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Nervous system
- 1. Dr. Alba Lidia Pupo Gutiérrez Associated Professor Specialist of Human Anatomy
- 3. Summary: INTRODUCTION TO NERVOUS SYSTEM. SPINAL MEDULLA - Generalities of nervous system. Gray and White matters, properties of the nervous system. - Spinal cord or medulla, extension, external and internal configuration. Meninges.
- 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM Is the most complex physical system know to mankind.
- 5. Excitability. Properties Conduction. Afferent. Functions Analysis and integration. Efferent.
- 6. SUBDIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM • Topography or Descriptional: - Central and peripheral • Functional: - Autonomic and Somatic • Philogenetic: - Segmentary and suprasegmentary
- 7. SUBDIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Central. I. Topography Peripheral Brain Central Spinal medulla. Spinal nerves. Cranial nerves Peripheral Peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system
- 8. Somatic. II. Functional Autonomic. Somatic: In relation with the innervation of the osteomioarticular system Autonomic: In relation with visceral innervation.
- 9. Segmentary. III. Philogenetic Suprasegmentary. Segmentary. Afferent or efferent directly relation with periphery (Spinal medulla and brainstem) Suprasegmentary. Afferent or efferent relation through third neuron (Cerebelum, diencephalon and telencephalon) .
- 10. Suprasegmentary Diencephalon Telencephalon Segmentary Medulla oblongata Pons Mesencephalon Cerebellum Spinal medulla
- 11. NEURON S Body Prolongations: - Axon - Dendrites
- 12. Bodies Grouped Grey matter Central Peripheral Nuclei Ganglia The cells bodies of neurons are often grouped or they may form more extensive layers Layers or mases of cells collectively Cortex
- 13. Ganglia Peripheral Nervous System Sensitive Vegetative Spinal or cranial Cranial nerves and nerves sympathetic chain
- 14. PROLONGATIONS Central White matter Tracts or funiculus Peripheral Nerve fibers Root Plexus Nerves
- 15. REFLEX ARCH. COMPONENTS Afferent Efferent
- 17. Transform the stimulus in Receptor: nervous impulse. Types: Interior Exterior receptors receptors
- 19. Sensitives fibers or afferents Convey informations to Center
- 20. Bineuronal Reflex Arc Sensitive neuron Receptor Sensitives fibres
- 21. Sensitive neuron: In sensitives ganglias
- 22. Bineuronal Reflex Arch Sensitive neuron Receptor Sensitives Motor Fibres Neuron
- 23. Motor neuron Transmit the orders In Central Nervous System or ganglia in Vegetative Nervous System
- 24. Bineuronal Reflex Arch Sensitive neuron Receptor Sensitives Motor fibers neuron Motors fibers
- 25. Motors fibers or efferents Convey Information to effector organ
- 26. Bineuronal Reflex Arch Sensitive neuron Receptor Sensitives Motor fibers neuron Effector Motors fibers
- 27. Effector Produces an effect Muscles Glands
- 28. Bineuronal Reflex Arch Sensitive neuron Receptor Sensitives Motor fibers neuron Effector Motors fibers
- 29. Trineuronal Reflex Arch Sensitive neuron Connector Receptor Neuron Sensitives Motor fibers neuron Effector Motors fibers
- 30. Connector neuron Central Nervous System Between the sensitive and motor neuron
- 31. Vegetative Reflex Arch Sensitive neuron Central Efferent Neuron Peripheral Efferent Neuron Receptor (interior receptor)
- 32. Central Nervous System External Configuration Details of the surface of portions of Nervous System
- 33. Example Posterior Median sulcus Posterolateral Anterior Sulcus median fissure Anterolateral Sulcus
- 34. Internal configuration • Grey matter • White matter
- 35. Example: White matter Grey matter
- 37. Tracts or funiculus Fibers in Central Nervous System Transporting the same information Lemmniscis: Medulla oblongata Pons Mesencephalon
- 38. Types of tracts: Afferents Efferents Spinocerebellars Posterior Gracillis Anterior Cuneatus
- 39. Nervous center Eff ere nts A ff ere st n Receptors Effectors Nervous pathways
- 40. Partial summary • The Nervous system is derived form the ectodermun. • The neuron is the structural unit of the Nervous system and the reflex arch is the morphofunctional unit. • The Nervous system is organized in grey and white matter. • The grey matter in the Central nervous system form nuclei and cortex while the white matter form tracts and funiculus. • The grey matter is form by the bodies of neuron. • The Nervous system are divided according to the topography, functions and philogenetic aspects. • The reflex arch can be simple if participate two neurons and complex if participate more of two neurons.
- 42. SPINAL MEDULLA • Is an elongated part of the Central Nervous System. • Situated inside the vertebral canal • Length: 45 cm • Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the junction between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. • Continuous cranially with the medulla oblongata • 31 segments
- 43. External configuration • Ventral surface • Dorsal surface • Conus medullaris • Filum terminale • Cervical enlargement • Lumbar enlargement
- 44. 1. Cervical enlargement 2. Lumbar enlargement 3. Conus medullaris 4. Filum terminale
- 45. • Cervical enlargement: Supplying the upper limbs and extends from the third cervical to the second thoracic segments. • Lumbar enlargement corresponds to the innervation of the lower limbs, extending from the first lumbar to the third sacral segment.
