Myanmar traditional-medicines

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ausmf
oGm;
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azmf
pm;

oHk;
wwf
&if
aq;
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oHk;
wwf
&if
ab;

rmwdum
rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

uefawmhyef;

aq;ukdtvGeftrif;pm;oHk;rdygvQif
txl;rSwfcsuf
rSwfpk&SiftrSmpm
wkdif;&if;aq;a0g[m&ESifhodzG,f (t"dyÜm,f)

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(1)

plvmezmESifhaq;enf;aq;yifr sm; (1) - om*'dk;

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plvmezmESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
uGrf;½GufESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...

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WEEKLY ELEVEN NEWS NO.16, VOL.1 wGifyg0ifaomowif;aqmif;yg;
WEEKLY ELEVEN NEWS NO.16, VOL.1 wGifyg0ifaomowif;aqmif;yg;ESifhywfoufí

ESvkH;a&m*g (Heart Attack)
rsufpda&m*g? a&wdrfa&m*g ...
em;xdkif;? em;av;a&m*g ...
acgif;ukdufrsm;wJha&m*g ...
vdyfacgif;ESifh vdyfacgif;aoG;,dkqif;a&m*g ...
tmacgiftzka&m*g? vQmemusifylavmifa&m*g? oGm;zkH;ckH;xem ...
vdyfacgif;aysmufaq;enf; (ae0if;vef'efpmtkyfrS)
a,musfm;tlusa&m*g ...
ajcz0g;qm;yGwfjcif;ESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
ajcz0g;qm;yGwfenf; ...
aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
tpmpm;pOf jzpfwwfwJh rl;wl;wl;? qkdYwkdYwkdYa&m*g (tpmqkdY? aoG;qkdY? avqkdY) ...
ajcuGJemESifh anmifap; ...
aeYpOf tpmtqdyfawG ajzMuyg (xef;vsuf) ...
rsufESmwGefYwm? ta&;taMumif;jzpfwm aysmufenf; ...
tonf;a&m*gESifh a&zsOf;a&m*g jzpfjcif; ...
ESm&nfpdk&TJa&m*g? ESmacgif;a&m*gESifh qm;a&aEG;jzwfoef;enf; ...
tqdyfoifhjcif;? "mwfrwnfhjcif;ESifh wif;wdyf ...
toufBuD;olrsm; pm;r0if? tdyfraysmfa&m*gESifh av&SLjcif;? avpm;jcif; ...
yufvufbdkifpu,fpD;jcif;ESifh ajcaxmuftjrifhwGifxm;jcif; ...
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gESifh eHYomeDrIefY? qefaq;&nf ...
...1...

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

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ukef;aA'gESifh a>rqdyfajz ...
ÓmPf&nfwufzdkY jrif;cGm½Guf ...
jrif;cGm½Guf aq;zuf0ifykH ...
jrif;cGm½Guf&om,e (touf&Snf) aq;
tonf;a&m*g? bDykd;? qD;csKdwkdYESifh awmifqD;jzLyif ...
rarmatmifawmifwufenf;? c&D;a0;avQmufenf; ...
temrD;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG; ...
tbdk;BuD;rsm; armarmae&if tkef;ESJ (= OESJ = OEéJ) ½Gufaomuf ...
acsmif;qdk;? yef;emESifh &J,dkoD;? ysm;&nf ...
urÇmYenf;vrf; udk,fwdkifprf; ...

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(2)

plvmezmESifhaq;enf;aq;yifr sm; (2) - om*'dk;

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aq;bk&ifplvmezmESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
onf;ajcxJu ausmufaMuenf;ESifh rJZvDtjrpf? tkef;&nf ...
qD;vGefjcif;ESifh cHwuf½Guf ...
iSufzsm;ESifh &Sdef;cdk? uGrf;½Guf? aeZmjruf? Muyfcdk; ...
wyifEdkifjreef;ESifh uifqm ...
wpfudk,fvHk; qm;yGwfjcif;ESifh udk,fwGif;"mwfaiGU oefYpifenf; ...
qm;ESifh tzsm;a&m*g ...
ausmufz½kHoD;ESifh aoewf'Pf&m ...
&Sm;apmif;vufyyfeJY vnfyif;BuD;a&m*g ...
plvmezmESifh vnfyif;BuD;a&m*g ...
puúLyef;ESifh aoG;wkd;a&m*g ...
acgif;avmif;yef;ESifh ESvkH;a&m*g ...
aqmif;ESif;&nfESifh taMuma&m*g ...
ysm;&nfESifh yifv,ftlem0rf;avQm ....
yifpdrf;ESifh t&ufjzwfaq; ...
tlaq;jcif;ESifh ESvkH;a&m*g ...
'defcsOfESifh qD;csKd? uifqm ...
wifyg;tem*syfjym;BuD;eJY refusnf;½GufMuyfxkyf ...
plvmezmESifh uefYuvm (*efY*vm) jcm;em;csuf ...
uefYuvmESifh ywfoufí ...
rsufESmrS rSJUuGuf? rSJUrnf;BuD;rsm;ESifh vufonf;? aq;vdyfrS jym ...

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...2...

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

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avwGef;tm;enf;yg;aomaMumifh 0rf;csKyf? 0rf;usyf ESifh AkdufavhusifhcPf; ...
uGrf;½GufeJY om;tdrfuifqm ...
uefpGef;½kd;teDESifh aoG;yspfa&m*g ...
0JESif;claysufaq; ...
<uufEkdYaysmufenf; ...

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(3)

usef;usef;rmrmtouf ... 100? pmtkyf (1) - armifarmifvdIif (tyfpdkufuk)

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bmomjyefol trSmpm...
rodvkdUao&wmyg...
odyÜHynm&SifawGtBuHjyKwhJ rdepf0uf(3)rsKd; ...
rdepf0ufokH;rsKd;u umuG,fEldifonfh a&m*grsm; ...
odyÜHynm&SifawG tBuHjyKwhJ em&D0uf(3)rsKd; ...
em&D0uf okH;rsKd;u umuG,fEkdifwJh a&m*grsm; ...
usef;rmapzdkY enf;vrf;wus pm;aomufyg ...
usef;rmapzdkY oifhawmfwJh tm;upm;vkyfyg ...
usef;rmapzdkY aq;vdyfjzwf? t&ufavQmhyg ...
usef;rmapzdkY pdwfaeoabmxm;rQwyg ...
pdwfom t"du? aq;0g;u 'kwd, ...
pdwfcsrf;om r*Fvm (8)yg;aq; ...
tzdk;wefaom 'óepmpkrsm; ...
uAsm Oayu©m ...

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(4)

usef;usef;rmrmtouf ... 100? pmtkyf (2) - armifarmifvdIif (tyfpdkufuk)

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urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJUcsKyfaqmifyk'f ...
usef;rma&;twGuf aomufp&mt&nf (6)rsKd; ...
ESvkH;tckef&yfapjcif; taMumif;&if; ...
vlü&dSaom tjrifh (3)yg; ...
yef;*sKHrSm&dSaom tcs (3)yg; ...
yef;*sKHpm;wJhvlrSm rjzpfwJha&m*g ...
ajratmufOawGrSm&dSaom pkyf,ljcif; (3)yg; ...
ajratmufOpm;wJhvlrSm rjzpfwJha&m*g ...
auGumtkwfaMumifh tqDeJY aoG;wkd;us ...
yJEdkYu umuG,fwJha&m*g ...

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tav;tyifrwJhtvkyfawG rvkyfygeJYaemf? ESvkH;aoG;aMumydwfa&m*gawG jzpfEdkifygw,f ...

...3...

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

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rkefvmOeDu umuG,fwJha&m*g ...
a&Tz½kHoD;u umuG,fwJha&m*g ...
Muuf[if;cg;oD;u umuG,fwJha&m*g ...
c&rf;csOfoD;u umuG,fwJha&m*g ...
MuufoGefjzLu umuG,fwJha&m*g ...
tufpy&if (Aspirin) awG ... raomufMuygeJYawmh ...
<uufem;½GufrdIu umuG,fwJha&m*g ...
aoG;yspfcRJwwfwJh vlwef;pm; ...
pdrf;jyma&nd§ (Spirulina) u umuG,fay;wJha&m*g ...
&,farmjcif; tusKd;oufa&mufrI ...

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(5)

jrefr mhaq;NrD;wkdr sm; - ae0if; (vef'ef)

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<uufEkdYaysmufaq;enf;ESifh cHwufacguf ...
acgif;ukduf? ZufaMumwuf? rsuf½kd;ukkdufaysmufaq;enf; ...
acgif;rl;aysmufaq;ESifh ysm;&nf? oHyk&m&nf ...
csKdif;eHYaysmufaq;ESifh xkH;a&Munf ...
acsmif;qkd;yef;emESifh rJZvD½Guf (ayG;ukdif;½Guf)? t&uf ...
ajczrkd;a&mif&rf;jcif;ESifh ½Gufusyifayguf ...
ajcz0g;tom;rm? uGJtuf? emusifjcif;ESifh qD ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gaysmufaq;enf;? aq;cg;BuD; ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh *kH;cg; ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh uGrf;½Guf? 'eYfovGef½Guf?aq;½GufBuD; ...
qHyifjzL? qHyifuRwfaysmufaq;? iSufaysm ...
qD;ausmufwnfa&m*gESifh oHrEdkif? ausmufrEkdif ...
qD;ausmufwnfa&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD;? eEGif;? ysm;&nf ...
qD;ausmufwnfa&m*gESifh xdu½Hk; ...
qD;csKdaysmufaq; ... uif;ykH½Guf ...
wdkufzGdKuf (tla&mifief;zsm;) a&m*gESifh yJ&mZm (ac:) yJeDav; ...
ZufaMumwufa&m*gESifh a&SmufoD; ...
wif;wdyfESifh tkef;rIwfcGH ...
wif;wdyfESihf 'EÅokc ...
wkyfauG;aysmufaq;? uGrf;½GufESifhtjcm; ...
xdckduf? yGef;yJh'Pf&mrsm;ESifh &cdkifiSufaysmoD; ...

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...4...

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
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taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

xdckduf&SemESifh uGrf;pm;xkH; ...
xdyfcwfemESifh r½dk;yif^ ig;jzLBuD;yif ...
'lvm? rD;,yfa&m*gESifh ausmufz½kHoD;? xef;vsuf ...
'lvm? rD;,yfESifh MuufoGefeD? xef;vsuf? refusnf;oD;rSnfh ...
'l;acgif;ESihf tqpftjrpfudkufESifh wrmaphtajcmuf ...
em;ydk;aumif0ifESifh qm;&nfMunf ...
em;jynf,dkemESifh [if;*vm½Guf ...
em;tl? em;avxGufESifh aMumifvQmoD;? aMumifvQm½Guf ...
aemufaMumwufjcif;ESifh &Sdef;cdk? xef;vsuf ...
ESvkH;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;ESifh oHyk&moD; ...
ESmacgif;ydwfa&m*gESifh MuufoGefjzL ...
ESmacgif;aoG;,dkESifh oabmFoD;? oMum; ...
yef;em&ifusyf? azma&mifjcif;ESifh yHpif;ikH ...
yef;em&ifusyfESifh a&Smuf? t&uf? ysm;&nf ...
ayG;? ,m;emESihf ydEJétap; ...
zaESmifh½dk;twufxGufjcif;ESifh qm;? uGrf;½Guf ...
rD;,yfjzLqif;jcif;ESifh zvHawmifa0S;yif ...
rD;,yfaoG;qkH;ESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyfcsufaq; ...
rsufpdpGefaysmufenf;? ajcz0g;qm;yGwf ...
rsufpd,m;jcif;ESifh qm;Muyfxkyf ...
a&aEG;ylavmifjcif;ESifh oGm;wkdufaq; ...
a&zsOf;a&m*g ...
a&,kefESifh csuft&uf ...
avief;? avjzwfaysmufaq;enf; ...
avema&m*gESifh qm;rD;zkwf? eEGif;rIefY ...
aoG;wkd;? ausmufuyf? ESvkH;aoG;aMumusOf;ESifh avmufao½Guf ...
iSufzsm;ESifh avmufao½Guf ...
0Jajcmuf? ,m;emESifh oyGwfcg;oD;? Muuf[if;cg;½Guf ...
0JESif;clajcmufESifh wrm? uGrf;½Guf ...
0JESif;cltpdkESifh qD;jzLoD;? 'kw¬m ...
0ufjcHaysmufaq;enf;rsm; ...
0rf;udkufa&m*gaysmufaq;enf;rsm; ...
0rf;rSef0rf;EIwfaq; ...
...5...

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rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
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taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

0rf;avQma&m*gaysmufaq;enf;rsm; ...
0rf;rSefawaq;ausmf (eef;wGif;okH;) ...
ovdyfuyfacsmif;qdk;ESifh yifpdrf;? a&Smuf? xef;vsuf ...
oefcsaq;ESifh oabmFaph
ouf&Snfusef;rmaq;enf; (1)
ouf&Snfusef;rmaq;enf; (2)
tzktusdwf? oufwHhESifh &cdkifiSufaysmoD; ...
oGm;udkufa&m*gaysmufaq;enf;/ rmvumacguf? eEGif; ...
oGm;a&m*gESifh iydvufav;opf ...
aoG;tH? aoG;oufESifh c&rf;csOfoD; ...
aoG;uifqmaysmufaq;enf;ESif rD;uGif;*rkef; ...
aoG;wkd;ESihf awmqD;jzL (0g) a&qD;jzL ...
aoG;wkd;ESifh eEGif;cg;? ysm;&nf ...
aoG;wkd;ESifh puúLyef; ...
aoG;wkd;? tom;0g? tonf;a&mifESifh qD;jzLoD;? zefcg;oD; ...
tpmtdrfa&m*gESihf oabmFoD;rSnfh ...
tpmtdrfa&m*gESihf oabmF½Guftpdrf;? EG,fcsKd ...
tpmtdrfa&m*gESifh eEGif;pdrf;O? ysm;&nf ...
tpmtdrfa&m*gESihf eEGif;rIefY? uGrf;pm;xkH; ...
temrD;? tempufESifh ½Gufusyifayguf ...
t½kd;usKd;? t½kd;tuf? tqpfvGJESifh qifwkH;rEG,ft½Guf ...
tom;uGJ? tom;ywfESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
tom;0ga&m*gESifh pyg;vif ...
tom;0g? tonf;a&mifa&m*gESifh 'ef;BuD;yif ...
tmoD;a&mif (yoda&mif) ESifh ysOf;awmfodrf½Guf ...
tufppfylavmifjcif;ESifh uGrf;½GufoMum; ...

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½Guf? acguf? jrpf? oD; aq;enf;(1000)?

