The document discusses various topics related to computer programming including: 1) Different generations of programming languages from machine language to modern application packages. 2) Common high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C/C++. 3) Fourth generation languages (4GLs) that can be used by end users to develop applications quickly. 4) Object-oriented programming concepts like classes, inheritance, and languages like Java.

1. Binary System

4. 2 4 16 2 3 8 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

6. Decimal Binary Octal HexaDecimal 1 01 001 0000 8 1000 010 0008 10 1010 012 A 11 1011 013 B 12 1100 014 C 14 1111 016 D 15 1111 017 E

23. De Morgan’s law

27. MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT

34. TRANSLATION PROCESS SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES UTILITY PROGRAMS PERFORM ROUTINE TASKS

36. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES 32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networking Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me & 2000 Windows CE OS/2

37. OPERATING SYSTEM Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source FEATURES MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS