1. CPO Science Foundations of Physics Chapter 9 Unit 4, Chapter 10

2. Unit 4: Energy and Momentum Chapter 10 Work and Energy 10.1 Machines and Mechanical Advantage 10.2 Work 10.3 Energy and Conservation of Energy

3. Chapter 10 Objectives Calculate the mechanical advantage for a lever or rope and pulleys. Calculate the work done in joules for situations involving force and distance. Give examples of energy and transformation of energy from one form to another. Calculate potential and kinetic energy. Apply the law of energy conservation to systems involving potential and kinetic energy.

5. energy

6. input force

7. output force

8. thermal energy

9. ramp

10. gear

11. screw

12. rope and pulleys

13. closed system

14. work

15. lever

16. friction

17. mechanical system

18. simple machine

19. potential energy

20. kinetic energy

21. radiant energy

22. nuclear energy

23. chemical energy

24. mechanical energy

25. mechanical advantage

26. joule

27. pressure

28. energy

29. conservation of energy

30. electrical energy

31. input output

32. input arm output

33. arm

35. 10.1 Machines The ability of humans to build buildings and move mountains began with our invention of machines. In physics the term “simple machine” means a machine that uses only the forces directly applied and accomplishes its task with a single motion.

36. 10.1 Machines The best way to analyze what a machine does is to think about the machine in terms of input and output.

37. 10.1 Mechanical Advantage Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force. For a typical automotive jack the mechanical advantage is 30 or more. A force of 100 newtons (22.5 pounds) applied to the input arm of the jack produces an output force of 3,000 newtons (675 pounds)— enough to lift one corner of an automobile.

38. 10.1 Mechanical Advantage Output force (N) MA = Fo Fi Mechanical advantage Input force (N)

39. 10.1 Mechanical Advantage of a Lever Length of input arm (m) MAlever = Li Lo Mechanical advantage Length of output arm (m)

42. Assume a person can produce an input force equal to their own weight.

46. 10.2 Work Key Question: What are the consequences of multiplying forces in machines? *Students read Section 10.2 AFTER Investigation 10.2

47. 10.2 Work In physics, work has a very specific meaning. In physics, work represents a measurable change in a system, caused by a force.

48. 10.2 Work If you push a box with a force of one newton for a distance of one meter, you have done exactly one joule of work.

49. 10.2 Work (force is parallel to distance) Force (N) W = F x d Work (joules) Distance (m)

50. 10.2 Work (force at angle to distance) Force (N) W = Fd cos (q) Work (joules) Angle Distance (m)

52. 10.2 Work done against gravity Mass (g) Height object raised (m) W = mgh Work (joules) Gravity (m/sec2)

53. 10.3 Why the path doesn't matter

54. 10.3 Calculate work A crane lifts a steel beam with a mass of 1,500 kg. Calculate how much work is done against gravity if the beam is lifted 50 meters in the air. How much time does it take to lift the beam if the motor of the crane can do 10,000 joules of work per second?

56. 10.3 Energy and Conservation of Energy Energy is the ability to make things change. A system that has energy has the ability to do work. Energy is measured in the same units as work because energy is transferred during the action of work.

57. 10.3 Forms of Energy Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion or its position. Radiant energy includes light, microwaves, radio waves, x-rays, and other forms of electromagnetic waves. Nuclear energy is released when heavy atoms in matter are split up or light atoms are put together. The electrical energy we use is derived from other sources of energy.

59. 10.3 Potential Energy Mass (kg) Ep = mgh Potential Energy (joules) Height (m) Acceleration of gravity (m/sec2)

60. 10.3 Potential Energy A cart with a mass of 102 kg is pushed up a ramp. The top of the ramp is 4 meters higher than the bottom. How much potential energy is gained by the cart? If an average student can do 50 joules of work each second, how much time does it take to get up the ramp?

61. 10.3 Kinetic Energy Energy of motion is called kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on two things: mass and speed. Kinetic energy is proportional to mass.

62. 10.3 Kinetic Energy Mathematically, kinetic energy increases as the square of speed. If the speed of an object doubles, its kinetic energy increases four times. (mass is constant)

63. 10.3 Kinetic Energy Mass (kg) Speed (m/sec) Ek = 1 mv2 2 Kinetic Energy (joules)

64. 10.3 Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy becomes important in calculating braking distance.

65. 10.3 Calculate Kinetic Energy A car with a mass of 1,300 kg is going straight ahead at a speed of 30 m/sec (67 mph). The brakes can supply a force of 9,500 N. Calculate: a) The kinetic energy of the car. b) The distance it takes to stop.

66. 10.3 Law of Conservation of Energy As energy takes different forms and changes things by doing work, nature keeps perfect track of the total. No new energy is created and no existing energy is destroyed.

67. 10.3 Energy and Conservation of Energy Key Question: How is motion on a track related to energy? *Students read Section 10.3 BEFORE Investigation 10.3

68. Application: Hydroelectric Power