(6)

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wkdif;&if;jrefr mtdr fokH;aq;rsm; - OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYO D;)

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c½koif;ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf? zefcg; ...
ptkd0,m;jcif;ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
cHwGif;ysufjcif;ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf,dk ...
]]BudwfrSef½Guf,kd}} aq;jzifh aysmufuif;Ekdifaoma&m*grsm; ...

...6...

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rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
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taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

BudwfrSef½Guf vufokyf ...
acgif;ukdufjcif;ESifh eEGif;rIefY? eHYomjzL ...
acgif;ukdufjcif;ESifh oHyk&m&nfaph ...
iSufzsm;ESifh aMumifyef;½Guf ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh jrif;cGm½Guf? i½kwfaumif; ...
iSufzsm;ESifh jrif;cGg? yifpdrf;? i½kwfaumif; ...
qD;usef? qD;enf;? qD;atmifhjcif;? jrif;cGm? oMum; ...
qD;yl? qD;enf;? qD;aoG;ygjcif;ESifh 'EÅokc ...
qD;csKyfjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
qD;wpfpuf? wpfpufusjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD...
qD;atmifh (ausmufwnf) jcif;ESifh xdu½kH;tjrpf ...
qifclvnfjywfem ...
n§if;aygufvQifESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
ÓmPfaumif;ap&ef (owd? ynmtm;wkd;aq;) ESifh jrif;cGm½Guf? ESrf;qD ...
wif;wdyfESifh 'EÅokc...
xdyfuyfemESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
em;udkufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD...
em;avxGufjcif;ESifh w½kwfpum;yGifh ...
em;tlavxGufjcif;ESifh oabFm½Guf ...
ESvkH;wkefjcif;ESifh jrif;cGm½Guf? qifwkef;rEG,f ...
ESvkH;a&m*gESifh BudwfrSef½Guf,kdaq; ...
ESmap;acsmif;qkd; ...
ESmydwf? ESmacgif;teUHr&jcif; ...
yef;emESifh ausmufz½kHcg;oD; ...
yef;emESifh qD;jzLoD;...
yef;emESifh aMumifvQmyiftacguf...
yef;em&ifusyf'd|aysmufaq;ESifh oabFmoD;...
ayG;? 0J?,m;emESifh MuufoGefjzLOwpfvkH; ...
raemr,&aohBuD;ODcEÅDenf; (oraxmysm;ayG;) ...
rD;avmifemESifh iSufaysmoD;rSnfh...
rD;avmifemESifh BudwfrSef? yifpdrf; ...
rD;avmifemaMumifhtrm&GwfjzLESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
,m;emESifh ca&yGifh? jrif;cGm½Guf ...
...7...

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rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

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a&,kefemESifh uif;ykH½Guf ...
&ifwkefarmyef;jcif;ESifh a&Smuf? xef;vsuf ...
avief;a&m*gESifh &Sm;apmif;? qifwkH;? ysm;&nf ...
taMuma&m*gESifh BudwfrSef½Gufvufokyf ...
tpmtdrfa&m*gESifh iSufaysmoD;tpdrf;
tpmtdrfa&m*gESifh eEGif;O? ysm;&nf ...
temaygufvQif ...
trm&Gwfaysmufap&ef ...
touf&Snfaq;ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf...
touf&Snfaq;ESifh jrif;cGm½Guf...
touf&SnfEkysKdap&ef qD;jzL? zefcg; ...
tlusa&m*gESifh ]]BudwfrSef½Guf,kd}} aq; ...

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43
43
43
43
44
44

(7)

rD;zkdacsmifr Saq;pGr f;aumif;rsm; (yxrwGJ) .../ - OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYO D;)

45

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MuufoGefjzLESifh aoG;wkd;a&m*g ...
MuufoGefjzLESifh vnfyif;BuD;a&m*g ...
MuufoGefjzLESifh ayG;0J,m;em ...
tm;wkd;aq;ESifh MuufoGefeDaph ...
qD;rsm;ap&efESifh MuufoGefeD ...
qD;wpfpufwpfpufusjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
vdyfacgif;aoG;ygESifh MuufoGefeD ...
BudKUxkd;aysmufaq;enf; ...
atmhtHjcif;? BudKUxkd;jcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD? csif; ...
acsmif;qkd;&ifusyfaysmufaq;enf; ...
tpmtdrfa&m*gESifh eEGif;O? ysm;&nf ...
ESmacgif;aoG;,kdESifh oHyk&moD; ...
vnfacsmif;a&m*gESifh oHyk&m&nf? ysm;&nf ...
rufuavmifa&m*gESifh Muuf[if;cg;½Guf ...
qD;ylusOfatmifhESifh ausmufz½kHoD;
'lvmoa&mESifh ausmufz½kHoD; ...
yef;em? avemESifh ausmufz½kHoD; ...
toH0if? toHuyf? vnfacsmif;emESifh 'efovGefjrpf ...
'lvmoa&mESifh qD;jzLoD;? eEGif;O ...

45
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46
46
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46
46
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46
46

...8...

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/

qifajcaxmufa&m*gESifh acG;v,m;jrpf ...
om;tdrfavQmemESifh acG;v,m;jrpf ...
b&if*sDem (*&if*sDem) ESifh [if;Eke,f ...
jrif;cGm½Gufaq;ESifh a&m*gpkH ...
0ufjcHaygufjcif;ESifh jrif;cGm½Guf ...
BudwfrSef½Gufawaq;ESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
BudwfrSef½GufESifh tpmvnf;aq;? aq;vnf;tpm ...
ESif;clESifh 'EÅokc
qD;yl? qD;enf;? aoG;ygESifh 'EÅokc

46
47
47
47
47
47
47
48
48

(8)

rD;zkdacsmifrSaq;pGrf;aumif;rsm; ('kwd,wGJ) .../ - OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYOD;)

49

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qD;csKyf? qD;atmifhESifh uñGwfO ...
ausmufwnfa&m*gESifh uñGwfO ...
rD;,yfa&m*gESifh uñGwfO ...
aoG;wkd;a&m*gESifh c&myif ...
vQmem (cHwGif;ysufjcif;) ESifh c&rf;csOfoD; ...
cHwGif;ysuf (vQmem) ESifh *kHrif; ...
qifajcaxmufa&m*gESifh r½dk;yif (ijzLBuD;) ...
wif;wdyfESifh ijzLBuD;tap; ...
temaygufaq;ESifh ijzLBuD;tap; ...
tm;aq;ESifh iSufaysmoD;zD;Murf; ...
tom;0gESifh pyg;vif ...
&aohBuD;OD;cEÅD (96)yg;aq; ...
qD;csKyf? qD;atmifhESifh w½kwfpum;yGifh ...
vQmyGwfaq; (cHwGif;ysufa&m*g) ESifh w½kwfpum;yGifh ...
qifwkH;rEG,fcsufaq; (ÓmPf&SdovkdokH;) ...
rD;,yfjzLESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...
ESvkH;wkefjcif;? pdwfacsmufjcm;jcif;ESifh qifwkH;rEG,f? jrif;cGm½Guf ...
udk,fa&0ga&m*g (tom;0g) ESifh qifwkH;rEG,ft½Guf? 'defcsOf ...
qifclvnfjywfESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...
xkHepdka&m*gESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...
avief;ESifh qifwkH;rEG,f? &Sm;apmif;vufyyf? ysm;&nf ...
rD;,yfydefvsufqm;ESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...

49
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49
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49
49
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50
50
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50
50
51
51
51

...9...

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/
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40/
41/

ava&m*gESifh qD;oD; ...
rsufpda&m*gESifh wrmoD; ...
qD;a&m*gESifh wrmoD; ...
jrif;o½dkufem vu©Pm ...
&Sm;apmif;vufywfESifh a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd; ...
'lvm? rD;,yftm;wdk;aq;ESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
wnif;oD;qm;pdrf&nfESifh qD;csKda&m*g...
(96)yg;aq;BuD;ESifh xef;vsuf? MuufoGef ...
yef;emaq;ESifh MuufoGefeD? yifpdrf;? xef;vsuf ...
ausmufwnfa&m*gESifh ukef;xdu½kef; ...
vdyfacgif;jrif;o½kdufemESifh ukef;xdu½kH; ...
qD;vGefa&m*gESifh ukef;xdu½kH; ...
ESif;claysmufaq;ESifh ukef;xdu½kH; ...
tazmusaq;ESifh ukef;xdu½kH; ...
temyqkyfESifh xdu½kH; ...
0NzKd;vSyapaomaxmywfaq; ...
aoG;tm;wkd;aq;BuD;ESifh axmywf ...
touf&Snfawaq;BuD;ESifh axmywf ...
tdyfraysmfjcif;ESifh axmywf ...

51
51
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51
52
52
52
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
54

(9)

aq;NrD;wkda&mifj cnf (1) - eu©wåa&mifj cnfr*¾Zif;? pmwnf;tzJGU

55

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2/
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6/
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12/

oGm;zkH;a&mifESifh xkH; ...
rkwfa&m*g? abmBuD;a&m*gESifh 'DZ,fqD? ESrf;qD ...
oGm;udkufa&m*gESifh &J,kdoD;jym ...
,m;em? wif;wdyf? 0JESif;clESifh oyGwfcg; ...
avjzwf? pum;roGufjcif;ESifh oyGwfcg;oD; ...
qD;yl?qD;atmifhESifh eEGif;rIefY? qD;jzLoD;? ysm;&nf ...
oGm;ukdufa&m*gESifh uyfpD;ESJoD;trIefY ...
acgif;udkufjcif;ESifh iSufaysmoD;tpdrf; ...
"mwfrwnfhí ,m;,Hjcif;ESifh qefvufwpfqkyf? eEGif;rIefY ...
0rf;avQm? 0rf;ukdufESifh a&aEG;Murf;? ysm;&nf ...
oGm;a&m*gESifh wrm½kd; ...
'lvmvdyfacgif;? aoG;0rf;ESifh tifwGJrIefY? xef;vsuf ...

55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
56
56
56
56

. . . 10 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
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40/

qD;yla&m*gESifh aumuf½kd;jyKwf? oMum; ...
om;onfrdcifrsm; EkdYacsmif;ydwfESifh i½kwf½GufjyKwf&nftaiGU ...
rD;avmifemESifh iSufaysmoD;rSnfh ...
ajcz0g;uGJtufemESifh aq;uwå&m (coata) ...
touf&SLusyf? armyef;jcif;ESifh a&SmufoD;tEk ...
aq;zuf0ifBudwfrSef ...
om;onfrdcifrsm; EkdYacsmif;ydwfESifh &J,dk½Guf ...
tckd;ydwf? aMumwif;a&m*gESifh uGrf;½kd; ...
ESvHk;tm;aumif;onfh cs&m; (okdY) ca& ...
pkdajyjynfhNzKd;? tiftm;wkd;ESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyfcsufaq; ...
oGm;ukdufoGm;emESifh qefvGwfeEGif;rIefY ...
qD;csKdESifh ykwD;jzLvufzufajcmuf (ykwD;jzL = awmifqD;jzL) ...
tpmtdrfava&m*gESifh eEGif;oHowfa& ...
av;bufema&m*gESifh ajcaxmufqm;a&pdrf ...
tqpfa&mifa&m*gESifh w½kwfpum;yif ...
twufa&m*gESifh oHyk&moHowf&nf ...
wif;wdyfESifh axmywfoD;aph? ausmufcsOf ...
tqpftjrpfxkHusOfukdufcJa&m*gESifh Z0ufom? oHvGifqD ...
azma&mifa&m*gESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
qHyifeufaq; (BudwfrSef? qD;jzL) ...
tom;rmESifh wrm½Guf? *sKHrIefY ...
<uufEkdY? tom;rm? rSJYESifh oabFmyif ...
acsmif;qkd;aoG;ygESifh zkHrodef½Guf ...
0rf;ysuf? 0rf;avQma&m*gESifh ydawmufacguf ...
xdckduf? zl;a&mif? taMumrsufESifh oHyk&moD; ...
cg;udkuf? cg;emESifh oabFm½Guf ...
t½kd;usD;aygif;wufa&m*gESifh a&Smuf½Guf? Muuf[if;cg;½Guf ...
axmywf&JUpGrf;tm; ...

56
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56
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56
57
57
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57
58
58
58
59
59
59
59
59
59
60
60
60
60
60
61
61
61
61

(10)

aq;NrD;wkda&mifj cnf (2) - eu©wåa&mifj cnfr*¾Zif;? pmwnf;tzGJU

63

ausmufcsOfrD;azguf? tukduftcJaysmuf ...
qD;a&m*g? azma&mifjcif;? rsufpda&m*gESifh z&JoD;? oMum; (w½kwfaq;NrD;wkd) ...
qD;aMumifhjzpfaomanmif;nmukdufcJa&m*gESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...

63
63
63

1/
2/
3/

. . . 11 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/

rnf;rnf;csdwfcsdwfwif;wdyfESifh y'kr®mMum½kd; ...
qD;atmifh? qD;ukdufESifh oHyk&m? ,rf;pdrf; ...
jrpfyGm;em? tzktusdwfa&m*gESifh aq;pGrf;aumif; (jrpfyGm;em = uifqm) ...
tonf;BuD;a&m*gESifh ay½Guf ...
tpm;rSm;í ,m;,Hjcif;ESifh xef;vsuf ...
iSufzsm;ESifh &Sdef;ckd ...
,mOfpD;pOf rl;a0? atmhtHvQif ...
rsufpdxdckdufrIESifh i½kwfaumif; ...
c½koif;ESifh {u&mZfjrpf ...
Muyfxkyfxkd;enf; ...
rsufpdMunf? tanmif;ajy? taMumajyESifh ajce,fqD...
aoG;wkd;? qD;csKd? avief;a&m*g ESifh a&SmufoD; ...
vdyfacgif;a&m*gESifh xdu½kH; ...
qD;atmifha&m*gaysmufapaom yGJawGUenf;aumif; ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh &Sm;apmif;BuD;tap; ...
tonf;ajcmufa&m*gESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf...
oHyk&moD;ESifh csKdif;acR;eHY ...
&Sm;apmif;vufyyfcsufaq; ...
taMumwufcg;emESifh ouf&if;BuD; ...
&Sm;apmif;vufn§Kd;ESifh vdyfacgif; ...
uav;rsm;tlus (abmus) a&m*gESifh 'efBuD;½Guf ...
trsKd;orD;rsm;tjzLqif;cJhaomf ...