- 46. Ventral surface • Anterior median fissure • Anterolateral sulcus: Ventral spinal roots • Anterior funiculus • Lateral funiculus
- 47. Dorsal surface • Posterior median sulcus • Posterolateral sulcus: Dorsal roots of spinal nerves enter the cord • Posterior funiculus: In cervical and upper thoracic segments a longitudinal posteriorintermediate sulcus dividing into two large tracts: - Fasciculus gracilis (medial) - Fasciculus cuneatus (lateral)
- 48. Posterior Fasciculus gracilis intermediate sulcus Fasciculus cuneatus
- 49. Internal configuration • Grey matter Right Left • Is central: Column • In transverse sections this column are connected by a narrow transverse grey commissure, the whole resembling a letter H. • The commissure is traversed by the central canal.
- 50. -Anterior and posterior columns -Some levels: Lateral column (between the second thoracic and first lumbar spinal cord segments). -In transverse sections the columns appear as projections and called horns
- 51. Internal configuration Thoracic Lateral horns Cervical Lumbar Posterior horns Grey comissura Sacral Anterior horns
- 52. 1. White matter 2. Posterointermediate sulcus 3. Lateral funicullus 4. Anterior horn 5. Lateral horn 6. Posterior horn 7. Central canal 8. White commissure 9. Central grey matter
- 53. Neuronal groups of the anterior grey columns • Nucleus lateral • Nucleus medial
- 54. Neuronal groups of the posterior grey columns • Substantia gelatinosa (of Rolando) • Dorsal funicular group or nucleus propius • Nucleus dorsalis or thoracicus • Nucleus centrobasalis
- 55. Neuronal groups of the lateral grey columns • Nucleus intermediate lateral
- 56. Substantia gelatinosa Nucleus propius Nucleus thoracicus Nucleus intermediate lateral Nucleus lateral and medial
- 57. White matter • Central grey matter is surrounded by white matter, consisting of nerve fibers, and grouped into funiculi • Dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi.
- 58. FUNICULUS OF THE SPINAL CORD. Dorsal Lateral Ventral
- 59. Ascending tracts • Dorsal funiculus: 1. Fasciculi gracilis 2. Fasciculi cuneatus • Lateral funiculus: 1. Posterior spinocerebellar tract 2. Anterior spinocerebellar tract • Anterior funiculus: 1. Spinothalamic tracts
- 60. Descending tracts • Anterior funiculus: - Anterior corticospinal tract - Vestibulospinal tracts - Reticulospinal tracts - Tectospinal tract • Lateral funiculus: - Rubrospinal tract - Lateral corticospinal tract
- 61. TRACTS OF WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL MEDULLA. Fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus Lateral corticospinal Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts Anterior corticospinal Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts
- 62. Central canal • Opening above into the fourth ventricle. • In the conus medullaris it expands as a fusiform terminal ventricle. • It contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
- 64. The spinal cord are surrounded by three membranes: the meninges. Comprise the duramater (pachymeninx) and the leptomeninges: the arachnoid mater and pia mater. PACHYMENINX - DURA MATER Is the most external of the meninges.
- 65. Spinal dura mater • The periosteum of the vertebral canal is separated from the spinal dura mater by an extradural (epidural) space. • Extradural (epidural) space: it contains loose connective tissue, fat and venous plexus.
- 66. Subdural space • Between the spinal dura and arachnoid mater LEPTOMENINGES- ARACHNOID AND PIA MATER Arachnoid mater: Surrounding the spinal cord is continuous with the cranial arachnoid mater. Arachnoid villi Spinal pia mater: Closely the surface of the spinal cord and passes into the anterior median fissure. They are separated by the subarachnoid space (CSF)
- 67. Arachnoid Dura mater
- 68. Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space
- 69. Subarachnoid space Subarachnoid cisterns - Cisterna terminalis
- 72. ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE SPINAL CORD Branches of the vertebral, deep cervical, intercostal and lumbar arteries; these, with the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, form longitudinal anastomotic channels along the cord.
- 73. Spinal posterior arteries Spinal anterior arteries
- 74. VENOUS DRAINAGE Spinal veins drain into plexiform longitudinal channels. These vessels connect together with the cerebellar veins and cranial sinuses.
- 76. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN FRONTAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL MEDULLA IN CERVICAL REGION Enlargement Cervical spinal medulla
- 77. CONCLUSION • The spinal medulla is a segmentary structure of the Central nervous system that transmit the nervous impulses from and to the suprasegments. • The grey matter is situated in the central part as columns constituted by nucleus of motor neuron, somatic or autonomic and sensitives. • The white matter is situated surround the grey matter in funiculus and form ascendent and descendent tracts. • The meninges are membranes of connective tissue that protective structures of the Central nervous system with spaces between their.