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Chapter 3  The Cellular Level of    Organization
A Generalized Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Generalized Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Generalized Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 3.1  Generalized Body Cell
Plasma Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of a Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Structure of a   Membrane ,[object Object],[object Object]
Functions of Membrane Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Figure 3.3
Membrane Permeability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Passive vs. Active Processes ,[object Object],[object Object]
Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simple Diffusion, Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion, and Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion of Potassium ions through a Gated  K  +  Channel
Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose across a Plasma Membrane
Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 2 Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 2 3
Osmosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Tonicity and its effect on RBCS
Active Transport ,[object Object],1 3 Na + K + gradient Na + gradient Na + /K +  ATPase Extracellular fluid Cytosol 1 3 Na +  expelled 3 Na + ADP P K + gradient Na + gradient Na + /K +  ATPase Extracellular fluid Cytosol ATP 2 1 3 Na +  expelled 3 Na + ADP P P K + gradient Na + gradient Na + /K +  ATPase Extracellular fluid Cytosol 2K + ATP 2 3 1 3 Na +  expelled 3 Na + ADP P P 2 K + imported K + gradient Na + gradient Na + /K +  ATPase Extracellular fluid Cytosol 2K + ATP 2 3 4
Transport in Vesicles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
1 Clathrin-coated pit Binding Receptor Receptor-LDL complex LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 2 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 2 3 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Fusion with endosome Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome 2 3 4 Transport vesicle 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Transport vesicle Fusion with endosome Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome 2 3 4 5 Transport vesicle 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Degradation in lysosome Lysosome Transport vesicle Transport vesicle Fusion with endosome Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome Digestive enzymes 2 3 4 5 6
Phagocytosis
Bulk-phase Endocytosis
Cytoplasm - 2 components ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Cytoskeleton
Organelles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Centrosome
Cilia and Flagella
Organelles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Golgi Complex
Processing and Packaging
Transport vesicle Ribosome Synthesized protein 1 Rough ER Transport vesicle Ribosome Synthesized protein Rough ER 2 1 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Rough ER 3 2 1 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 5 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Secretory vesicle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Proteins in vesicle membrane merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Membrane vesicle Secretory vesicle 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Proteins in vesicle membrane merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transport vesicle (to lysosome) Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Membrane vesicle Secretory vesicle 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4
Lysosomes
Organelles ,[object Object],[object Object]
Organelles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mitochondria
Organelles - Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Packing of DNA into a Chromosome of a Dividing Cell
Overview of Gene Expression
Transcription
Translation
1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Amino acid (methionine) Anticodon mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA Start codon Small subunit = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Anticodon mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G 2 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A 2 3 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C 2 3 4 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA movement mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. tRNA at P site leaves ribosome, ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA previously at A site is now at the P site. New peptide bond Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C C U A C A U 2 3 4 5 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons Stop codon mRNA mRNA mRNA movement mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. Protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA. tRNA at P site leaves ribosome, ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA previously at A site is now at the P site. New peptide bond Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site Summary of movement of ribosome along mRNA mRNA tRNA Complete protein Growing protein = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C C U A C A U C U U G G G G G G A A C U C U A A C U A U 2 3 4 5 6
Somatic Cell Division - Mitosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cell Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Cell Cycle
DNA Replication
Nuclear Division: Mitosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1 Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: all at 700x LM 1 Late Early Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere (a) INTERPHASE (b) PROPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore 2 all at 700x LM Centromere 1 Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Metaphase plate (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (c) METAPHASE 2 3 Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosome (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 Cleavage  furrow Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: Cleavage furrow (e) TELOPHASE (c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 5 Cleavage  furrow Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate Chromosome all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (f) IDENTICAL CELLS IN INTERPHASE Cleavage furrow (e) TELOPHASE (c) METAPHASE Cleavage  furrow 2 3 4 5 6 Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate Chromosome all at 700x LM Centromere Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere
Reproductive Cell Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reproductive Cell Division ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Cellular Diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End of Chapter 3 Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.  Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale.  The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of theses programs or from the use of the information herein.

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The Cellular Level of Organization

  • 1. Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Fig. 3.1 Generalized Body Cell
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Simple Diffusion, Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion, and Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion
  • 16. Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion of Potassium ions through a Gated K + Channel
  • 17. Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose across a Plasma Membrane
  • 18. Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 2 Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 2 3
  • 19.
  • 20.  
  • 21. Tonicity and its effect on RBCS
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 25. 1 Clathrin-coated pit Binding Receptor Receptor-LDL complex LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 2 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 2 3 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Fusion with endosome Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome 2 3 4 Transport vesicle 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Transport vesicle Fusion with endosome Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome 2 3 4 5 Transport vesicle 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Degradation in lysosome Lysosome Transport vesicle Transport vesicle Fusion with endosome Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome Digestive enzymes 2 3 4 5 6
  • 28.
  • 30.
  • 33.
  • 36.
  • 39. Transport vesicle Ribosome Synthesized protein 1 Rough ER Transport vesicle Ribosome Synthesized protein Rough ER 2 1 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Rough ER 3 2 1 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 5 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Secretory vesicle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Proteins in vesicle membrane merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Membrane vesicle Secretory vesicle 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Proteins in vesicle membrane merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transport vesicle (to lysosome) Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Membrane vesicle Secretory vesicle 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 44.
  • 45.  
  • 46. Packing of DNA into a Chromosome of a Dividing Cell
  • 47. Overview of Gene Expression
  • 50. 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Amino acid (methionine) Anticodon mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA Start codon Small subunit = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Anticodon mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G 2 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A 2 3 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C 2 3 4 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA movement mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. tRNA at P site leaves ribosome, ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA previously at A site is now at the P site. New peptide bond Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C C U A C A U 2 3 4 5 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons Stop codon mRNA mRNA mRNA movement mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. Protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA. tRNA at P site leaves ribosome, ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA previously at A site is now at the P site. New peptide bond Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site Summary of movement of ribosome along mRNA mRNA tRNA Complete protein Growing protein = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C C U A C A U C U U G G G G G G A A C U C U A A C U A U 2 3 4 5 6
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57. 1 Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: all at 700x LM 1 Late Early Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere (a) INTERPHASE (b) PROPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore 2 all at 700x LM Centromere 1 Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Metaphase plate (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (c) METAPHASE 2 3 Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosome (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 Cleavage furrow Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: Cleavage furrow (e) TELOPHASE (c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 5 Cleavage furrow Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate Chromosome all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (f) IDENTICAL CELLS IN INTERPHASE Cleavage furrow (e) TELOPHASE (c) METAPHASE Cleavage furrow 2 3 4 5 6 Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate Chromosome all at 700x LM Centromere Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.  
  • 61.  
  • 62.
  • 63. End of Chapter 3 Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of theses programs or from the use of the information herein.