63
63
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65
65
65
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65
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66
66
66
66
67

(11)

aq;NrD;wkda&mifj cnf (3) - eu©wåa&mifj cnfr*¾Zif;? pmwnf;tzGJU

69

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9/

uav;ESmydwfa0'emESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
temrD;? temvQHESifh i&HUywl½Guf ...
tqkwf (wDbD) a&m*gESifh i&HUywl½Guf ...
trl;a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;? tpmrSm;? &ifjynfh&ifu,f? aoG;wkd; ESifh {u&mZf...
0rf;oufjcif;?pdwfESvHk;ylyefjcif;? qDeDusOfaemuf a&m*g ESifh a&xdu½kH; ...
ydpyfyif (AdZwfyif) udk,fawGUaq;enf;rsm; ...
xdckduf&SemESifh ukef;aA'g (qD;csKd? aoG;csKd&dSol) ...
yef;em&ifusyfa0'emESifh rk½dk;½Guf ...
aoG;Ekom;Ek? xkHusOfudkufcJ/ &if;jym;wpfyJ? xif;wpfvSnf; ...

69
69
69
69
69
69
70
70
70

. . . 12 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
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22/
23/
24/

0JtpdkESifh a&eHacs;? razmufxkH; ...
uif;udkufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
'l;emjcif;ESifh a&SmufoD;? MuufoGefeD ...
qD;a&m*gESifh vufzuftpdk? ausmufcsOf ...
rsufpdemESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
udk,fyltjrefusap&efESifh pm;aqmf'g? oMum; ...
qD;atmifh? ausmufwnfESifh jynfvkH;csrf;om ...
EIwfcrf;uGJ? usD;uef;yg;pyfESifh xrif;tdk;qlvmaom tjrKyf ...
avxdk;? avatmifhESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...
avjzwfjcif;ESifh usD;tm;oD; ...
tdyfraysmfjcif;ESifh 'efYuRJ½Guf ...
tylusdwfeJY eEGif;cg;O ...
qHyiftwGufenf;wpfvuf ...
aq;pGrf;aumif;wpfvuf ...
cg;emESifh qifaygif;qD ...

70
70
70
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
73

(12)

azGazG&Sm&Smwdkif;&if;aq;ynm - a'gufwmatmifEdkif (aq;okawoe)

75

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
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14/
15/
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temaygufjcif;ESifh rmvum½Guf? ysm;&nf ...
ESvHk;wkef&ifckef? touf&SLr0wJha0'emESifh emewf? oMum;? ysm;&nf ...
oefusapaom emewfoD;ESifh ysm;&nf ...
temref;? rD;avmifzk? a&aEG;ylavmifjcif;ESihf emewfoD; ...
0rf;udkufa0'emESifh upfrDuGpf (Kiss me quick) ...

75
75
75
75
75
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
77
77

tiftm;jynfhNzdK;tvSwdk;apzdkY pHy,fyGifhajcmuf? ESif;qDyGifhvTmajcmuf? vufzufajcmuf ...
aoG;om;rrSefanmif;ukdufjcif;? tjzLqif;jcif;? qD;yl? qD;atmifhjcif;ESifh pHy,fyGifh? oMum;? oHyk&m&nf ...

iSufzsm;ESifh yifpdrf; ...
tpmtdrfa&m*g? tpmtdrftemaygufjcif;? tlodrfOD;tem? tpmraMujcif;? cHwGif;ysufjcif;ESifh EdkudkO ...

cg;em? cg;½kd;usD;aygif;wufESifh yifpdrf;½Guf ...
temvkH;BuD;awG? tusdwfawGESifh yifpdrf;½Guf ...
rdwf? ,m;em? ayG;? 0JajcmufESifh yifpdrf;½Guf ...
em;jynf,dk? em;udkufESifh yifpdrf;½Guf ...
uav;avxdk;avatmifh? Adkufem? oefaumif? wkwfaumifxESifh yifpdrf;½Guf ...
acsmif;qdk;? vnfacsmif;emESifh yifpdrf; ...
<uufEdkY? wif;wdyf? rSJUajcmuf? c½koif;ESifh yifpdrf; ...

. . . 13 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/

xl;wJhtmvl; ...
xdcdkuf'Pf&m? rkwfqdwf&dwf"m;&SESifh ausmufcsOf...
rdwf,m;?ESif;cltpkd? tqdyf&Sdykd;rTm;ukdufESifh ausmufcsOf ...
ausmufcsOfESifh tqDus? tom;uspfydefaq; ...
rsufpda&m*g? em;a&m*gESifh ausmufcsOf...
tdyfraysmfwJha&m*gESifh ausmufcsOf? uRJEkdYrvkdif...
cHwGif;eHYraumif;jcif;ESifh ausmufcsOf? pm;qkd'g ...
oGm;ykd;pm;? oGm;ukdufESifh ausmufcsOf?y½kwf...
temtzkvHk;? tusdwfvHk;ESifh ausmufcsOfysm;&nf...
oGm;zkH;a&pD;urf;NydKaoG;xGufESifh ausmufcsOfwrm½Guf...
ESmacgif;aoG;vQHESifh ausmufcsOf ...

77
78
78
78
79
79
79
79
79
79
79

(13)

a&m*gokw aq;okw - a'gufwmatmifEkdif (aq;okawoe)

81

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/

ÓmPftm;aumif;apjcif;ESifh jrif;cGm½Guf ...
OD;aESmuftm;aq;ESifh Am'HoD;ysm;&nf ...
ODaESmuftm;aq;ESifh Am'HoD;? axmywf ...
rSwfÓmPfaumif;jcif;ESifh Am'HqD ...
wkyfauG;ESifh yifpdrf;? csif; ...
wkyfauG;ESifh eEGif;rIefY ...
avema&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD;? EG,fcsKd ...
avema&m*gESifh zD;Murf;iSufaysmoD;tpdrf; ...
yef;em&ifusyfESifh acG;ao;yef;½Guf ...
yef;em&ifusyfESifh awmMuufarmufaq;vdyf...
qD;Budwfa&mifa&m*g (nbuf cPcP qD;oGm;csifwJha&m*g) ESifh cHwuf½Guf ...
qD;rxdef;Ekdifaom a&m*gvu©PmESifh owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm; ...
ausmufuyfa&mifa&m*gESifh Bwdzv ... (opfqdrfhoD;? MupkoD;? qD;jzLoD; = Bwdzv)
yoda&mif (tmoD;a&mif) a&m*g ...
rsufESmwpfjcrf;aoa&m*gESifh BuD;av;aumifaq; ...
0ufjcHaysmufaq;enf; ...

81
81
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
82
82
83
83
84
84
84

(14)

vufawGUtoHk;0if½kd;&maq;yifESifhaq;enf;rsm; .../ - armif,OfEG,f

85

qHyifjzL? qHyifuRwfjcif;ESifh u&ruf ...
ESvkH;wkef?&ifckefolrsm;? aoG;yla&m*g&Sifrsm; ESifh u&ruf ...
rdwfzkrsm;xGufjcif; ESifh u&ruf...

85
85
85

1/
2/
3/

. . . 14 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
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24/
25/
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29/
30/
31/
32/
33/
34/
35/
36/

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

jynfwnfaomtemESifh u&ruf ...
tylBuD;í tjyif;zsm;ESifh u&ufruf...
n§if;wif;wdyfESifh yifv,fuopfzk ...
ESvkH;wkef? &ifckef? tdyfraysmf? qD;0g csKyf? 0rf;csKyf? ezl;yl? ajczsm;vufzsm;at;ESifh uifyGef;csOf½Guf ...

tom;0gESifh uifyGef;csOf½Guf ...
aoG;tH? aoG;0rf;? ESmacgif;aoG;,kdESifh uefpGef;O ...
qD;yl? anmif;usESifh uefpGef;½Guf ...
rD;avmifem? a&aEG;ylavmifemESifh uefpGef;½Guf...
tylusdwfrsm;ESifh upGef;½kd;eD ...
tqdyfoifhjcif;ESifh uefpGef;½Guf ...
yg;pyfeHjcif;? yg;pyfwGiftemaygufjcif;? oGm;zkH;rSaoG;,kdjcif;? aoG;0rf;oGm;jcif;ESifh uefpGef;½kd;eD ...

vdyfacgif;a&m*gESifh w½kwfuefpGef; ...
oGm;udkufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
ESmacgif;aoG;vQHjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD...
em;ukdufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
qHyifjzLjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
acG;ukdufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
uif;? tqdyf&Sdykd;rTm;rsm;ukdufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
qefykd;wG,fjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
xdyfajymifjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
acgif;&SdaAmuf? oef;rsm;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
ausmufuyf? qD;ESifh MuufoGefeD...
aoG;wkd;ESvkH;ESifh MuufoGefjzL?ysm;&nf ...
acG;ukdufjcif;ESifh MuufoGefjzL ...
tqpfa&mifa&m*gESifh Muuf[if;cg;oD;tEk ...
qD;csKda&m*gESifh Muuf[if;cg; ...
azma&m*gESifh aMumifyef;½Guf? ouf&if;BuD;jrpf ...
anmif;usa&m*gESifh aMumifyef;½Guf ...
cE¨mukd,fav;vHxkdif;rIdif;jcif;? ukd,fwpfjcrf;av;vHjcif;ESifh aMumifyef;½Guf ...
trsKd;orD;rsm; tom;ta&,m;jcif;? trnf;uGufrsm;jzpfjcif;ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
trm&GwftjzLuGufBuD;rsm;ESifh BudwfrSef&Gwf ...
qHyifeufjcif;ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
wkwfxkd;jcif; (ptkd0,m;jcif;) ESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
. . . 15 . . .

85
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
89
89

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
43/
44/
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
50/
51/
52/
53/
54/
55/
56/
57/
58/
59/
60/
61/
62/
63/
64/
65/
66/
67/
68/
69/

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

c½koif;? orifjzL ESifh BudwfrSefjrpf? zefcg;jrpf ...
rtkdremaq;ESifh BudwfrSef ...
acsmif;qkd;jcif;ESifh csif;pdrf; ...
acgif;ukdufjcif;ESifh csif; ...
ESmap;? acsmifqkd;? yef;em&ifusyfESifh csif;pdrf;? ysm;&nf ...
oGm;ukduf? oGm;emESifh csif;pdrf; ...
csif;pdrf;ESifh em;ukdufa&m*g ...
tqpftjrpfa&mif cg;ukduf? 'lukdufESifh csif;pdrf; ...
qD;atmifh? qD;cJ? qD;csKyfESifh cHwuf ...
acG;awmuf½GufESifh tema[mif; ...
acG;awmuf½GufESifh a&,kef ...
ukd,fylzsm;ESifh acG;ao;yef;½Guf? Muuf[if;cg;½Guf? uGrf;½Guf (uav;rsm;)
uav;acsmif;qkd;cRJusyfESifh acG;ao;yef;½Guf? uGrf;½Guf ...
tema&mif&rf;jcif;ESifh acG;ao;yef;yif ...
acsmif;qkd;yef;emESifh i½kwfaumif;? ysm;&nf ...
toH0if? toHrxGufjcif;ESifh i½kwfaumif;? ysm;&nf ...
tom;0gESifh ikBuD; (zGm;buf) ...
½kd;&mtm;aq; (0g) obm0tm;aq; ...
avaq;vQufqm;ESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...
ouf&Snfusef;rmjcif;ESifh qifwkH;rEG,f ...
wif;wdyfESifh xif;&SL;ESpf ...
rif;wkef;rif; okH;aqmifcJhaomtm;aq; ...
aoG;wkd;ESifh 'efYovGef½Guf ...
temaqG;? tema[mif;rsm;ESifh 'EÅokc ...
oGm;ukduf? oGm;zkH;a&mifESifh 'EÅokc ...
qD;a&m*g? anmif;us? tjzLqif;? aoG;wkd;ESifh 'EÅokc ...
tylacsmif;ajcmuf? yg;pyfuGJ? eHjcif;ESifh 'EÅokc...
aoG;wkd;? qD;csKd? tpmtdrfa&m*gESifh eEGif;cg; ...
yef;emESifh y'kdif;½Guf ...
tom;t&nfpkdjynfjcif;ESifh aygufyGifh ...
trsKd;orD;rsm;udkufcJ? acgif;tHk? Zufav;jcif;ESifh aygufyef;jzLyGifh ...
avief;jzpfpESifh zHk;rodef ...
½kd;&mtm;aq;ESifh zkH;rodef ...
. . . 16 . . .

89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
91
91
91
91
91
92
92
92
92
92
92
93
93
93
93
93

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

70/
71/
72/
73/
74/
75/
76/
77/
78/
79/
80/
81/
82/
83/
84/
85/
86/
87/
88/
89/
90/
91/
92/
93/
94/
95/
96/
97/
98/
99/
100/

qD;? 0rf;? avrSef ESifh abmpukdif;( tqdyfajzyif)
aoG;wkd;a&m*gESifh abmpudkif; ...
"m;xd? oHpl;? acG;ukdufESifh ucsifra&Smh½Guf ...
t&ufrl;vGef? tpmtqdyfjzpf? rIdawmufjcif;ESifh ra&Smh½Guf ...
qD;tdrfausmufwnfjcif;ESifh r½kd;yGifh? EGm;EdkY ...
ta&jym;a&m*gESifh r½kd;yGifh? EGm;EdkY ...
aoG;vHk;a&m*gESifh r½kd;yGifh? ESrfqD ...
r½kd;ap;ESifh cg;ukdufjcif;? 'l;ukdufjcif; ...
emwm&Snfa&m*grsm;ESifh jrif;cGm½Guf ...
aoG;wkd;ESifhjrif;cGm½Guf ...
rIdqdyfajzenf; (xef;vsuf? oHyk&m? rIdewdk)...
rpm;aumif;aomrIdrsm;....
rIdESifha&mpyfírpm;aumif;aom tpm;tpmrsm; ...
0rf;ukdufa&m*g? aoG;0rf;a&m*gESifh rD;uGif;*rkef;t½Guf..
aoG;tHa&m*gESifh rD;uGif;*rkef; ...
tylavmifjcif;ESifh rD;uGif;*rkef; ...
tema[mif; temaqG;rsm;ESifh rD;uGif;*rkef; ...
trskKd;orD;rsm; aoG;vHk; avvHk; aog;csKyf?avcsKyfESifh rkwfcg;aq; ...
&Sm;apmif;vufyyfcsufaq;( trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf) yxrenf;...
&Sm;apmif;vufyyfcsufaq; (usm; r yskKd tkdra&G;) 'kwd,enf;...
&Sm;apmif;vufyyfcsufaq; (usm; r ysKdtkdra&T;) wwd,enf; ....
qD;atmifh? qD;csKyfESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
tema[mif;? temaqG;? ajcpG,fikwfESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf...
em;ukdufa&m*gESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
aoG;wkd; avief; tqDwkd; xkHemusOfemESifh a&SmufwpfvHk;aq;&nf ...
tzsm;aysmuf? tm;&Sdjcif;ESifh vif;ae? aq;cg;BuD; ....
0rf;csKyf? avcsKyf? qD;csKyfESifh ouf&if;BuD; ....
trsKd;orD;a&m*gESifh ouf&if;BuD; ...
qkHqkdYem? yg;usdwfa&mifem? vnfacsmif;uGJemESifh oabFmoD;pdrf;
oabFm½GufESifh jrif;zkem...
qD;vGefa&m*gESifh OoQpf? csif; ...

