consolidated sheet for conversion

1. Engineering Formula Sheet
Statistics
Mode
Mean
Place data in ascending order.
Mode = most frequently occurring value
∑ xi
n
µ=
µ = mean value
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
n = number of data values
Median
Place data in ascending order.
If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values
Standard Deviation
σ=ඨ
If two values occur at the maximum frequency the
data set is bimodal.
If three or more values occur at the maximum
frequency the data set is multi-modal.
∑(xi - µ)2
n
n = number of data values
σ = standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, …)
ߤ = mean value
n = number of data values
Range
Range = xmax - xmin
xmax = maximum data value
xmin = minimum data value
Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency
fx =
nx
n
Px =
fx
fa
P (A and B and C) = probability of independent
events A and B and C occurring in sequence
PA = probability of event A
Mutually Exclusive Events
fx = relative frequency of outcome x
nx = number of events with outcome x
n = total number of events
Px = probability of outcome x
fa = frequency of all events
Binomial Probability (order doesn’t matter)
Pk =
n!(pk )(qn-k )
k!(n-k)!
P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
n = number of data values
Conditional Probability
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials
p = probability of a success
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
k = number of successes
n = number of trials
PLTW, Inc.
P (A or B) = PA + PB
ܲ(‫= )ܦ|ܣ‬
ܲ(‫)ܣ|ܦ(ܲ ∙ )ܣ‬
ܲ(‫)ܣ~|ܦ(ܲ ∙ )ܣ~(ܲ + )ܣ|ܦ(ܲ ∙ )ܣ‬
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
P(A) = probability of event A occurring
P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur
Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
1

2. Plane Geometry
Ellipse
Rectangle
2b
Area = π a b
Circle
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ab
2a
Circumference =2 π r
Area = π r2
B
Triangle
Parallelogram
Area = ½ bh
a = b + c – 2bc·cos∠A
2
2
2
b = a + c – 2ac·cos∠B
2
2
2
c = a + b – 2ab·cos∠C
h
Area = bh
2
b
2
cos θ =
a
c
a
c
c
h
2
A
C
b
s
s(ଵ f)
Area = n ଶ
2
2
c =a +b
sin θ =
2
Regular Polygons
Right Triangle
2
a
b
f
n = number of sides
θ
c
b
a
tan θ = b
a
h
Trapezoid
Area = ½(a + b)h
h
h
b
h
Solid Geometry
Cube
Sphere
3
Volume = s
2
Surface Area = 6s
s
s
ସ
r
3
Volume π r
ଷ
2
Surface Area = 4 π r
s
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
r
h
Volume = wdh
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh)
d
w
h
2
Volume = π r h
2
Surface Area = 2 π r h+2 π r
Right Circular Cone
πr2 h
Volume =
3
Surface Area = π r ඥr2 +h2
h
Irregular Prism
r
h
Volume = Ah
A = area of base
Pyramid
Volume =
Ah
3
A = area of base
PLTW, Inc.
h
Constants
2
g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s
-11
3
2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kg·s
π = 3.14159
Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
2
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
2

3. Conversions
Mass
Force
Area
2
1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi
1 kg
= 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
1 ton = 2000 lbm
1N
1 kip
Energy
= 0.225 lbf
= 1,000 lbf
1J
= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ft·lbf
1kW h = 3,6000,000 J
Pressure
Length
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd
1 atm
Volume
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft
1L
1mL
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi
= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O
Defined Units
1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H
Time
Temperature Change
1K
= 1 ºC
= 1.8 ºF
= 1.8 ºR
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr
= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d
Power
1W
= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ft·lbf/s
= 1 N·m
= 1 kg·m / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 A·s / V
= 1 V·s / V
SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
Equations
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
z
y
Numbers Greater Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
Temperature
TK = TC + 273
Mass and Weight
M = VDm
W = mg
W = VDw
V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
g = acceleration due to gravity
PLTW, Inc.
TR = TF + 460
TF - 32
TC
=
180
100
TK = temperature in Kelvin
TC = temperature in Celsius
TR = temperature in Rankin
TF = temperature in Fahrenheit
Engineering Formulas
decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYotta-
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
Force
F = ma
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
Equations of Static Equilibrium
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣMP = 0
Fx = force in the x-direction
Fy = force in the y-direction
MP = moment about point P
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
3

