1. Grammar Book
Sabrina Futch
7th Period

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities 8. Superlatives
2. Stem Changing Verbs 9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative Tú Commands /
3. Para Irregulars / Pronoun
Placement
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
11. Negative Tú Commands /
5. Pronoun Placement Irregulars / Pronoun
Placement
6. Gustar 12. Sequencing Events
7. Affirmative and Negative
Words

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changers
Yo pido Nosotros Yo juego Nosotros
pedimos jugamos
Tú pides Vosotros pedís Tú juegas Vosotros jugáis
Él/Ella/Usted Éllos/Ellas/Uste Él/Ella/Usted Éllos/Ellas/Uste
pide des piden juega des juegan
Yo duermo Nosotros Yo pienso Nosotros
dormimos pensamos
Tú duermes Vosotros dormís Tú piensa Vosotros pensáis
Él/Ella/Usted Éllos/Ellas/Ustede Él/Ella/Usted Éllos/Ellas/Ustede
duerme s duermen piensa s piensas

5. Para
• Para = for, in order to
Uses
The Implied
Recipient of Purpose Purpose
Items
Vamos al Tengo dinero para
…el regalo para
restaurante para [comprar] algo.
tú mamá
comer.

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
• IOPs are nouns that tell to Yo - Me Nosotros -
whom/what or for whom/what. Nos
• IOPs replace or accompany Tú - Te Vosotros - Os
indirect objects.
• The pronouns le and les can Él/Ella/Usted Éllos/Ellas/Us
refer to different indirect
- Le tedes - Les
objects. To clarify what they
mean, the are often
accompanied by: a + name, • Rosa le compra una olla.
• Rosa buys a pot for her.
noun, or pronoun.
• Rosa le compra una olla a su madre.
• Rosa buys a pot for her mother.
• To add emphasis use: a + •A mí me compro unos aretes.
pronoun. •I’m buying myself some earrings.

7. Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to • When the pronoun accompanies a
the infinitive conjugated verb, the pronoun
comes before the verb.
2. Attach the pronoun to • Rosa le compra una olla a su madre.
a progressive tense • Rosa buy her mother a pot.
3. Attach the pronoun to • When the pronoun accompanies a
sentence with an infinitive, it can
an affirmative either go before the conjugated
command verb or be attached to the end of
the infinitive.
4. Place the pronoun • Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su
before a conjugated madre.
verb • Rosa wants to buy her mother a pot.

8. Gustar
• Gustar = to like Yo – Me gusto Nosotros – Nos
gustamos
• Use an IOP to show who is doing
the liking.
Tú - Te gustas Vosotros – Os
• Conjugate gustar to show what gustáis
is being liked.
• When using negatives, no Él/Ella/Usted - Le Éllos/Ellas/Ustedes
always goes before the IOP. gusta – Les gustan
• The IOP and the gustar verb
CANNOT be separated.
• The two most common gustar forms are
• Sentences using gustar are easy gusta and gustan.
to check by reading them
backwards.

9. Affirmative and Negative
Words
• When you talk about an indefinite or negative Affirmative Words Negative Words
situation, you use an affirmative or negative word.
• Notice that alugno(a) and ninguno(a) must match Algo (something) Nada (nothing)
the gender of the noun they replace or modify.
Algunoand ninguno have different forms when Alguien (someone) Nadie (no one)
used before masculine singular nouns.
Algún/alguno(a) Ningún/ninguno(a)
• Algún alguno (some) (none)
• Ningún ninguno
Siempre (always) Nunca (never)
• Las chicas quieren algún postre, pero Carlos no
quiere ningún postre. También(also) Tampoco (neither,
• The girls want somedessert, but Carlos either)
doesn’twant anydessert.
• However, if a negative word, such as nunca
• If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must or nadie, comes before the verb, a second
be negative. A double negative is required in negative is not needed.
Spanish when no precedes the verb.
• Nadiequiere postre.
• No quiero nada.
• No onewants desert.
• I don’twant anything.
• Las chicasnuncacomen en casas.
• Carlos noquiere ninguno(de los postres).
• The girls nevereat at home.
• Carlos does notwant any(of the desserts).