93
93
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
95
95
95
95
95
95
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
97
97
97
97
97

(15)

touf&Snf&mtemrJhaMumif;aq;pGr f;aumif;rsm; - q&mBuD;OD;csrf;

99

. . . 17 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/
33/

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

ausmufuyfa&mifESifh 'EÅokc ...
ausmufwnfjcif;ESifh cHwufacguf ...
ausmufwnfjcif;ESifh Mucwf0g;tqpf ...
BudKUxkd;jcif;ESifh &Sdef;ckd?rwfyJ ...
BudKUxkd;jcif;ESifh oMum; ...
ajcz0g;uGJem ESifh iSufaysmyif...
cg;emESifh ukd,f&HBuD;½Guf ...
cg;em? cg;udkuf? 'l;ukdufESifh anmifajcaxmuf....
*7if*sDem^ b&if*sDem ESifh MoZmoD;tajcmuf...
iSufzsm;ESifh aMumifyef;½Guf...
pum;xpfjcif; ESifhjrif;cGm½Guf...
qD;&Gifjcif;ESifh tkef;jrpf ...
qD;vGefa&m*gESifh uifyGef;½Guf ...
qD;csKda&m*g ...
qifajcaxmufa&m*g ...
qifclvnfjywfem ESifh pG,fawmf½Guf ...
qHkqkdYemESifh aMumifyef;½Guf ...
wif;wdyf ....
tifMuif;qifhtzsm;jzwfaq; ...
'uf ...
em;wGif;tem ...
em;jynf,dk ...
em;yif; ...
em;ukduf? em;em ....
em;avxGuf ...
em;tl ...
em;av; ...
ESmacgif;aoG;vQH ...
ESmacgif;ydwf ...
ESm&nf,kd ...
emwm&Snf ESmap; ...
omrefESmap; ....
ESmacgif;teHYr&ESifh eHYomjzL? uifyGef;oD; ...

99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
. . . 18 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

34/
35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
43/
44/
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
50/
51/
52/
53/
54/
55/
56/

emwm&Snftzsm;ESifh plvmezm ...
ESif;clESifh ikpyf (zGm;zuf) ...
yef;em&ifusyfESifh OoQpf½Guf ...
yef;em ...
azma&mifemESifh OoQpf½Guf ...
0rf;rD;nHhí (tpmrcsufEkdifí) Akdufatmifhjcif; ...
avaMumifh Akdufatmifhjcif; ...
pjrif;aMumifh Akdufatmifhjcif; ...
rsufpdemaysmufaq; ...
rsufpd? wdrfESifh atmifrJjzLjrpf ...
rsufESmrSJYajcmufESifh uGrf;½Guf? BudwfrSef½Guf ...
rsufpdaoG;jcnfwef;ESifh caygif;a&Munfaph ...
armyef;? EGrf;vs ...
jrpfajcmufem ...
jrif;o½kdufemESifh c0JoD;ajcmuf ...
a&zsOf; ...
vnfyif;BuD;a&m*g ...
vdyfacgif;ESifh oyGwfcg;oD; ...
temayguftHkaq; ...
aoG;wdk; ...
toH0if? toHysuf? toHxGufaq; ...
tom;0g ...
ouf&Snfusef;rmaq; ...

103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105

(16)

aq;zuf0ifuGr f;wpf½GufESifhtaray;aomaq;enf;wkdr sm; - OD;cefYausmf

107

uav;acsmif;qkd;&ifusyf? touf½SLusyf? tqkwf? vnfacsmif;a&m*gESifh uGrf;½Guf....
uav; tpmraMu? avem? 0rf;oGm;ESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
uav; ESmap;? ESmrGef? ESmydwf? touf½SLusyf ESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
acgif;ukduf?rl;a0?Zufxkd;? rsuf½kd;ukdufESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
ajcz0g;uGJESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
*&if*sDem (b&if*sDem) ponfhtemrsm;ESihf uGrf;½Guf ...
pdwfa0'emESifhuGrf;½Guf ...
pum;xpfjcif;ESifh uGrf;½Guf ...

107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

. . . 19 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/
33/
34/
35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

qD;csKyfa&m*gESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
w&dyf&dyfrl;a0jcif;ESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
EkdYtHka&mifwif;jcif;ESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
EkdYacsmif;ydwf? EkdYusdwfa&mifjcif;ESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
yef;EGrf;jcif;ESihf uGrf;½Guf ...
½kyfysKdukd,fEkaq; ...
vdyfacgif;aoG;,kdESifh uGrf;½Guf ...
qD;yl? qD;atmifh? qD;csKyfvQif ...
toH0if? toHuyfESifh jynfyef;ndK ...
0rf;cPcPysufjcif;ESifh aMumifyef;½Guf ...
ZufaMumwufjcif;ESifh csif; ...
aoG;aMumusOf;a&m*g? ESvHk;a&m*g? tonf;tqDzHk;a&m*gESihf csif; ...
lvm? rD;,yf? 0rf;ysufa&m*gESifh 7Sdef;ckd ...
toufBuD;aom trsKd;om;rsm; taMumtm;enf;a&m*gESifh &Sdef;ckd ...
rD;zGm;NyD;p trsKd;orD;rsm; om;tdrfukdufjcif;ESifh &Sdef;ckd ...
qD;atmifh? ausmufwnfESifh [if;Eke,f ...
azma&mifa&m*gESifh ueazmh ...
tqpfa&mifa&m*g?avjzwf? avief;a&m*g ESifh yifpdrf; ...
yef;em? &ifusyf? acsmif;qkd;? atmhtH? eHab;atmifhjcif;ESifh yifpdrf; ...
acgif;ukdufjcif; ESifh yifpdrf; ...
0rf;ysuf? 0rf;avQmjcif;ESifh rif;*GwfoD;(rif;uGwfoD;) ...
qD;csKdaMumifh jzpfaomtemESifh qdyfzvl½Guf...
aoG;0rf;oGm;jcif;ESifh qD;jzLoD; ...
cRJyltzsm;a&m*gESifh rif;*GwfoD;(rif;uGwfoD;) ...
qD;vGefa&m*gESifh qdyfzvl;½Guf ...
0rf;oGm;jcif;ESihf qdyfzvl½Guf...
trsKd;orD;rsm; rD;,yfaoG;vGefemESifh qdyfzvll;yGif ...
ESmacgif;aoG;vsHjcif;ESifh qD;jzLoD; ...
qD;ykyfa&m*gESif qD;jzLoD; ...
avema&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD; ...
tom;0ga&m*gESifh awmifqD;jzL ...
anmif;usa&m*gESifh awmifqD;jzL ...
tm;ukefvQif ...
. . . 20 . . .

107
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

42/

qD;yl? qD;atmifhjzpfvQif ...

111

(17)

yGJawGUukxHk; - atmifukdEkdif

113

0domcgaq;ESifh MoZmaph ...
yef;em&ifusyfESifh jy'g; ...
,m;emESifhaeZmjruf... (aeZmjruf = xdyfqDrSmtoD;zkwkwkeJYjruf)
wif;wdyfESifh Muufql½Guf? bl;aph ...
tmoD;a&mif(yoda&mif)? vnfacsmif;emESifh 'efovGefjrpf ....
vdyfacgif;jrif; o½kdfufESifh awmoyGwfcg;oD; ...
qD;csKda&m*gESifh ausmufcJa&pdrf ...

113
113
113
113
113
114
114

(18)

pm;yifoHk;yif aq;zuf0if - OD;vS'if

115

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/

csif;,dkjyKvkyfenf;(1)
vnfyif;a&m*gESifh csif; ...
csif;,kdjyKvkyfenf;(2)
toHysuf? toH0ifa&m*gESifh csif; ...
BudKUxkd;a&m*gESifh csif; ....
acsmif;qkd;yef;em ESifh csif;ajcmuf?zefcg;oD;rIefY ....
tat;rdESmap;ESifh csif;&nf? ysm;&nf ....
ESm½SLap; ESifh (csif;ESifhxef;vsuf)...
em;ukdufjcif;ESifh csif;...
qifajcaxmufa&m*gESifhcsif; ...
qHkqkdYemESifhMuufoGefjzL...
MuufoGefjzL*kkPfowdå ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh MuufoGefjzL...
ta&jym;a&m*gESifh MuufoGefjzL...
temaygufa&m*gESifh MuufoGefjzL ...
qHyifESifh MuufoGefjzL ...
ESmacgif;a&m*gESifh MuufoGefjzL...
toHysuf? toH0if? toHwdrfESifh MuufoGefjzL ...
tm;wkd;aq;ESifhMuufoGefjzL ...
avcsKyfjcif;ESifh MuufoGefjzL ...
MuufoGefeDwGifyg0ifaom "mwfrsm; ...
MuufoGefeDpm;jcif;tusKd; ...

115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
117
117
117
117
117

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/

. . . 21 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/
33/
34/
35/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
43/
44/
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
50/
51/
52/
53/
54/
55/
56/

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

qD;a&m*gESifh MuufoGefeD ...
uav;qD;csKyfjcif;ESifh MuufoGefeD ...
uav;rsm;qD;roGm;Ekdifaomf...
qD;a&m*gESifh ZD&mjzL ...
BudKUxkd;a&m*gESifh ZD&mjzL ...
vdifOa&mifjcif;ESifh ZD&mjzL ...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh ZD&mjzL ...
vdyfacgif; tjyifxGufjcif;ESifhZD&mndK ...
om;tdrfa&mifjcif;ESifh ZD&mndK ...
OD;aESmuftm;aq;ESifh ZD&mndK ...
acgif;rl;jcif;ESihf ZD&mndK ...
acgif;rl;jcif;ESifh ZD&mndK ...
ukuúdK ...
rsufpOfaq;ESifhukuúdK ...
usyfykwD;emESifh ukuúdKaph ...
acsmif;qkd;a&m*g ...
acsmif;qkd;aysmufaq;ESifh ukuúdK ...
tpmtdrfopf? tonf;a&mifjcif;ESifh ukuúdK ...
tzsOf;a&mifa&m*gESifh ukuúKd ...
jrif;o½kdufa&m*gESifhukuúKd ...
qD;atmifha&m*gESifh ukuúKd ...
*Ekda&m*gESifh ukuúKd ...
azma&mifjcif;ESifh ukuúKd ...
ta&jym;a&m*gESifh ukuúKd...
orifjzLa&m*gESifh ukuúKd...
vdifOa&mifjcif;ESifh ukuúKd...
ESmydwfjcif;ESifh ukuúKd...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh yifpdrf; ...
a>rukdufjcif;ESifh yifpdrf; ...
onf;ajczsm;ESifh yifpdrf;...
acgif;ukduf? ESmacgif;a&m*gESifh yifpdrf; ...
acsmif;qkd;yef;ema&m*gESifh yifpdrf; ...
vQmcifusa&m*gESifh yifpdrf; ....

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. . . 22 . . .

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taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

ta7jym;a&m*gESifh yifpdrf; ....
tdE´d,ESifh wrm ....
EkdYacsmif;ydwfjcif;ESifh wrm½Guf ...
onf;ajcaMumifhjzpfaoma&m*gESifh wrm½Guf ....
OD;acgif;&Sdykd;ESifh wrm½Guf....
qD;ausmufwnfjcif;ESifh wrm½Guf...
tqpfrsm;ukdufjcif;ESifh wrm ...
qD;a&m*gESifh wrm ...
vdyfacgif;ESifh eEGif;rIefY ...
EkdYa&mifjcif;ESifh eEGif;rIefY ...
acsmif;qkd;a&m*gESifh eEGif; ...
tom;0gESifh eEGif; ...
qD;a&m*gESifh eEGif; ...
jrif;cGm½Guf...
BudKUxkd;a&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD;...
qD;atmifha&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD; ...
qD;vGefa&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD; ...
rD;,yfjzLESifh qD;jzLoD; ...

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(19)

ckepfaeYom;orD;rsm; xkdokdYj zpfvQifþokdYvkyfyg .../ - okawoDj rifhxGef;

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cg;emESifhawmifqD;jzL ...
aoG;uifqmESifh BudwfrSef½Guf ...
wefaq; vGefab;...
n§if;aysmufaq; ...
BudKUxkd;a&m*gaysmufaq; ...
qD;tdrfwGif;&Sdausmufrsm;aMuuGJ&ef...
BudwfrSef½Guf,kdESifhaysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
cg;emcg;udkufaysmufaq; ....
csdeJY ydefcsKH; a&m*gESifh c&rf;csOfoD; ...
clemESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf...
iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh &Srf;aq;cg;BuD; ...
qDcsKda&m*gaysmufaq; ....

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qifajcaxmufa&m*gESifh eEGif;rIefYukdEGm;usifi,f7nfESifh a&maomufcJhaomf qifajcaxmufa&m*g? 0Jem?

. . . 23 . . .

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rmwdum
pOf
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taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

qD;atmifh a&m*gaysmufaq; ...
qD;csKyf? qD;atmifha&m*gESifhrJZvD½Guf ....
qD;tdrfydwfqkdYa&m*gESifh rkefvmO ...
qifajcaxmufa&m*gaysmufaq; ...
qHkqkdemESifhoabFmoD; ...
anmif;usa&m*gESifh aMumifyef;½Guf ...
xdyfuyfemaysmufaq; ...
'lvmjrif;odkYr[kwf½kdufESifh oabFmoD; ...
om;zGm;NyD;p rdcifrsm; ESvHk;tm;ay;aq; ...
yef;emaysmufaq; ...
yef;em&ifusyfaysmufaq; ...
zGwfptkdemaysmufaq; ...
vnfacsmif;a&m*gaysmufaq; ...
rD;,yfaoG;vGefa&m*gaysmufaq; ...
jrif;zkemESifh oabFm½Guf ...
jrpfajcmufem(tqkwfem) ESifh uif;ykHyif ...
vnfyif;BuD;a&m*gaysmufaq; ...
vnfyif;uifqmaysmufaq; ...
vQmema&m*gaysmufaq; ...
0rf;csKyfa&m*gESifh qD;jzLoD; ...
0rf;a&m*gaysmufaq; ...
0rf;rD;EkHY aysmufaq; ...
0rf;ykyfcs 0rf;Ekwfaq; ...
onf;ajcysufa&m*gaysmufaq; ...
0rf;trnf;oGm;aysmufaq; ...
oHpl;emaysmufaq; ...
om;jrwfukdufaysmufaq; ...
om;tdrfacgif;uRHaysmufaq; ...
rD;,yfaoG;qHk;aysmufaq; ...
aoG;avn§daq; ...
om;tdrfuifqmaysmufaq; ...
om;zGm;vG,faq; ...
tpmtdrfuifqmESifh aq;tkd;ykwfyif ...

