2. The process of transferring physical
stimulation into psychological information;
mental process by which sensory stimuli are
brought to awareness.
4. Sensory Distortion- real perceptual object
which is perceived in a distorted way
Sensory Deception- new perception that
may occur that may or may not be in
response to external stimuli
Disorders in the experience of time
11. Change in perceived shape of an object
Retinal disease
Disorders of accommodation
Temporal and Parietal Lobe Lesions
Poisoning with Atropine and Hyoscine
SCHIZOPHRENIA
12. Micropsia – a visual disorder in which the
patient sees objects
o Smaller than they really are
o Farther away than they really are
Macropsia –
Seeing objects larger than they really are
15. Experience of retreat of subjects into the
distance without any change in space -
porropsia
Edema of the retina
Partial Paralysis of accomodation
Diseases affecting the nerves controlling
accommodation
19. Psychopathological point of view
Physical- Determined by physical events
Personal- Personal judgement of passage
of time
Mania- Time passes quickly
Depression- Time passes slowly
Acute Schizophrenia- personal time goes in fits
and starts
Acute organic states (temporal disorientation)
22. Completion Illusion – These depends on
inattention,misreading words in newspapers
Affect Illusion- These arise in the context of
particular mood state
Pareidolia – vivid illusions without the
patient making any effort ; result of
excessive fantasy thinking and a vivid visual
imagery.
25. False perception which is not a sensory
distortion or misinterpretation but which
occurs at the same time as real perception.
Essential criteria for an operational
definition
1. Percept like experience in the absence of
an external stimuli
2. Percept like stimuli which has full force
and impact of real perception
3. Percept like experience which is unwilled,
occurs spontaneously and cannot be
readily controlled by percipient.
26. Intense emotions
Suggestion
Disorders of sense organs
Sensory deprivation
Disorders of CNS
Psychiatric disorders
27. depressed patients -delusions of guilt;
hallucination - disjointed or short phrases
continuous persistent hallucinatory voices in
severe depression ? Schizophrenia /physical
disease.
28. Normal subjects can be persuaded to
hallucinate .
By hypnosis or brief task motivation
instructions.
29. Hallucinatory voices -in ear disease
Visual hallucination - eye diseases ,disorders
of the CNS
Peripheral lesions -sense organs -
hallucinations in organic states
30. incoming stimuli reduced to minimum -
normal subject -hallucinate after few hours
changing visual hallucinations ,repetitive
phrases
BLACK PATCH DISEASE delirium following
cataract extraction in the aged result of
sensory deprivation and mild senile brain
changes
31. Lesions of diencephalons and cortex can
produce hallucination that are not only visual
but can be auditory.
32. Hearing
Vision
Smell
Taste
Touch
Pain and deep sensation
Vestibular sensations
The sense of presence
34. Hearing (auditors) may be elementary or
unformed.
Elementary – noises, bells or undifferentiated
whispers ; in organic states
Partly organized- music
Completely organized- hallucinatory voices-
schizophrenia- persecutory in nature
Severe depression „voices‟ heard , less well
formed than schizophrenia
35. Imperative hallucination
Voices sometimes act upon individuals and
give instructions.
may or may not act upon them
Auditory hallucinations
Adverse
Neutral
Helpful
Incomprehensible nonsense
Neologism
36. Thought echo - hearing one‟s own thoughts
being spoken loud, voice may come from
inside or outside the head.
i. GEDANKENLAUTWERDEN- thoughts spoken
at the same time or before they are
occurring.
ii. ECHO DE LA PENSES- thoughts are spoken
just after they occurred.
Running commentary hallucinations are
usually abusive.
38. Elementary- flashes of light
Partly organized- patterns
Completely organized- people,
animals,objects.
Scenic hallucinations- like a cinema
common in delirium
in psychiatric disorders with epilepsy.
39. Patients with visual and auditory
hallucinations co occur as a whole
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Late onset of schizophrenia (protracted)
40. Visual Hallucinations - organic states
+clouding of consciousness >functional
psychoses
Small animals –delirium
rare -schizophrenia
Occasionally without any psychopathology
CHARLES BONNET SYNDROME
42. Seen in
Schizophrenia
Organic states like temporal lobe epilepsy
Depression (uncommon)
PADRE PIO PHENOMENON- religious people
can smell around certain saints
46. Formication- animals crawling over the
body;
in organic states
Cocaine bug – formication + delusion of
persecution - cocaine psychosis
Sexual Hallucinations- acute and chronic
schizophrenia
49. affects muscles and joints
Patient feels limbs twisted pulled or moved
schizophrenia
Organic states - alcohol intoxication
benzodiazepine withdrawal
50. Visceral hallucinations (SIMS 2003).
Twisting and tearing pains
Very bizarre complaints- organs ripped out ,
flesh ripped from his body
chronic schizophrenia
51. Organic states
Schizophrenia
Conversion disorder
Normal people – fervently religious
52. mental image ,clear and vivid,lack the
substantiality of perceptions
Full consciousness
subjective space
Definite outlines
Constancy retained,insight preserved
Relevant to emotions, needs and actions
Depends on the observer for existence
Hysterical
Attention seeking personalities
53. Functional hallucinations : auditory
stimulus causes the hallucination, both
experienced
Chronic schizophrenia
Reflex Hallucination : a stimulus in one
sense modality produces hallucination in
another. Morbid variety of synaesthesia.