4. Equations (Continued)
Electricity
Fluid Mechanics
Energy: Work
W = F∙d
P=
V1
W = work
F = force
d = distance
F
A
V2
T1
P1
T1
Power
T2
P2
=
T2
RT (series) = R1 + R2+ ··· + Rn
(Charles’ Law)
RT (parallel) =
(Guy-Lussanc’s Law)
1
1 1
1
+ + ∙∙∙ +R
R1 R2
n
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Q = Av
P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
τ = torque
rpm = revolutions per minute
Efficiency
Pout
∙100%
Pin
Pout = useful power output
Pin = total power input
IT = I1 + I2 + ··· + In
n
or IT = ∑k=1 Ik
A1v1 = A2v2
E W
=
t
t
τ∙rpm
P=
5252
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Horsepower =
P = absolute pressure
F = Force
A = Area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
t
‫܌‬
t
1
2
Q
∆t
(where acceleration = 0)
U=
1 k
=
R L
kA∆T
L
a=
vf ି vi
t
P=
X=
vi sin(2θ)
-g
A1v1 = A2v2
Pnet = σAe(T2 4 -T1 4 )
2
d = d0 + v0t + ½at
K = mv2
v = v0 + 2a(d – d0)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
τ = dFsinθ
Energy: Thermal
Q =mc∆T
Q = thermal energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
∆T = change in temperature
Thermodynamics
P=
v = v0 + at
Energy: Kinetic
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
(where acceleration = 0)
d
v=
VT = V1 + V2 + ··· + Vn
n
or VT = ∑k=1 Vk
P = Q′ = AU∆T
Mechanics
Energy: Potential
U = mgh
QP
1714
absolute pressure = gauge pressure
+ atmospheric pressure
s=
PLTW, Inc.
V = IR
P = IV
P1V1 = P2V2 (Boyle’s Law)
P=
Efficiency (%) =
=
Ohm’s Law
2
2
s = speed
v = velocity
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = distance
g = acceleration due to gravity
d = distance
θ = angle
τ = torque
F = force
Engineering Formulas
P = rate of heat transfer
Q = thermal energy
A = Area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat conductivity
(U-factor)
∆T = change in temperature
∆t = change in time
R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
k = thermal conductivity
v = velocity
Pnet = net power radiated
σ = 5.6696 x 10
-8
W
m2 ∙K
4
e = emissivity constant
T , T = temperature at time 1, time 2
POE 4 DE 4

5. Section Properties
Rectangle Centroid
Moment of Inertia
h
Ixx
x
x
3
bh
=
12
b
Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section
about x-x axis
ഥ
x=
∑ Ai
ഥ
and y =
b
2
ഥ=
and y
h
2
Right Triangle Centroid
ഥ=
x
b
3
ഥ=
and y
h
3
Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid
∑ xi Ai
ഥ=
x
ഥ
x = r and y =
ഥ
∑ yi A i
∑ Ai
ഥ=
x x-distance to the centroid
ത
y = y-distance to the centroid
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
4r
3π
ഥ=
x x-distance to the centroid
ത
y = y-distance to the centroid
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
Stress (axial)
Reaction
F
σ=
A
Moment
Deflection
σ = stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area
Reaction
Moment
Strain (axial)
Deflection
ϵ= δ
L0
Reaction
ϵ = strain
L0 = original length
δ = change in length
Deflection
Moment
PL
Mmax =
4
max
=
ߪ(F2 -F1 )L0
(ߜଶ − ߜଵ )A
E = modulus of elasticity
σ = stress
ε = strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
δ = deformation
PLTW, Inc.
ωL
2
ωL2
Mmax =
(at center)
8
5ωL4
384EI
(at center)
RA = RB = P
Mmax = Pa (between loads)
Pa
= 24EIቀ3L2 -4a2ቁ
max
Pb
Moment
E=
3
RA = RB =
RA =
Mmax =
Deflection
2
(at point of load)
PL
max = 48EI (at point of load)
Reaction
Modulus of Elasticity
σ
E=
ε
P
RA = RB =
୫ୟ୶
L
and RB =
Pab
L
(at center)
Pa
L
(at Point of Load)
= ౌaౘ(aశమౘ)ඥయa(aశమౘ)
మళు౅
(at x = ට
a(aାଶୠ)
Deformation: Axial
when a > b )
Truss Analysis
FL0
δ = AE
ଷ,
2J = M + R
δ = deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
Engineering Formulas
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces
POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