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. . . 24 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

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tqpftjrpfa&mifaysmufaq; ...
tqpftjrpfukdufa&m*gaysmufaq; ...
tazmta&mif a&m*gESifh plvmezm ...
tom;0ga&m*gaysmufaq; ....
tlusa&m*gaysmufaq; ....
&om,etouf&Snfaq; ESifho&ufoD;pdrf;tcGH ...
tonf;BuD;a&m*gESifh oabFmoD; ...
tjrHKaysmufaq;ESifh rkefnif;aph ...
tom;ywfaysmufaq; ...
OD;aESmufemusifukdufcJa&m*gESifh csif;ajcmuf ...
OD;aESmuftm;enf;a&m*gESifh yef;oD;,kkd ...
tarma&m*gaysmufaq; ...

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(20)

trsKd;orD;a&m*godaumif;p&mESifhumuG,fukoenf;rsm; - q&mjrifh (pMumrif;)

135

rD;,yfa&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh aoG;qHk;a&m*gtwGuf....
om;tdrfusaysmufaq; ...
wif;wdyf? 0ufjcH? rSJYajcmufESifh tom;vSoeyfcg; ...
tysKdttkd tvScsufaq; ...

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rpm;wwfvQifab;jzpfonfESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;vufpGJ - aroBuFef (ynma&;)

137

tpmvnf;aq;? aq;vnf;tpm a&m*geJYaq;? wnfhatmifay; ...

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aq;ukd&SmtpmrSmawGU - 0PÖr mvm

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B.A. (History)

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jrif;cGg½Guf ...
uefpGef;½kd;eD ...
aeYpOfxrif;yGJrSm pm;oifhaom[if;tr,f ...

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(23)

qD;csKdqkdaomxkda&m*g - rauG;0if;jrifh

141

qD;csKda&m*gESifh oajyacguf ...

141

aoG;wkd;? avjzwf? OD;aESmufaMumjywf&jcif;taMumif;&if; - rauG;0if;jrifh

141

0aomol aoG;wdk;twGuf ...
ydefaomol aoG;wkd; twGuf ...
aoG;wkd;ESifh eEGif;cg; wnfhol^rwnfhol ...
aoG;wkd;ESifhoHyk&maph ...
tzsm;av;rskKd; (a&cJtkyfoifh? rtkyfoifh) ...

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1/
(24)
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. . . 25 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

6/
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8/

aoG;wkd;aysmufaq; ...
aoG;wkd;ESifh rSefuefaom owd&SdrI ...
aoG;wkd;? avief;eJY vHk;0rwnfh ...

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(25)

vlxJuaq;ynm - rauG;0if;jrifh

143

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pdwfaMumifh ...
wif;wdyfaysmufaq; ...
vdifOa&mifaysmufaq; ...
ysm;&nfppf^ rppfcGJjcm;enf; ...
pwkr"l ...
xHkem? usifemESifh tqkwfemaysmufaq; ...
tom;0ga&m*g aysmufaq; ...
qD;yljcif;ESifh ausmufz½kH ...
qD;eD? qD;enf;? qD;yl? qD;aoG;ygaysmufaq; ...
tonfa&mif? tom;0gESifh ukef;xdu½kH; ...
qHyifeufatmif? axmywfESifh qifwHk;rEG,f ...
qifwHk;rEG,fvQufqm;...
r,SOfEkdifaom aq;wpfzHk ('[wfoukdkif;ESifh EG,fcsKd) ...

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(26)

uRefawmfESifhaq;avmu aq;avmuESifhuRefawmf - rauG;0if;jrifh

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avjzwfjcif;ab;uif;a0a&; ...
BuKdUxkd;jcif;aysmufaq; ...
avjzwfjcif;ESifh a&Smufaygif;&nf ...
wkwfauG;zsm;aysmufaq; ....
0rf;udkufa&m*gaysmufaq; ...
tqkwfa&m*gppfwrf; ...
tqkwfa&m*g (jrpfajcmufem) aysmufaq; ...
qD;usOf? qD;atmifhESifh ausmufysOf ...
teEÅokccsufaq;ESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...
rkwfcg;xkwfvkyfenf;ESifh &Sm;apmif;vufyyf ...

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(27)

usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omom - rauG;0if;jrifh

149

"mwfav;yg;n§daq; (qD;? 0rf;? aoG;? av) ...
"mwfAl;ESifh qefjyKwf (*syefenf;ynm)
ausmufwnfa&m*gESifh ql;yef;yGifh ...

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. . . 26 . . .

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rmwdum
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taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

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rsufpdtjyifwdrfaysmufaq;
xdcdkuf'Pf&mtemrsm;ESifh csif; ...
'PfaMuvdrf;aq; ...
um;rl;aysmufaq; ...
qD;cPcPoGm;jcif;ESifh qD;usefa&m*g ...
qD;oGm;aoG;yg ...
om;onfrdcif EkdYrxGufaomf ...
qD;csKdESifh Bwdu#Kwf ...
ausmufuyfa&m*gESifh zvl;rawmifa0S;ukd,fa7mifaysmufaq; ...
EG,fcsKd ...
cHwGif;a&m*gESifh EG,fcsKd ...
BudKUxkd;jcif;ESifh EG,fcsKd ...
avxkd;avatmifha&m*gESifh EG,fcsKd ...
a,musfm;taMumtm;enf;jcif;? yef;aoyef;ñId;jcif;ESifh &SOfhrwufO ...
om;tdrfü tvHk;7SdolESifh wkdif;&if;aq;eHygwf (11) rkwfuJaq; ...
yef;em&ifusyfESifh tpmukdavQmhpm;jcif; ...

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(28)

tkef;rIwfcGufeif;a&m*guif; - rauG;0if;jrifh

155

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tkef;rIwfcGufeif;yHkeif;enf; ...
tkef;rIwfcGufeif;vQif a&SmifMuOf&rnfhudpörsm; ...
tkef;rIwfcGufeif;í yGJawGUaysmufaoma&m*grsm; ...
ukd,fawGU MuKHrS ...
odrfjzLq&mawmf Mo0g' ...
qD;a&m*gvHk;0uif;pifapzkdY ...

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ukd,fawGUa&m*gaysmufuif;jcif;rsm;

157

awmifvHk;jyefyif ...
acG;ukdufcH&jcif;ESifh awmifvHk;jyefyif ...
uifqmusdwfESifh awmifvHk;jyefyif ...
taxGaxGa&m*grsm;ESifh awmifvHk;jyefyif ...
oHpl;jcif;ESifh oMum;rIdif; ...
a&,kefESifh oGm;wkdufaq;tjzL ...

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a&m*gaysmufaq;enf;rsm; tu©&mpOftñTef;

161

(29)
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(30)

. . . 27 . . .

rSwfc suf

rmwdum
pOf
(31)

taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

pmudk;pm&if;

177

. . . 28 . . .

rSwfc suf

oHk;wwf&ifaq; roHk;wwf&ifab;

uefawmhyef;

• wif;ykyf? wJukyfxJwGifaeNyD; ...
'ku©qif;&JtrsKd;rsKd;cHum ...
owå0grsm; toufukdu,fí ...
a&m*ga0'emtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYukd ukoay;cJhaom ...
wkdif;&if;jrefrmorm;awmfBuD;rsm;tm; ...
]] þpmtkyfjzifh }}
vIdufvSJpGmOD;ESdrfcsí ...
uefawmhyg .../

(okawoDjrifhxGef;)
pmukd; !
okawoDjrifhxGef; ...
2003 Zefe0g&Dv? 'kwd,tBudrfxkwf ...
]] ckESpf&ufom;orD;rsm;? xkdodkYjzpfvQif þokdYvkyfyg }}...
pmtkyfaumufEkwfcsuf .../
• 0oka`E´? þajraomfvnf;
apmifpnf;rkom;? usifhaomtm;jzifh
pum;opöm? rSefaomcgum;
MoZmav;euf? ay:qDwufí
EG,fjrufopfyif? aq;buf0if .../

&Sifr[moDv0Ho
( yg&rDcef;ysKdU )
• u½kPm? arwåmjzpfaomcgum;
MoZmav;euf? ay:qDwufí
EG,fjrufopfyif? aq;buf0if .../

u

25.1.2006
WEEKLY ELEVEN NEWS
NO.16, VOL.1 wG i f y g 0 if a omowif ; aqmif ; yg ;

...

tcsKdUaom jrefrmaq;NrD;wdkrsm;onfa&m*ga0'emrsm;udk tvG,fwul oufomaysmufuif;aponf[k rD'D,m
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jrefrmaq;NrD;wkdrsm;ukd pepfwus okawoe jyKvkyfNyD;rSom rD'D,mrsm;wGif us,fus,fjyefYjyefY a&;om;azmfjyoifh
aMumif; tMuHay; pum;ajymMum;vkdufonf[k owif;&&Sdonf/ ,cktcg jrefrmaq;zuf0if tyifwpfrsKd;jzpfaom
plvmezmukda&m*gaygif;pkHaysmufuif;oufomonf[kqkdum t&nfuskdKaomufjcif;rsm; jrefrmEkdifiH wpfeHwpfvsm;wGifjyK
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xdckdufepfem oGm;apEkdifw,f}} [k&Sif;vif;ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/
½ku©aA' tac:t& Oldenlandia Corymbosa Linn [kac:aomplvmezmtyifrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH
ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif tavhusaygufa&mufavh&Sdaom tyifrsKd;jzpfNyD; ,cifu rnfolrQ tav;rxm;rdcJhaomfvnf;
,ck tcg wpfqifhpum; wpfqifhMum;&mrS a&m*gaygif;pkH aysmufuif;onf[k qkdum ,HkMunfrIvGefuJpGmjzifh
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tm;jzifh plvmezmyiftm; pepfwus "mwfcGJprf;oyfrIrsm; rjyKvkyf&ao;aMumif; wkdif;&if;aq;okawoeESifh zGHYjzdK;a&;
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azmfjy aeMujcif;ukdaq;ynm&Siftrsm;pku BudKufESpfoufjcif;r&Sd[kqkdonf/
wkdif;&if;aq;ynm&Siftrsm;pkESifh taemufwkdif;aq;ynm&Sifrsm;uyg obm0 twkdif;aygufaeonfh
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azmfjyyg&SdcJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rS wpfqifh plvmezmukd ,cktcg a&&SnfaomufoHk;aerIrsm; qufvufjzpfay:
aeqJyifjzpfonf/
*

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plvmezmtaMumif; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHodcsifvkdY &SmMunfhwJhtcg WHO SEARO pmMunfhwkdufrSm odrf;qnf;xm;wJh
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prf;oyfcJh&mrSm plvmezmwkduftNyD; 12 ywftMumrSm tJ'D<uufawG&JU o&uf½GufawG[m rlvxuf BuD;vmNyD;
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0,f,loHk;pGJr,fqkd&if rvkdvm;tyfwJh qkd;usKd;awG 7ifqkdif&Ekdifygw,f}} [k tMuHay;pum; ajymMum;cJhonf/
,cifumvrsm;twGif;u jreffrmEkdifiHwGif aq;okawoeOD;pD;Xme[lí Xmewpfckwnf;om &SdaecJhaomfvnf;
,cktcg aq;okawoeOD;pD;Xme jreffrmjynf atmufykdif;? tv,fykdif;ESifh txufykdif;[lí XmeoHk;cktxd wkd;csJU
zGJUpnf;EkdifcJhNyD;jzpfNyD; ,if;aq;okawoeOD;pD;XmeBuD;oHk;ckwGif a&m*grsm; umuG,fukoEkdifonfh y&aq; trskKd;rsKd;ukd
&SmazGpkaqmif;xm;&Sdum okawoevkyfief;rsm; pepfwus aqmif½Gufvsuf&SdaMumif; od&Sd&onf .../

owif;t,f'DwmtzGJU? "mwfyHk -

C

SN /


25.1.2006
WEEKLY ELEVEN NEWS
NO.16, VOL.1 wG i f y g 0 if a omowif ; aqmif ; yg ; ES i f h y wf o uf í

...