54. Extracampine hallucination : Hallucinations
that is outside the limits of the sensory field.
o Seen in healthy people as hypnagogic
hallucination
o Schizophrenia
o Organic conditions- epilepsy
56. Autoscopy (phantom mirror image) –
experience of seeing oneself and knowing
that it is oneself
VH+Kinesthetic +somatic sensation.
Normal subjects- emotionally disturbed,
tired and exhausted
depressed
Hysteria
Schizophrenia
57. Acute and sub acute delirious states
Epilepsy
Focal lesions in parieto occipital region
Drug addiction
Chronic alcoholism
NEGATIVE AUTOSCOPY
INTERNAL AUTOSCOPY
58. Occur when the subject is falling asleep
during drowsiness
Are discontinuous
Appears to force themselves on the subject
Do not form part of an experience in which
the subject participates unlike DREAM
Commonest is auditory.
geometrical designs , abstract shapes , faces
, figures or scenes from nature
EEG shows alpha rhythm
59. Occurs when the subject is waking up
Hallucinations persisting from sleep when the
eyes are open
More in narcolepsy.
60. Occurs in any sensory modality and may
occur in various neurological or psychiatric
disorders
Depends on
i. General condition of the brain
ii. Recent experiences
iii. Psychodynamic factors
iv. Effect of local lesion
61. Stimulation of visual projection areas in the
walls of the calacrine fissure causes
perception of flashes of light as does
stimulation or irritation of optic radiation.
Lesions of optic tract and lateral geniculate
bodies.
Spontaneous V H – sensory defect
Complex scene hallucination – stimulation of
posterior part of temporal lobe.
63. Almost exclusively the result of lesion which
produces sensory defect
PHANTOM LIMB
Most common organic somatic hallucination
95% of amputation after 6 yrs of age
Pt feels he sees the limb from which in fact
he is not receiving any sensations either
because limb has been amputated or sensory
pathway destroyed.
65. Most phantom limbs are produced by
peripheral and central disorders.
Occasionally it develops from lesion of
peripheral nerve or the medulla or spinal
cord.
Thalamoparietal lesions have phantom third
arm or leg.
Correspond to the previous image of the
limb.
66. Whistling , buzzing, drumming and even bells
heard by patients with middle ear disease or
internal disease
Caused by epileptic foci and space occupying
lesions in the temporal lobes
67. Occurs most often in temporal lobe epilepsy
ass with salivation and chewing and sniffing
Stimulating the depths of the sylvian fissure
around the transverse temporal gyri.
OLFACTORY HALLUCINATIONS
temporal lobe epilepsy.
68. These are multisensory hallucinations but
they do not include somatic sensations,
which is to be expected because the somatic
sensory area is separated from the temporal
lobe by sylvian fissure.
69. Hyperschemazia –
percieved
magnifications of
body parts
When part of the
body feels larger
than the normal
ORGANIC CAUSES
o Brown Sequard
Syndrome
o PVD, MS, thrombosis
of PICA
NON ORGANIC
CAUSES
o Hypochondriasis
o Conversion disorder
o Depersonalization
70. Aschemazia- perception of body parts as
absent
Hyposchemazia – Body parts as diminished
Paraschemazia – distorted of body image as a
feeling that body parts are distorted or
twisted from rest of the body.
Hemisomatognosia- Unilateral lack of body
image in which the person behaves as if one
side of body is missing
71. Anosgnosia- „denial of illness‟ –Rt hemisphere
strokes denied their knowledge early after
stroke and refused to admit to any weakness
in their left arm
Somatoparaphrenia- delusional beliefs about
the body, distorted, inanimate , severed, or
in any other ways abnormal.
72. Fish‟s Clinical Psychopathology- Patricia
Casey and Brendan Kelly
SIMS‟ Symptoms in the Mind- Femi Oyebode
Synopsis Of Psychiatry-Benjamin James
Sadock, Virginia Alcott Saddock
73. Compared to the brilliance of the evening sun, reflecting on the
beautiful sea, we humans are NOTHING, but SHADOWS…
74. “You see, but you do not observe. The
distinction is clear.” – Sherlock Holmes