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52 ch13probability2007
- 1. Probability & Genetics AP Biology 2006-2007
- 2. Genetics & Probability Mendel’s laws: segregation independent assortment reflect same laws of probability that apply to tossing coins or rolling dice AP Biology
- 3. Probability & genetics Calculating probability of making a specific gamete is just like calculating the probability in flipping a coin probability of tossing heads? probability making a B gamete? B 100% BB B AP Biology B 50% Bb b
- 4. Probability & genetics Outcome of 1 toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss probability of tossing heads each time? 50% probability making a B gamete each time? 50% B Bb b AP Biology
- 5. Calculating probability Pp x Pp P p egg offspring P male / sperm sperm P PP P p p P 1/2 x 1/2 female / eggs 1/2 x 1/2 P PP Pp p Pp pp AP Biology 1/2 x 1/2 p p 1/2 x 1/2 = = = = 1/4 Pp 1/4 + 1/4 1/2 pp 1/4
- 6. Rule of multiplication Chance that 2 or more independent events will occur together probability that 2 coins tossed at the same time will land heads up 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 probability of Pp x Pp → pp 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 AP Biology P Pp p
- 7. Calculating probability in crosses Use rule of multiplication to predict crosses YyRr x YyRr x Yy Yy Rr yyrr x ?% 1/16 yy AP Biology rr 1/4 x 1/4 Rr
- 8. Apply the Rule of Multiplication AABbccDdEEFf x AaBbccDdeeFf AabbccDdEeFF Got it? Try this! AP Biology AA x Aa → Aa Bb x Bb → bb cc x cc → cc Dd x Dd → Dd EE x ee → Ee Ff x Ff → FF 1/2 1/4 1 1/2 1 1/4 1/64
- 9. Rule of addition Chance that an event can occur 2 or more different ways sum of the separate probabilities probability of Bb x Bb → Bb sperm egg offspring B b Bb 1/2 x 1/2 = b B 1/2 x 1/2 = AP Biology 1/4 Bb 1/4 1/4 + 1/4 1/2
- 10. Chi-square test Test to see if your data supports your hypothesis Compare “observed” vs. “expected” data is variance from expected due to “random chance”? or is there another factor influencing data? null hypothesis degrees of freedom statistical significance AP Biology
- 11. AP Biology