plvmezmeJY ywfoufvkdY om*'kd;u a&m*gawG awmfawmfaysmufuif;aMumif; a&;xm;wmeJY ywfoufNyD;
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azmfpyfwmrsKd;yJ toHk;jyKavh&Sdygw,f ... olUcsnf;oufouf oHk;zkdY uRefrwkdYbufu wpfcgrS rñTefMum;cJhygbl; .../
a&&SnfpGJpGJNrJNrJaomuf&if bmjzpfvmEkdifovJqkdwm tckcsdeftxd rod&ao;ygbl; tckrS okawoejyKvkyfaewJh
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usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? wkdif;&if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xmeu
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aysmufuif;apygonf .../
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plvmezmeJY ywfoufvkdY om*'kd;[m plvmezm (2) pmtkyfxJrSm ajymjyoGm;wm wpfck&Sdygao;w,f/
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q&mBuD;OD;OmPfvGif) 'Dae&mrSmq&mBuD; OD;OmPfvGif ajymjycsufukd jyefvnf azgufonfcs&rnfqkd&if .../
]]'DvkdAs ukd'kd;& plvmezmyif&JU *kPfowådu tylukdEkdifNyD; acszsufwwfwJh owådxl;&Sdw,f/ ukd,fwGif;tylNidrf;
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w,fAsm}} / q&mBuD;qufvufrdefYonfrSm ...
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,HkMunfod&SdNyD; odyfukdoHk;aeMuwmukd;Asmh/ olwkdYodwm oHk;wm usKyfwkdY twkdif;yJ aq;awGrSm
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vnfyif;twGuf jyKwfaomufwmukdawGUodvmcJhwmygyJ ..../
usKyfwkdYu plvmezmvkdYac:wmukd olwkdYu a>rjzLyif (ykdufcsJ½Sf) vkdY a&S;½kd;tac:eJY ac:w,fav/
tac:uGJaomfvnf; tyifuawmh 'DtyifygyJav}} .../
ponfjzifh q&mBuD;OD;OmPfvGif u&Sif;vif;rdefYMum;oGm;ygonf .../
NyD;awmh 'Daq;NrD;wkdawGeJY ywfoufvkdY okawoejyKNyD;rS oHk;pGJ&r,fqkd&if wpfckawmhar;csifygw,f...
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'DplvmezmeJY uko&mrSmvJ tJ'DvkdyJjzpfwm bmrStjypfwifp&mr&Sdygbl; .../
NyD;awmh owif;aqmif;yg;xJrSm a&;xm;wmu]]aq;NrD;wkdukd oHk;pGJr,fqkd&if em;vnfwwfuRrf;ol wpfOD;OD;
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qdkwm [kwfrSefaMumif;yg .../
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jzpfaMumif;yg/ pmtkyfa&;ol&JU tjypfr[kwfyg/ pmzwfol&JU tjypfom jzpfaMumif;ygcifAsm .../
'Dudpöukd qufajym&r,fqkd&if plvmezm vufwpfqkyukd oHk;cGufwpfcGufwif usKdNyD; wpfaeYwpfzefcGuf
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&ifawmh b,folrS wwfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/ NyDawmh ñTef;Mum;csufu oHk;cGufwpfwifusKd&rSm a7oHk;cGufxnfhNyD;
a&wpfcGufpmom usefonftxd pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJY usKd&rSm 'gukd rD;aoG; (avmifpm) ESajrmNyD;a&ql½Hk
usKdaomufrd&ifvnf; tajzu wpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;rSm a&qlatmifusKdw,fqkd&if awmfao;wmaygh a&urqlao;bl;
yl½HkusKdNyD; aomufrd&ifvJ xGufvmr,fh &v'fu wpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;jyefa&m .../
NyD;awmh ajrBuD;xJu tyifaygif;pHkxJu Ekwfvm&wJhtwGuf tjcm;rvkdvm;wJh tyifawG? oefY&Sif;rI&dSatmif
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ruygbl;/ b,faq;aomufaomuf rvkdvm;tyfwJh qkd;usKd;[m &SdpNrJyg .../
NyD;awmh azmfjyxm;wJh owif;aqmif;yg;xJrSm aq;ynm uRrf;usifolrsm; r[kwfbJ wkdif;&if;aq;
taMumif;ukd rD'D,m wGifazmfjyaejcif;ukd aq;ynm&Siftrsm;pku BudKufESpfoufjcif; r&SdMuyg/ 'Dae&mrSm aq;ynm&Sif
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jynfoltrsm;pkaMumifh powerful jzpfvmwmyg/ jynfoltrsm;pku tm;ay;vkdY csD;ajr§mufvkdY powerful jzpfvmwmyg/
jynfolubmvkdY tm;ay;&wmvJ jynfol&JU wu,fvkdtyfcsufukd vufawGUusus jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifvkdYygyJ .../
pmzwfol trsm;pk[m aq;ynm&SifawG r[kwfygbl; (aq;ynm&SifawGvnf; yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEkdifygw,f)
aq;ynm&SifawG r[kwfovkd evydef;wHk; awGvnf;r[kwfygbl; [kwfrSausmfwmyg/ plvmezmaMumifh tqifrajyol
av;ig;OD; &SdEkdifNyD; plvmezmeJY tqifajy pdwfcsrf;omoGm;olawGvnf; rsm;pGm&SdMuygw,f/ xkdenf;wlyJ taemufwkdif;
aq;eJY ukvdkY tqifrajyol av;ig;OD; &SdEkdifovkd tqifajyolrsm;pGmvnf; &SdMurSmtrSefyg/ uavmift&Sdeft0g ukd
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vlwpfa,mufukd vdrfvkdY&r,f ... ESpfa,mufukd vdrfvdkY&r,f wpfEkdifiHvHk;rSm&SdwJh pmzwfy&dwfowfukdawmh vdrfvdkYr&
Ekdifygbl;cifAsm/ 'gaMumifh om*'kd;qkdwJh uavmift&Sdeft0gaMumifh vdkufvkyfMuwm r[kwfygbl; wu,fa&m*gawG
aysmufuif;NyD; ukd,fusef;rm pdwfcsrf;omoGm;olawGrsm;vkdY vdkufvkyfMuwmyg .../
ykyfrSay:wmyg ... [kwfrSausmfwmyg .../
owif;aqmif;yg;xJrSm a&;xm;wmu ]]vlwpfa,mufukd prf;oyfaysmufuif;½HkeJY a&;vkdYr&bl;
rSefovm;rSm; ovm; okawoejyKvkyfNyD;rS a&;oifhw,f/ tJ'DvkdrSr[kwfbJ ukd,fwpfOD;wpfa,muf&JU awUGMuHK&wmudk
tajccHNyD; a&;r,fqkd&if rD'D,mtay: opömr&Sdovkd jzpfoGm;r,f/ ukd,fhukd ,HkMunfukd;pm;wJh pmzwfy&dwfowf
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rD'D,mtay: opömr&Sdovkd jzpfoGm;NyDayghaemf/ olwdkY&JU pmzwfy&dwfowftay: opömr&Sdovdk jzpfoGm;NyDayghaemf .../
bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh olwdkY[m okawoeynm&SifawG r[kwfvkdYygyJ .../ olwkdY[m rdrdwkdYodwmav;udk rdrdodovdk
½kd;½kd;av;yJ pmzwfy&dwfowfukd wifjyoGm;wJhoabm/ okawoe vkyfxm;wmawG uRefawmfawmh rawGUzl;yg/
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cspfp&m"avhyg .../
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aus;Zl;&Sifwpfa,mufvkd jrifrSmtrSefygyJ/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh ESpf&Snfvrsm; ESdyfpufcHae&wJh a&m*ga0'emtwGuf
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pdwfcsrf;omMurvJ ... ajymay;wJYol a&;wJholukdvnf; jrefrmyDyD aus;Zl;&SifvdkY owfrSwfMurSmyg/ aus;Zl;&SifvdkY
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&ifxJrSm uvduvdeJYrkdY qufNyD; azmufonfcscsifygao;w,f/ tJ'D ]]uGrf;wpf½GufESifh tarhaq;enf;wkdrsm;}}
pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;[m awmfawmhukd t"dyÜg,f ay:vGif vGef;vSygw,fAsm .../ pmtkyfa&;ol&JU tBuHÓmPfvm;? 'DZdkif;q&m&JU
tBuHÓmPfvm;awmh rodbl;/ tawmfhukd t"dyÜg,f ay:vGif vGef;vSygw,f/ uRefawmf awUGzl;zwfzl;wJh pmtkyf (60)
cefYrSm awGUcJ&wmu aq;q&mBuD;eJY vlawG&JUykH 'grSr[kwf toD; tyGifh t½Guf tyifawG&JU ykHawGyJ xyfcgxyfcg awGUcJh
7ygw,f/ tck uRefawmf ajymr,fh pmtkyftzHk;&JU o½kyfazmfyuawmh uGrf;wpf½GufxJyHk&,f NyD;awmh a7TawG aiGawG
kH
'*Fg;awG ywåjrm;awG yHkukd o½kyfaz:xm;jcif;ygyJ .../
pmtkyf&JUemrnfu ]]aq;zuf0ifuGrf;wpf½GufESifh taray;aomaq;enf;wkdrsm;}} .../ qGJxm;wJh
o½kyfazmfyHku uGrf;wpf½GufeJY a&G? aiG? '*Fg;Nym;awG ywåjrm;awG&JUyHk}} .../ taray;wJh aq;wpfcGufpm[m a&T? aiG?
ausmufoH? ywåjrm;awGavmuf wefzkd;&dSw,ff/ a&T? aiG? ausmufoH? ywåjrm;awG&JU wefzkd;eJY EIdif;qr,f qkd&ifawmif
wkEIdif;vkdY rrDatmif wefzkd;&Sdw,f qkdwJh ... t"dyÜg,f trsKd;rsKd;awG[m ÓmPfuGef&ufukd jzefYawG;vkdufwkdif;
rGefjrwfoefYpifwJh t"dyÜg,f trsKd;rsKd;awG xGufaewm[m tHhMop&mwpfyg;ygyJAsm .../ tarwkdY ay;wJh
arwåma&jynfh0aewJh usyfckd;wdkufxm;wJh aq;yifav;[m ao&awmhr,fqJqJ a&m*gaysmufuif;oGm;&if
tJ'Dtaray;wJh aq;enf;av;&JU wefzkd;ukd bmeJYjzwfrSmvJ/ a7Tvm; aiGvm; pdefvm; .../ tkd pm½IolrdwfaqG
wefzkd;jzwfMunfhprf;ygavmh .../
'gaMumifhrkdY uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmawG&JU aq;NrD;wkd awmfawmfrsm;xJrSm jrefrmwkdY vufcHusihfoHk;aewJh uHeJY uH&JU
tuskKd;awG arwåm opömpwJh yg&rDpGrf;tm;awG[m a&ukd om;vkdYMum;rxif a'G;a&m,Sufwif yg0ifaeygw,f/ 'gukd
jrefrmwpfa,muftaeeJY jrefrmvkdawG;NyD; wifjyjcif; pdwfapwemtay: pmzwfolwkdY&JU pdwfapwemeJY wpfxyfwnf;
usEkdifygapvkdY qE´jyK&if; ed*kH;csKyfygw,f .../

(v,fuGufxJu rIdewkd ...)•
n


l aq;ukdtvGeftrif;pm;oHk;rdygvQif L
aysmufvkdaZmjzifh aq;tcsdeftqukd ykdí toHk;rjyKtyfyg .../
tu,fí tvGeftrif; pm;oHk;rdygvQif ...
(u) aoG;? avrsm; vIyf&Sm;vmNyD; ukd,fta&jym;rsm; eDjref;vmwwfjcif;/
(c) ykd;&Grsm; ukdufouJhokdY cHpm;&jcif;/
(*) tom;ta&ay:wGif tzktydefYrsm; jzpfwwfjcif;/
xkdokdY jzpfay:cJhvQif pm;aeus aq;tcsdeftqudk avQmhpm;oifhonf/
0rf;Ekwfay;jcif;ukdvnf; jyKoifhonf .../ (pm? 37)
pmukd;

!

okawoDjrifhxGef;
ckESpf&ufom;orD;rsm; ... xkdokdYjzpfvQif þokdYvkyfyg ... pmtkyfaumufEkwfcsuf .../
'kw,tBur/f 2003 JAN. prf;oDwmpmay .../
d
d

k txl;rSwfcsuf K
1/ (eEGif;cg;ESifhysm;&nf) = eEGif;cg;aq;vHk;ü ysm;&nfajcmufcef;jcif;/ "mwfaysmufjcif;wdkY jzpfvQif ysm;&nfu
xdef;xm;aom eEGif;cg;rSm aoaq;yrm jzpfoGm;wwfonf/ owdjyK .../
d
2/ bkr®&mZmwdkY? eEGif;cg;wdkY? qifwkH;rEG,fwdkY? 0gZDu&PwdkY? eHYomeDwdkY? EG,fcsKwdkY? rjcpfO ponfwdkYrSm
txdef;tuGyf rygbJ roHk;oifhaom aq;trnfrsm; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;trnfrsm;ESifh wGJzufí rdrdwdkYzmom
aq;azmfawmhrnf qdkvQif wwfuRrf; em;vnfaomolrsm;ESihf wdkifyifNyD;rS azmfpyfyg .../

(pmudk;/

/ om*'dk;? plvmezm (3) pmtkyfrS)

#


#

rSwfpk&SiftrSmpm #

vlawGxJu ... vlaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmu azmfxkwfa&;om;wJh ]]jrefrmaq;NrD;wkd}} pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGmukd
rnfrQyif txyfxyf tcgcg zwfxm;ygaomfvnf; wu,f toHk;jyKvkdwJhtcg ]]b,faq;enf;[m ...
b,fpmtkyfxJrSm}} qkdwmukd twdtus rajymEkdifawmhyg/ pmtkyfawGrSmygwJh rmwdumt& jyef&Smaomfvnf;
ae0if;(vef'ef) &JU pmtkyf wpftkyfu vGJvkdY usefwJhpmtkyfu aq;enf;awG ... jyef&Sm&wm rvG,fulawmhyg .../
ae0if;(vef'ef) &JU pmtkyf uawmh pmtkyfaemufykdif;rSm aq;enf; tu©7mpOftñTef; yg&SdvkdY vkdcsifwJh aq;enf;
jyef&Sm&wm vG,fuklcJhygw,f/
'gaMumifh .... pmtkyfwpftkyfxJrSm pkaygif;jyeful;xnfhNyD; tu©&mpOf tñTef;eJY vkyfxm;&ifawmh &SmvkdY
vG,fulr,f? vkdtyfolawGtwGuf trsm;BuD; toHk;wnfhvdrfhr,f qkdwm pOfpm;rdvkdY aq;NrD;wkdpmtkyf (28) tkyfxu
J
rdrd pdwfBudKufenf;av;awGukd a&G;xkwf.../ NyD;awmh pmtkyfwpftkyfxJrSm pkpnf; rSwfpkxkwfcJhygw,f/ a&Sykdif;rSm
rmwdumpOfNyD; aemufykdif;rSm tu©&mpOf tñTef;eJY &SmvkdY vG,fatmif pepfwus pkpnf;EkdifcJhygw,f .../
tJ'DtcsdefrSm aq;enf;awGeJY ywfoufvkdY tjrif rwlnDrIukd wifjyMuwJh owif;aqmif;yg; ESpfyk'f xyfrH
zwf½IcJh&vkdY 'DrSwfpkzwfr,fh yk*¾dKvfawG ykdNyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf qHk;jzwfEkdifatmif 'Dpmtkyf tprSm jyefvnf azmfjy
ay;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh vloHk;rsm;wJh pum;yHk (2)ck ukdyg xnfhoGif; pOfpm;vkdY&atmif atmufrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f
.../
tkd pm½Iol ... cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmí .../
pm½Iol pdwfwkdif;us vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfygavmh .../
uRefawmf ESpfjcdKufwJh pum;yHk (2)ck uawmh ...
$ rod o l a usmf o G m ; ... od o la zmf p m; .../
$ oH k ; wwf & if a q; ... roH k ; wwf & if a b; .../
xyfrH yefMum;vkdwmu 'DrSwfpk&JUtp owif;aqmif;yg (2)yk'fukd zwf½INyD;vkdY pdwf0ifpm;w,f qkd&if om*'kd;&JU
plvmezm (1) eJY plvmezm (2) tjyif 'DrSwfpkrSm rygao;wJh plvmezm (3) ukdyg &SmazG zwf½IoifhaMumif;yg .../

aqGpOfrsKd;quf ...
om;pOfajr;quf ...
rsKd;qufopfwkdYtwGuf ...

aq;rSwfpkxkwfol ...
23.7.2006
we*FaEGaeY

!


