. Research Instruments:
• Are all data collection instruments identified?
• Is the rationale for selection is given?
• Is the method used appropriate to the problem being
studied?
• Does it measure the variables as defined?
• Does it describe how it was developed?
• Is it reported how the validity and reliability had
been established?
• Were the observers trained how to use it, if they
were used.
19

20. Data collection:
• Was the instrument pre-tested?
• Was the use of statistic appropriate?
• Was the level of measurement for each variable
appropriate/
• Are the same phenomena/variables being observed
as described in problem instrument?
• Where the procedures for data collection
adequately described?
• Where institutional permission obtained?
• Is there enough information present to come into
conclusion?
• Is the presentation of data adequate and agree with
the text?
20

21. Data Analysis and Interpretation:
• Are all of the results pertaining each hypothesis
presented?
• Are the results presented objectively/
• Has the level of significance reported/
• Does the table have appropriate heading and precise
labels and the figures agree with the text?
• Are the results interpreted in the context of ht
problem/purpose/hypothesis/theoretical framework?
21

22. Conclusion, Implications and
Recommendations:
• Was it reported whether findings supported /
not supported the hypothesis?
• What generalizations were made?
• Was the relevance of research to nursing and
other field identified?
• Was a recommendation for future research
made?
• Was it reported what study had validity fro
generalization and replication of there study in
another research setting?
22

23. Thank You
23

24. Identification of Research
Problems
R S MEHTA, MSND 24

25. Title of the Study
• Use capital letters and center it on
the page
–Make it specific and self–explanatory in
regard to research problem
–It must contain:
= Problem, Population, Purpose, Place, Time.
R S MEHTA, MSND 25

26. Research Question/Problem Statement
• State clearly how to identify the research
variable(s), population, and setting
• Use literature search to general research
problem
• Research Variable
• Identify all independent and dependent
variables
R S MEHTA, MSND 26

27. Feasibility / Requirements:
• Time, Equipments / Facilities,
Budget, Ethical Issues, Professional
Knowledge, Experiences, permission.
R S MEHTA, MSND 27

28. Scales for Rating Research Topics
(Scale: 1=low, 2=Medium, 3=High)
1. Relevance/Size of the problem
2. Avoidance of Duplication
3. Urgency
4. Political Acceptability
5. Feasibility
6. Applicability
7. Ethical Acceptability
R S MEHTA, MSND 28

29. Selecting a Research Design
1. Level of knowledge
2. Nature of the research phenomenon
3. Nature of the research purpose
4. Ethical considerations
5. Feasibility
6. Validity and availability of data
7. Precision
8. Cost

30. Population, Sample &
Sampling Methods

31. Population vs. Sample
1.Population (Universe)
– All items of interest “What is the difference
between sample and
2.Sample population?”
– Portion chosen from population
3.Parameter
– Characteristic of a population
4.Statistic
– Characteristic of a sample

32. Parameter and Statistic
An Example
“The mean height of all 10th
graders is 60 inches.”
Parameter
Population

33. Parameter and Statistic
An Example
“The mean height of all 10th
graders is 60 inches.”
Parameter
Population
Sample

34. Parameter and Statistic
An Example
“The mean height of all 10th
graders is 60 inches.”
Parameter
Population
“The mean height of Mrs. Jones’
tenth graders is 60 inches.”
Statistic
Sample

35. Parameter and Statistic
An Example
“The mean height of all 10th
graders is 60 inches.”
Parameter
Population
“The mean height of Mrs. Jones’
tenth graders is 60 inches.”
Statistic
Sample

36. Summary of scientific research
• Selection of area no need for study
• Selection of topic answer found
• Crude research question literature review
•
• no answer
• Refined research question
• Research hypothesis, goals and objectives
• Study design ethical issue
• Population & sampling
• Variables confounding bias
• Research tools
• Pilot study
• Work plan
• Collection of data
• Data management
• Interpretation
• Reporting

37. Problems in research projects:
• Topics : must be one breath
• Selection of project without study
• No theoretical base to support empirical data
• Conceptual frame work not clear
• Objective maximum three
• Title must be like dani ( bamboo stick for paddy
removal using oxes)
• Objectives moves round the title
• Methodology to achieve objectives
• Conceptually and theoretically clear
37

38. Problems in research projects:
• Must read books
• Case study: when empirical data not available
• Use multiple sources of data for validity
• Include advanced development in field
• Visit library, book shops regularly
• Find more original articles
• In literature : Killing many darlings
• Basis of conceptual frame work: Literature,
Theories, Experiences & Focus of research.
• Use triangulation methods of data collection:
qualitative, quantitative and both.
38

39. “There is no way to get
experience except through
experience.”

40. Thank you