10. Superlatives
• Using superlatives is like • For adjectives and adverbs
adding extremely or very ending in –c, -g, or –z, change the
before and adjective or spelling to qu, gu, and c
adverb. respectively.
• Rico riquísimo
• Suffixes added to adjectives
and adverbs: • Larga larguísima
• -ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas
• Grande grandísimo • Feliz felicísima
• Adjectives that end in –n or –r
form by adding –císimo/a.
• Joven jovencísimo
• Trabajador trabajadorcísimo

11. Reflexives
• Used to describe people doing things for themselves. Lavarse
• The subject is also the object. - To wash oneself
• The speaker does AND receives the action of the verb.
Melavo Nos lavamos
• Many verbs can be sued with or without reflexive pronouns.
When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action Te lavas Os laváis
doesn’t receive the action.
• With reflexive: Se lava Se lavan
• Pepa se lava. • To form reflexive verbs:
• Pepa washes herself. • Conjugate the verb as always
• Without reflexive: • Add the reflexive pronoun
• Pepa lava el carro. • Positions of the reflexive pronouns:
• Pepa washes the car. 1. In front of a conjugated verb
• Primero me pongo la ropa. 2. Attached to a gerund (accent must
• First I put on my clothes. be added onto the 3rd to last syllable)
• Notice how the speaker says la ropa not mi ropa, because 3. Attached to an infinitive
reflexive pronouns include the concept of possession. 4. Attached to an affirmative command
• Other Examples: • The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are
• Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana. all in the same form.
• Nostotros nos acostamos muy tarde. • When “se” is added to the end of a verb, it
• Mis hermanas se maquillan en su cuarto. is in its un-conjugated, reflexive form.

12. Affirmative Tú Commands /
Irregulars / Pronoun Placement
 Irregulars:
 Affirmative Tú Commands:
• Used to give instructions or Infinitive Affirmative Tú
commands. Command
• In order to form these decir di
commands, but the verb in its tú hacer haz
form and drop the “s”.
• Hablar Hablas Habla ir ve
• Notice it is a tú command, but poner pon
ends like a 3rd house form. salir sal
• Caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina
en el parque! ser sé
• Comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la tener ten
ensalada!
venir ven
• Abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta,
quiero entrar!
 Pronoun Placement:
• Attach the pronoun to an
affirmative command.
• ¡Cómela! (Eat it!)
• ¡Cállate! (Shut up!)

13. Negative Tú Commands /
Irregulars / Pronoun Placement
 Negative Tú Commands:  Irregulars:
• When you tell someone what not to do, use a • A few verbs have irregular negative tú
negative command. • commands. Notice that non of the yo forms
of these verbs end in –o.
• Negative tú commands are formed by taking
• TV DISHES
yoform of the present tense, dropping the –o,
changing the vowel, and adding “s”.
Tener NO tengas
• Vowels in –ar verbs change to –e.
• ar e Venir NO vengas
• Vowels in –erand –ir verbs change to to –a. Dar/Decir NO des/digas
• -er, -ir a
Ir NO vayas
Infinitive Yo Form Negative Tú
Command Ser NO seas
hablar hablo ¡No hables! Hacer NO hagas
volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas! Estar NO estés
Infinitive (Yo Form) Negative Tú Command Saber/Salir NO sepas/salgas
dar (doy) No le des mi direcciòn a nadie.
 Pronoun Placement:
estar (estoy) No estés triste.
• Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative
ir (voy) Novayas a la tienda. commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.
ser (soy) Noseas mala. • ¡No lo uses! Don’t use it!

14. Sequencing Events
Order Days of the Week
primero first
los lunes on Mondays
entonces then
luego later
los martes on Tuesdays
después after
por fin finally los miércoles on Wednesdays
antes de before
los jueves on Thursdays
después de after
Times of Day (no specific time given) los viernes on Fridays
por la mañana in/during the morning
los sábados on Saturdays
por la tarde in/during the
afternoon
los domingos on Sundays
por la noche in/during the night