¡


e

wkdif;&if;aq;a0g[m&ESifhodzG,f (t"dyÜm,f)

uvkdifokwfonf (rvkdifokwfonf) =
usyf
=
usyfykwD;em
=
usyfckd;
=
ukd,fa&0ga&m*g
=
Muufwuf&nf
=
MuufoD;aEG;
=
<uufrD;wef;
=
uifqm
=

e

aMu;tkfd;? aMu;cGufrsm;ukd okwfvdrf;aom oHjzLrvdkif (tdEd´,)/
vnfyif;ü tzktusdwfxGufaomtemwpfrsKd;/
vnfyif;ürmaMumaomtzkwGJrsm; wGJvsm;usaejcif; (ykwD;vHk;rsm;ESifhwl)/
usyfc;pifwGifuyfaeonfh rD;ckd;rSjzpfonfhtrIefY/
kd
tonf;a&mif? tom;0ga&m*g/
t&nf? tzwfa&mae&mrS te,fxkdifapNyD;? ty:,HrS,lxm;aom t&nfMunf/
a&ryl ... aEG;½HkrQom/
aumfcyfvkdufaomtcg t&nfyspfyspfwef;í ygvmonf/
qJ(vf)awG tuefYtowfr&Sd uGJyGm;oGm;NyD; cE¨mukd,f&JU
tjcm;tpdwftykdif;awGrSm topftajcwnfum topfxyfrHBuD;yGm;jcif;/

(jrefrm = jrpfyGm;em)
ukuúKd (jrefrm)
ukuúKd (oabFm)
unGwf
clem
csif;ajcmuf

=
=
=
=
=

cs&m;yif
cs&m;yGifh
*Ekda&m*g
*&if*sDem
ikBuD;
ijzLBuD;

=
=
=
=
=
=

qm; (½ku©rlqm;)

=

ukuúKdoD;rSm jym;í t0ga&mifoef;onf/ (aq;zuf0ifukuúKd)
ukuúKdoD;rSm vHk;í tndKa&mifoef;onf/ (EGm;BudKuf)
&SOfhrwuf (xGufcgptyifEk = unGwf/ tyifBuD;vQif = &SOfhrwuf)
vufacsmif;xdyfwGif aygufaomtem/
oabmFcsif;ajcmuf = oabFmjzifh tdE´d,rS vmaomcsif;ajcmuf (tpkdr[kwf)/
csif;ajcmufr&EkdifvQif csif;tpkdukd tajcmufcHNyD; xnfhoHk;í r&yg .../
csif;ajcmufvkyfenf;twkdif; pDrHjyKvkyfrS&onf .../
tajcmufcH½kHESifh csif;ajcmufrjzpfyg .../ (&Sifem*odef twGJ (1)? pm? 182)
ca&yif/
ca&yGifh/
qD;yl anmif;usESifh wloovm;rod .../ (jyefppf&ef)
b&if*sDem = ptkdt*FgpyfwGif wGif;uav;jzpfí aygufwwfaomtem/
zGm;zuf/ (aq;azmf&mwGif oHk;aomikyif)
EGm;jzLBuD; = rk½kd; = r½kd;yif/ (¤if;tyifonf t½Guf? ½kd;wHutp jzLonf)
tpdrf;a&miftEkonf tjzLa&mifzufodkY vkaeonf? tjzLrsm;aeonf/
tyif yOöig;yg;ukd jymcs? jymukd a&ESifhazsmf? jymazsmf&nfrS t&nfMunfukd
,lí BudKcsuf? a&cef;vQif ½ku©rlqm;ukd &rnf/

(½ku©rlqm;onf twkdif;tqtenf;i,fomoHk;&ojzifh aq;nm&Sif
r[kwfaom t&yfom;rsm; roHk;oifh/ okHk;rdvQif a&m*gaysmufcsifaZmjzifh
aq;vGefwwfonf/) (wefaq; vGefab;)
qm; (odaE¨mqm;)
qm;rD;zkwf
qD;ylanmif;us
qifclvnfjywfem
aqmif;ar;cg;em
qHkqkdYem (qkHZkdYem)

= aq;zuf0if tnKda&mifqm;/
(tdE´d,EkdifiH odE¨Ke,frS xGuf&Sdonfukd tpGJjyKíac:aomtrnf .../)
= uGr;½GufuawmhwGif xnfhí rD;zkwfxm;aomqm;/
f
= rdef;rukd,fjzpfap? a,mufsm; usifacsmif;rSjzpfap tusdtcRJrsm;usonfha&m*g/
*Ekda&m*gESifh wlovm;rod .../ (jyefppf&ef)
= vnfukyf qH&if;wGif aygufaomtem/
= ESmap;? ESmydwf? ESm,kdaoma&m*g/
= vnfacsmif;twGif;ü jzpfaomtemwpfrsKd;
P


qifwHk;rEG,f

= qiforEG,f = qifpmrEG,f = qif½kd;rEG,f = qifidkrPd/

(vlodrsm;aom trnfig;rskKd;)
qefyHk;&nf

= qefaq;&nftm; oHk;&ufcefY xm;aomt&nf/

(rauG;0if;jrifh vlxJuaq;ynm/ pm? 94)
qefyHk;&nf

aq;NrD;wkd

= qefaq;&nf? xrif;&nfESpfyg; qwla&m? xrif;Murf;cJxnfh/
qm;vnf; tenf;i,f xnfhNyD; (10)&uf cefYxm;yg/ t&nfMunf iSJY ,lyg/
qefyHk;&nf&/

(OD;vScif (qef;nGefYOD;)/ rD;zkdacsmifrSaq;pGrf;aumif;rsm;/ twGJ(1)? pm? 21)
= tema&m*grsm;udk aq;tr,f wpfrsKd; ESpfrsKd;avmuf (aq;trnf tenf;i,f)
ESifh aysmufuif;apEkdifaomaq;/

(aq;tr,f av; ig;q,favmuf ygwJh aq;enf;awGusawmh tNrD;&SnfwJh
oabmygyJ aq;trnfenf;&if aq;NrD;wkd? aq;rnfrsm;&if aq;NrD;&Snf .../)
qifajcaxmufa&m*g
Bwdzv
Bwdu#Kwf
awmqD;jzL
xdyfuyfem (xdyfcwfem)
xHkempkd (xHkeZkd)

=
=
=
=
=
=

ykd;wpfrsKd;aMumifh ajcaxmufBuD;vmaoma&m*g/
opfqdrhfoD;? MupkoD;? qD;jzLoD;/
i½kwfaumif;? ydwfcsif;oD;? csif;ajcmuf/
awmifqD;jzL = ajrqDjzL = a7qD;jzL = ykwD;jzL /
ESmacgif;ydwfqkdYa&m*g/
wpfenf; pm;aumif;? tdyfaysm?f "mwfcsKyf? toHrxGuf? ukd,fum,atmufykdif;
xHkusifukdufcJ? av;vHazma&mif (orm;awmfpmapmif 7-10/ OD;xGef;vIdif

rtlyifNrdKU wkdif;&ifaq;ynm ESD;aESmyGJwGif zwfMum;onfhpmwrf;) (wpfenf;)
tm[m& "mwfcsKdUwJhrIaMumifh azma&mifaom xHkusifemwpfrsKd;/

(q&mBuD;OD;csrf; touf&Snf&mtemrJhaMumif; aq;pGrf;aumif;rsm;)
'EÅokc
'lvm
'lvmoa&m
'defcsOfvkyfenf;
eEGifcg;

= odMum;rukd#f = ref;av;yif/
= tqpftjrpf ukdufcJaom a,mufsm;a&m*g/
= usifacsmif;ukdufNyD; qD;ESifh a&mí tjzLzwfrsm; xGufusaoma&m*g/
qD;oGm;cg;ukduf/
= EkdYukd em&D0ufavmuf BudKNyD;awmh oefYjyefwJhae&mrSm (2)&ufavmuf 'Dtwkdif;
xm;vdkuf&if tcsOf0ifí 'defjzpfvm/ 'D ... 'defxJu wpfZGef;avmuf EkdYxJ
xnfYvdkuf&if wpf&ufxJeJY 'def jzpfwmaygh .../
= 0aomaoG;wkd;orm;ESifh wnfh? ydefaomaoG;wkd;orm;ESifh rwnfh/

yifv,ftlem

(rauG;0if;jrifh aoG;wkd;avjzwfpmtkyfrS)
= (yifv,ftlavQufem) 0rf;jyif;xefpGm &pfNyD;? atmhtH 0rf;oGm; a&m*g/
txufvSefatmufavQm[kvnf; ac:onf /

yg'&uf ('lvmyg'7uf)
yOöig;yg;
zsOf;
zGwfptkdem (zGwfokdem)
rufuavmif
rkwå
jrif;o½kdufem

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

ajcaxmufatmufykdif; aoG;av tvdkufrnDaoma&m*g/
toD; tyGifh t½Guf tacguf tjrpf (wpfyifvHk; tm;vHk;yg)/
aoG; av t&nfaMumifh 0rf;Akdufyl? azmif;aomt&m/
ESmacgif;twGif;ü ESmykwfwnfí ESmacgif;tHk yGeDaewwfaoma&m*g /
tjyif;zsm;í ptkd0wGif jynfzki,frsm; jzpfay:aejcif;a&m*g/
uyfy,ftdwfa&mifa&m*g/
(wpfenf;) ptkd0wGif tom;ykdxGufí jzpfaoma&m*g/

(0rf;roGm;bJ avcsKyfjcif;? wpfcgw&H 0rf;AkdufESifh &ifrSm jynfhu,faejcif;?
NrD;an§mifhESifhcg;qpfukdufjcif; 0rf;rSmyspfcRJ? aoG;ovdyfuJhokdY oGm;jcif;?
&Hzef&Hcg pjrif;? &Hzef&Hcg aoG;qif;jcif;wkdYonf jrif;o½kdufem vu©Pm .../)
w


jrpfcsif;NyD;
jrpfajcmufem
jrif;zkem
rSu©½k (ru©½k)
rD;uGif;*rkef;t½Guf
jrpfyGm;em
&Sm;apmif;od*Feduf
&om,eaq;
½ku©rlqm;

½SOfrwuf
av;zufem (av;bufem)
vdyfacgif;
owåK&nf
oHowf&nf

= tjcm;aq;tr,f a&mpGwf&efrvkdbJ aq;tr,f wpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh a&m*g
temukd ukoEkdifaomaq; .../
= acsmif;qkd; aoG;yg tqkwfa&m*g (TB)/
taoG;tom; cef;ajcmufonfh a&m*g .../
= vlukd,fwGif; azmif;rkdY <uplaeaom tusdwfvHk;/
= uav;i,fwkdY vQm? Ekwfcrf; twGif;ykdif;ü tjzLpuf? taysmufrsm;ay:ü
emusifaeaoma&m*g
= wpfzufpdrf;? wpfzufc&rf;a&mif/
= uifqm (u. tu©&m uifqmwGif½I)
= kiss me quick = b,fvdrfnmvdrf (awmifBuD;tc:)/
= vlom;wkdYtm; touft&m taxmif&Snfap&ef? wnfwHhap&ef
taoG;tom;ESifh tm;wkdYukd wkd;yGm;apaomaq; .../
= tyif yÍöig;yg;ukd rD;½IdIU jymcsí &aomjymtm; a&pdrfNyD; t&nfMunfu,l?
Jh
,if;t&nfMunftm; usKdcsuf/ aemufqHk; a&cef;oGm;vQif ½ku©rlqm;&rnf/

½ku©rlqm;onf twkdif;tq tenf;i,fomoHk;&ojzifh aq;ynm&Sif
r[kwfaom t&yfom;rsm; roHk;oifh/ oHk;rdvQif a&m*gaysmufcsifaZmjzifh
aq;vGefwwfonf/ (wefaq;vGefab;)
= unGwf (xGufcgp = unGwf? tyifBuD; = ½SOfhrwuf)
= txkdiftx cufonfh ajcqpfvufqpf emusifaoma&m*g/
= ptkd0 taMumrsm; a&mif7rf; plxGufaoma&m*g /
= aq;yif t½Guf (okdY) yÍöig;yg;ukd Budwfajc axmif;n§pfí 7aom
(a&ra&m7ao;onfh a&rygonfh) yuwdt&nf/
= ,if;owåK&nfukd rD;ylay;xm;aom oHjym;ay:avmif;csvQif oHowf&nf7rnf/
,if;owåK&nfxJokdY oHacsmif;rD;zkwfukdxnfhvQif oHowf&nf&rnf/

(Oyrm ... oHyk&moD; n§pfí &aomt&nfukd owåK7nf[kac:NyD;
,if;a&ra&m&ao;aom oHyk&mowåK&nfukd rD;tylay;xm;aom oHjym;ay:
avmif;csvkdufvQif oHyk&moHowf&nfukd &rnf .../)
oabFmrJZvD
orifjzLa&m*g
odaE¨mqm;

= rJZvDBuD; = ayG;ukdif;/
= tjzLqGwfqGwfrsm;? tjzLuGufrsm; (ukd,fcE¨may:ü)/
= aq;zuf0if tndKa&mifqm;/

(tdEd´,EdkifiH odE¨Ke,frS xGuf&Sdonfukd tpGJjyKí ac:aomtrnf)
Oy'´a0g
temrD; temvQH
tifysOf
tmoD;a&mif

=
=
=
=
=
=

ab;&ef? ab;Oy'?f tEÅ&,f/
ykdrkd &SyfaxG;aomtajctae jzpfvmatmif jyKvkyfaomt&m
tajctaeykdqkd;vmatmif xyfwkd;aomt&m/
ta&jym;ay:wGif rD;avmifzkuJhokdY eD&JpGm jzpfay:aeaom tem/
ta&jym;ay:wGif teDtydefYrsm; ysOfvkdufxGufaom ,m;emwpfrsKd;/
yoda&mif/

x


(1) plvmezmESifhaq;enf;aq;yifrsm; (1)
om*'dk;
yxrtBudrf? 2005? ar/ wefzdk; 700usyf/ pmayavmu .../
1/

plvmezmESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
yÍöig;yg; ... vufwpfqkyfcefY okHcGufwpfcGufwif? usKdaomuf .../
(1) a&zsOf;a&m*gaysmuf ...
(2) tonf;a&m*gtwGufvnf; odyfudkaumif;ygw,f ...
(3) uifqma&m*gyg aysmufonf[k Mum;zl;xm;onf (a&m*gEk&ifaysmuf) ...
(4) t&ufaomufcsifpdwf ukefvmNyD;aemuf t&ufjzwfvdkufonf ...
(5) tanmif;a&m*gaysmuf ...
(6) ESm&nfpdk&TJa&m*gaysmuf ... (qm;a&aEG;jzwfoef;enf;eJYvJaysmufonf) (pm? 27)
(7) vdyfacgif;? aoG;,dk? b&if*sDem aysmuf ...
(8) acgif;&Sif;oGm;onf? acgif;MunfoGm;onf? acgif;½Iyfwmaysmuf ...
(9) tyludkajczsufEdkifaom *kPfowdå&dSonf .../ (pm? 1-167)