6. Simple Machines
Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
DE
IMA=
DR
% Efficiency= ൬
FR
AMA=
FE
AMA
൰ 100
IMA
IMA=
L (slope)
H
Wedge
IMA = Ideal Mechanical Advantage
AMA = Actual Mechanical Advantage
DE = Effort Distance
DR = Resistance Distance
FE = Effort Force
FR = Resistance Force
IMA=
L (⊥ to height)
H
Lever
Screw
1st
Class
IMA =
C
Pitch
Pitch =
2nd
Class
1
TPI
C = Circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class
Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .
Wheel and Axle
Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys with
Belts Ratios
Nout dout ωin τout
GR=
=
=
=
Nin din ωout τin
Effort at Axle
dout ωin τout
=
=
(pulleys)
din ωout τin
Compound Gears
B
D
GRTOTAL = ቀ ቁ ቀ ቁ
A
C
Effort at Wheel
Pulley Systems
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
IMA =
DE (string pulled)
DR (resistance lifted)
PLTW, Inc.
GR = Gear Ratio
ωin = Angular Velocity - driver
ωout = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
τin = Torque - driver
τout = Torque - driven
Engineering Formulas
POE 6

7. Structural Design
Steel Beam Design: Shear
Va =
Steel Beam Design: Moment
Vn
Ma =
v
Mn
b
Vn = 0.6FyAw
Mn = FyZx
Va = allowable shear strength
Vn = nominal shear strength
v = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear
Fy = yield stress
Aw = area of web
Ma = allowable bending moment
Mn = nominal moment strength
b = 1.67 = factor of safety for
bending moment
Fy = yield stress
Zx = plastic section modulus about
neutral axis
Storm Water Runoff
Storm Water Drainage
Q = CfCiA
Cc =
C1 A1 + C2 A2 + ∙∙∙
A1 + A2 + ∙∙∙
3
Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft /s)
Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment
factor
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity (in./h)
A = drainage area (acres)
Runoff Coefficient
Adjustment Factor
Return
Period
Cf
1, 2, 5, 10 1.0
25
1.1
50
1.2
100
1.25
Water Supply
Hazen-Williams Formula
hf =
10.44LQ
C
1.85
1.85 4.8655
d
hf = head loss due to friction (ft of H2O)
L = length of pipe (ft)
Q = water flow rate (gpm)
C = Hazen-Williams constant
d = diameter of pipe (in.)
Dynamic Head
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients
Categorized by Surface
Forested
0.059—0.2
Asphalt
0.7—0.95
Brick
0.7—0.85
Concrete
0.8—0.95
Shingle roof
0.75—0.95
Lawns, well drained (sandy soil)
Up to 2% slope
0.05—0.1
2% to 7% slope
0.10—0.15
Over 7% slope
0.15—0.2
Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil)
Up to 2% slope
0.13—0.17
2% to 7% slope
0.18—0.22
Over 7% slope
0.25—0.35
Driveways,
0.75—0.85
walkways
Categorized by Use
Farmland
0.05—0.3
Pasture
0.05—0.3
Unimproved
0.1—0.3
Parks
0.1—0.25
Cemeteries
0.1—0.25
Railroad yard
0.2—0.40
Playgrounds
0.2—0.35
(except asphalt or Districts
Business
Neighborhood
0.5—0.7
City (downtown)
0.7—0.95
Residential
Single-family
0.3—0.5
Multi-plexes,
0.4—0.6
detached
Multi-plexes,
0.6—0.75
attached
Suburban
0.25—0.4
Apartments,
0.5—0.7
condominiums
Industrial
Light
0.5—0.8
Heavy
0.6—0.9
Spread Footing Design
qnet = qallowable - pfooting
pfooting = tfooting ∙150
q=
lb
2
ft
P
A
qnet = net allowable soil
bearing pressure
qallowable = total allowable soil
bearing pressure
pfooting = soil bearing pressure
due to footing weight
tfooting = thickness of footing
q = soil bearing pressure
P = column load applied
A = area of footing
dynamic head = static head – head loss
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
CEA 5

8. PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
CEA 6
Equivalent Length of (Generic) Fittings
Hazen-Williams Constants

9. 555 Timer Design Equations
T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C
f =
1
T
duty-cycle =
(RA + RB )
∙100%
(RA +2RB )
T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Theorems
Commutative Law
Consensus Theorems
X• 0 = 0
X•Y = Y•X
ഥ
X + XY = X + Y
X•1 = X
X+Y = Y+X
ഥഥ
ഥ
X + XY = X + Y
X• X =X
Associative Law
ഥ
X • X=0
X(YZ) = (XY)Z
X+0=X
ഥ
തത
X + XY =തത + Y
X
ഥ
ഥ ഥ ഥ
X + XY = X + Y
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
DeMorgan’s Theorems
X+1=1
X+X=X
Distributive Law
തതതതത= X + ഥ
XY ഥ Y
X+ഥ =1
X
X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ
തതതതതതത= ഥ • Y
X+Y X ഥ
ന
X=X
(X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ
Speeds and Feeds
N=
CSቀ12in.ቁ
ft
πd
fm = ft·nt·N
Plunge Rate = ½·fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth)
nt = number of teeth
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
DE 5
CIM 4

10. Aerospace Equations
R e=
CL =
Orbital Mechanics
I = Fave ∆t
F N = W൫vj - vo ൯
2D
Aρv2
Fnet = Favg - Fg
݁ =ඨ1 -
ρvl
a = vf ∆t
T = 2π
Forces of Flight
CD =
Propulsion
2L
Aρv2
M = Fd
CL = coefficient of lift
CD = coefficient of drag
L = lift
D = drag
A = wing area
ρ = density
Re = Reynolds number
v = velocity
l = length of fluid travel
= fluid viscosity
F = force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = moment
d = moment arm (distance from
datum perpendicular to F)
FN = net thrust
W = air mass flow
vo = flight velocity
vj = jet velocity
I = total impulse
Fave = average thrust force
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
Fnet = net force
Favg = average force
Fg = force of gravity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
NOTE: Fave and Favg are
easily confused.
1
K = 2 mv2
U=
− GMm
R
E=U+K=−
√
య
= 2π
aమ
√GM
݁ = eccentricity
b = semi-minor axis
a =semi-major axis
T = orbital period
a = semi-major axis
= gravitational parameter
F = force of gravity between two
bodies
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
r = distance between center of two
objects
Bernoulli’s Law
ρv2
ρv2
ቇ = ቆPs +
ቇ
2 1
2 2
PS = static pressure
v = velocity
ρ = density
GMm
2R
K = kinetic energy
m =mass
v = velocity
U = gravitational potential energy
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object
E = Total Energy of an orbit
PLTW, Inc.
య
aమ
GMm
F=
r2
ቆPs +
Energy
b2
a2
Engineering Formulas
Atmosphere Parameters
T = 15.04 - 0.00649h
p = 101.29 ቈ
ρ=
(T + 273.1)
቉
288.08
5.256
p
0.2869(T + 273.1)
T = temperature
h = height
p = pressure
ρ = density
AE 5