2/
(1)

uGrf;½GufESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
ESvkH;a&m*g (Heart Attack)
ESvkH;aoG;aMumydwf? touf&SL&yf? touf&SLMuyfjzpfvkdufwmeJY ½kwf½kwfoJoJawG rvkyfrdatmif owdxm;yg/
udk,feJYpdwfudk NidrfNidrfxm;yg/ pdwfukd owdeJY xdef;xm;yg/ touf&SLjcif;ukd r&? &atmifBudK;pm;yg/ 'DA[kokwav;ukd
csufcsif;ajy;owd&NyD; ... uRefawmf ... NidrfEkdiforQ Nidrfum toufukd r&? t& BudK;pm;&SLygonf/ vGefpGm
yifyef;ygonf/ &ifbufay: wif;ykwfzdxm;ovkd ... rcsdonfhMum;u wtm;Budwfum BudK;pm;NyD; touf&SLawmhrS ...
tifrwefrQifrQifav; p &SLEkdifonf .../ (pm? 7)
þwGif ukd,fhtoufukdukd,f ... jyefatmifyGJcHwm jzpfygawmhonf/ wkdvDrkdvDA[kokwu tusKd;ay;jyefygNyD/
touf&SLvkdY tenf;tyg;&oGm;NyD;aemuf ukd,fhESvkH; taMumydwfESufonfh ]][wf twwf}} ukd? csufususuyfí
ausmfjzwfEkdifygNyD .../ (pm? 7)
eHeufa&csKd;NyD;wkdif; &ifbufESvkH;wnfhwnfhae&m vuf0Jbuf&iftkHrSm aeYpOfuGrf;½Gufwpf½Guf uyfygonf/
,aeY 15ESpf &SdygNyD ... xkdESvkH;u wpfcgom'ku©ay;NyD; ckxd touf&Sif? touf&SnfcJhonfrSm xkduGrf;½GuftusKd;?
uGrf;½Gufwefckd;[k uRefawmf{uefxifygonf .../ (pm? 8)
uGrf;av;wpf½Guf[m ... ESvkH;eJYqkdifaom a&m*gtEÅ&m,frSeforQ vkH;0ruyfNidapzkdYtwGuf taumif;pm;
pufuav;wpfvkH; wyfxm;ovkdygyJ/ 'Davmufukd aumif;ygonf .../ (pm? 10)
(2)

rsufpda&m*g? a&wdrfa&m*g ...
nwkdif; uGrf;½Gufuyf&if (8)vESifh (14)vtwGif; rsufrSefuRwfEkdifygonf/ rsufvkH;axmifhrsm;ü vufrcGHt½G,f
uGrf;½Gufukd a&pGwfíuyfyg/ t"durSm ... rsufvkH;ESmacgif;buf axmifhESpfckukd *½kjyKuyf&ef/ aeYtcg
vnf;uyfEdkifygonf/ Computer Munfholrsm;? pavmif; TV Munfholrsm;vnf; uyfoifhygonf/ rsufvkH;
tvkH;vkdufBuD;ukdufwJh a&wdrfa&m*g? rIefwJha&m*g? rl;wJha&m*gESifh Ekaomwdrfrsm; aysmufuif;ygonf/ (pm? 13-21)
(3)

em;xdkif;? em;av;a&m*g ...
uGrf;½Gufukd '*Fg;0kdif;yrmPcefY qkyf,lNyD; cyfvHk;vHk;av;vkyfum? em;0wGif xnfhay;xm;vQif ESpfvavmuf
xnfhay;½kHjzifh ododomomukd jyefaumif;ygonf/ w,fvDzkef;ESifh prf;vQif vG,fvG,fodomygonf/ ta&;wBuD;
owday;vkdonfrSm ... em;ukd jrufxdyf? owif;pm? *Grf;? wkwponfjzifh ZdrfcHum t,m;ajzwmrsKd; vkH;0rvkyfygESifh/
f
1


vkyfvQiftusifh ygoGm;NyD; qufumqufum vkyfjzpfoGm;um {uefem;yif;awmhrSm jzpfygonf/ em;xJrS tm½kHcH?
toHMum; trQifav;rsm; ysufpD;oGm;aomaMumifhjzpfygonf .../ (pm? 23)
(4)

tmacgiftzka&m*g? vQmemusifylavmifa&m*g? oGm;zkH;ckH;xem ...
tmacgifrSm tylzkawGjzpfvm&if vufESpfvHk;avmufuGrf;½Gufukd uyfNyD;vQmeJY xdef;xm;vdkuf ... wpfaeY
wpfn omomeJYaysmufygw,f/ yxrpyfovkd? aemufxkHovkdjzpfNyD; aysmufwmyJ/ vQmrSmemusOf? ylavmifemjzpfchJ
&ifvnf; 'Denf;twkdif;vkyf .../ (pm? 41)
oGm;zkH;cHk;xNyD; emwm? uGrf;½GufikH ... uGrf;½Gufuyf .../ (pm? 138)
(5)

acgif;ukdufrsm;wJha&m*g ...
em;xifwGif uGrf;½Gufuyf .../ (pm? 138)

(6)

vdyfacgif;ESifh vdyfacgif;aoG;,dkqif;a&m*g ...
uGrf;½Gufukd vdyfí? vHk;í ptdkwGif xnfhvQifaysmuf .../ (pm? 137)
uGrf;½Gufwpf½Gufukd aeY0ufcefYoHk;Ekdifonf/ aoG;xGuf? aoG;,dk&yf½kHr[kwf ... a&m*g<uum rmefxovkd
jzpfaeaom vdyfacgif;rSm wjznf;jznf;usKHUí aysmufoGm;rnf .../ (pm? 141)
(7)

vdyfacgif;aysmufaq;enf; (ae0if;vef'efpmtkyfrS)
uGrf;½Gufukd Budwfíjzpfap? axmif;íjzpfap ... aMuatmifjyKvkyfyg/ t&nfESifhwuG aMuaeaomuGrf;½Gufukd
vdyfacgif;ay:okdY wnfhwnfhuyfyg/ t0wfESifhvnf; uyfEkdifygonf/ 15&ufxuf ykdrvkyfbJ aysmufuif;Ekdifygonf .../
tESpf(30)cefY vdyfacgif;a&m*gpGJuyfaeojzifh aq;½kHwufí tBudrfBudrfjzwfcJh&ygonf/? aq;trsKd;rsKd;pm;
cJhaomfvnf; oufom½kHrSty t&Sif;raysmufyg/ þaq;enf;twkdif;vkyfrS tjrpfjywfaysmufuif;ygonf .../
(ae0if;vef'ef? pm? 161)
(8)

a,musfm;tlusa&m*g ...
Am'H½Guf (t&yftac: b@myifrS t½Guf) okdYr[kwf uGrf;½Gufukd a&m*gae&mrSm tkH? NyD;awmh
tokdif;eJYqkdif;xm;/ 'DaeYxkyfxm;wmukd aemufwpfaeYvJay;/ 'g[m ... tlusapwJh tyl"mwfukd z,facsapwJh
oabmyJ/ 'guawmh ... udk,fawGUr[kwfbl;/ olrsm;ukwmawGYvkdY jyefajymwm .../ (pm? 143)
3/
(1)

ajcz0g;qm;yGwfjcif;ESifh aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
ajcz0g;qm;yGwfenf; ...
ajcaxmufukd a&avmif;vkdufygw,f/ vufxJ qm;wpfqkyfukdifum a&csKd;cef;0rSm xkdifygw,f/ 'Daemuf
ajcz0g;ESpfbufukd rsufESmcsif;qkdifay;NyD; qm;jzL;ygw,f/ ajcz0g;ESpfbufukd jznf;jznf;csif;yGwfygw,f/ wpfcg
qm;jzL; ygw,f/ NyD;awmh ajcz0g;csif; yGwfygw,f/ qm;wpfqkyf rukefrcsif; 'Dtwkdif;yJ vkyfwmygyJ/ NyD;&if ...
okH;rdepfavmufem;NyD; ... ajcz0g;ukd qm;"mwfukefatmif a&pifpifaq;yg .../
'gukd ... nwdkif;vkyfNyD;rS ... tdyfyg .../
aemufwpfenf; ... yvyfpwpfZvkHus,fxJ qm; okH;? av;q,fom;avmufxnfhNyD; ukvm;xkdifay:uae
ajcESpfacsmif;ZvkHxJxnfhNyD; ajcukdvIyf½Sm;um yGwfay;wmygyJ/ 'guykdvG,fw,f/ qm;vnf;rukefbl;/ 'DESpfenf;ukd
tqifajyovkd yGwfay;yg .../ (pm? 35)
(2)

aysmufuif;aoma&m*grsm; ...
(u) qHyiftuRwf&yfNyD; qHyifjyefayguf ...
2


(c) ajcz0g;at;NyD; cPcPzsm;wwfaoma&m*gaysmufí ajcz0g;jyefaEG;vmNyD; ... ajctdwfr0wf&awmhyg/
(*) tanmif;tnmawG? ZufaMumwufwmawG aysmufuif;½kHrubl;?
tESdyfcH&wJh b0rS vkH;0vGwfajrmufoGm;w,f .../ (pm? 35-36)
4/

tpmpm;pOf jzpfwwfwJh rl;wl;wl;? qkdYw kdYwkdYa&m*g (tpmqkdY? aoG;qkdY? avqkdY) ...
uRefawmf ... xrif;pm;&if; bmjzpfrSef;rodbl; ... qkdYNyD; toufr&SLEkdifwm? rl;wl;wl;? qkdYwkdYwdkYBuD; jzpfwmeJY
xdkifcsvkduf&w,f/ tJ'grsKd;u ae&mwkdY? tcsdefwkdY ra½G;bl;/ qkdYcsif&if ... qkdYcsifwJhae&m x qkdYvkdufwmyJ/
toGiftjyifu qefYiif? qefYiifeJY .../
ukoenf;uawmh
...
b,fbufvufrukd
rmwif;atmifaxmifNyD;awmh
&ifacgif;wnfhwnfh
tcsdKifhuav;&JUatmufbuf okH;vufrwdwdae&mavmufukd vufreJYzdyg/ 'gt"duyJ ... 'Dvkd&SL&if;? vufreJYzd&if;?
udGceJqkd bl;qkdYyGifhovkdyGifhí csufcsif;yJ qkdYaewmBuD; &Sif;í? vif;í oGm;vdrfhrnf .../ (pm? 62)
5/

ajcuGJemESifh anmifap; ...
anmifrkwfqdwfyifBuD;awGrSm ... EkYdESpfvkd tap;awG&Sdw,f/ 'Danmifap;ukd ajcuJGwJhae&mawGrSm
okwfvdrf;ay;vkduf&if tem[m pyfzsOf;zsOf;BuD;jzpfae&mu csufcsif;BuD; (vsifjrefpGm) oufom? aysmufuif;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh ... a&m*grSm okwfNyD;&ifawmh EkdYa&mifazG;azG; anmifap;[m rD;aoG;yrm tvGefrnf;eufoGm;a&m .../ (pm? 38)
6/

aeYpOf tpmtqdyfawG ajzMuyg (xef;vsuf) ...
xef;vsuf[m raumif;wJh"mwfawGukd cGJxkwfypfwwfNyD; tykyfukdvnf; odyfEkdifw,f/ ukd,fwGif;u tqD
awGukdvnf; usapw,f/ a&S;jrefrmawGxJrSm 0vGef;ol odyf&Sm;w,f/ tqDenf;wm[m ... xef;vsuf&JU tusKd;eJY
wefckd;yJ .../
xrif;pm;NyD; xef;vsufpm;ay;&if pm;NyD;om;tpmawGxJu a&m*gjzpfapwJh"mwfawG ajyap½kHrubl; tqD
usí ukd,fa&vS? ukd,fa&uspfapwJh aq;aumif;BuD;vJ jzpfygw,f .../ (pm? 72)
7/

rsufESmwGefYwm? ta&;taMumif;jzpfwm aysmufenf; ...
eHygwfwpf ... vufzaemifhESpfbufukd ar;aphae&mrSm ,SOfxm;&muaeNyD; ... em;o,farT; ESpfbufae&m
txda&mufatmif qGJwifay;yg/ eHygwfESpfu ckevufzaemifhudkyJ rsufvkH;&JUatmufzufudk zdzdNyD; em;o,fqDudk
qGJqGJwifay;yg/ 'g[m rsufESmwGefYwm? ta&;taMumif;jzpfwmaysmufw,f .../ (pm? 79)
8/

tonf;a&m*gESifh a&zsOf;a&m*g jzpfjcif; ...
roefY&Sif;wJh i½kwfoD;rdIwufeJY i½kwfoD;twkawG pm;rd&if tonf;ajcmufa&m*g? a&zsOf;a&m*g? tonf;
uifqmtxdjzpfEdkifw,f/ wpfcsKdU pdwfxm;rrSefuefwJhxkwfvkyfol? a&mif;csolawG[m yJcGHwdkY? zGJEkwdkYeJY yGm;w,f/
'gawGu rdIjzpfzdkY&ef tvGeftm;ay;wJh ypönf;awG/ tJ'Dypönf;awGaMumifh tonf;ajcmufa&m*g0iffum zsOf;wG,fvm í
Adkufu ylylwufvmNyD; a&m*gawG plplxGufvmukefwm qef;ovm; .../ (pm? 86) (ukoenf; ryg .../)
9/

ESm&nfpdk&TJa&m*g? ESmacgif;a&m*gESifh qm;a&aEG;jzwfoef;enf; ...
tESpfav;q,f&dSaeNyDjzpfaom ESmacgif;a&m*g? ESm&nfpdk&TJa&m*g? (arG;&myg) &moufyef touf&SL r&cJhaom
a&m*gwdkYudk (15)&ufrQESifh? a&m*g&ifhvQif (1)vrQESifh oufomaysmufuif;ygonf/ qm;a&aEG;azsmfenf;rSm zef
(odkYr[kwf) a<uvufzuf&nftdk; xuf0uf (odkYr[kwf) okH;yHk? wpfykHcefY a&aEG;MuufoD;aEG;wGif qm;udk pm;yJG ZGef;
wpfZGef;pm armufarmufxnfhí azsmf½kHrQom jzpfygonf .../
vuf,mbufESifh vuf0Jbuf wpfbufpDudk wpfvSnfhpD apmif;tdyfcdkif;NyD; vufarmif;udk acgif;tkH;apí
rsufESmudk rsufESmusufbuf apmif;vSnfhcdkif;um tay:bufESmacgif;aygufrS nifompGm qm;&nfavmif;xnfhay;yg/
3

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