CNG FILES

1. Bio-natural-gas for cleaner urban transport
BIOGASMAX
European Biomethane Fuel Conference
Göteborg. September 7-9th, 2009
Manuel Lage, Dr. Eng.
General Manager
Göteborg. September 2009 1

2. Energy content of different fuels
36 MJ/L 38 MJ/Nm3
33 MJ/L 32 MJ/L
32MJ/L
24 MJ/L
21 MJ/L
11 MJ/Nm3
DIE BIO EM NA PE ET LP HY
SE DI E UL TU TR HA G DR
L S SI O RA OL NO OG
EL NF LG L EN
UE AS
L
Göteborg. September 2009 2

3. CNG. CO2 emission
3,3 1,4
3,2
3,2 3,15 1,2
3,1
kg CO2 / kg fuel
kg CO2 / kW·h
0,97 1
3,02
3
0,87
2,9 0,8
0,75
0,73
2,8
2,75 0,6
2,7
0,4
2,6
2,5 0,2
Diesel Petrol LPG Natural Gas
Göteborg. September 2009 3

4. Advantages of bio & natural gas
• Natural gas is an alternative fuel coming from natural wells. It is
mainly methane (CH4)
• Biogas is also a methane rich gas, produced by the fermentation
of the biomass, it is then a renewable fuel.
• Methane contents 25% H and 75% C, in weight
As a comparison,
• Petrol contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C
• Diesel oil contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C
• LPG contents 17,4% H and 82,6% C
Due to its molecular advantage, regulated exhaust emissions
and CO2 are particularly favourable in the engines running on
natural gas.
Göteborg. September 2009 4

5. Advantages of CNG for city transportation
Both CNG engine combustion technologies used in
trucks and buses: Lean Burn and Stoichiometric, offer
very significant advantages:
• Much lower gaseous emissions
• Much lower noise
• Reduced CO2 emission
In the case of the stoichiometric mixture combustion,
exhaust pollutants are very near the fuel cell level
Göteborg. September 2009 5

6. CNG. NOx comparative emissions
Compared NOx emissions: Diesel vs CNG and Fuel Cell
(Source: IVECO)
6
Euro 3
Diesel
5 engines
4
Euro 4
3
EEV limits Euro 5
2
1 CNG IVECO stoich.
Fuel cell
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Göteborg. September 2009 6

7. CNG. Other Emissions Comparison
Emissions IVECO CURSOR 8 CNG engine vs present and future Euro limits
(Source: IVECO)
6,00
5,45
5,00 EURO 3 (2001)
5,00
EURO 4 (2006)
EURO 5 (2009)
4,00
4,00 E.E.V.
4,00
IVECO
Emission (Gr), g/kWh
3,50
3,00
3,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
1,55 1,60
1,10
1,10
1,00 0,78
0,65
0,500,50 0,53
0,40
0,16 0,03
0,01 0,008 0,03 0,02
0,0022
0,00
CO NMHC CH4 NOX PT
Exhaust pollutants
Göteborg. September 2009 7

8. Noise emitted by the truck
1
Vehicle #1: IVECO 240E25 6x2 RSU
Vehicle #2: IVECO 240E26 6x2 RSU CNG (EEV)
Refuse collection chassis cab with body
Vehicles laden and compacting
Vehicles stationary
6 2
Vehicle #1 Vehicle #2
dB(A)
76
74
72
Ave
5
7.0 m
3
70 71 dB(A)
68
66 Ave
66 dB(A)
64
Microphone
height = 1.5 m 62
60
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 (position)
Göteborg. September 2009 8

9. European market development (1)
Eur ope (w ithout Italy)
80000
70000
60000
50000
France
u n g ak
R n in p r
Germany
40000 Sw eden
Sw itzerland
Austria
30000
20000
10000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Ye ar s
Göteborg. September 2009 9

10. European market development (2)
Europe . Eas te rn countrie s
350000
300000
250000
R n in p rk
200000 Armenia
u n g a
Bulgaria
Russia
150000 Ukraina
100000
50000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Ye ars
Göteborg. September 2009 10

11. European market development (3)
Italy and Total Europe
1400000
1200000
1000000
u n g ak
800000
R n in P r
Italy
Total Europe
600000
400000
200000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Ye ars
Göteborg. September 2009 11

12. World markets: Argentina
The driver for this development has been economic. Most of the NGVs are
conversions from petrol cars.
The minor cost difference today smoothes the growth
Göteborg. September 2009 12

13. World markets: Pakistan
The driver for this development has also been economic. NGVs are both
conversions from petrol and new cars, now available.
Göteborg. September 2009 13

14. World markets: Iran
The driver has been the Government Strategy. Iran strategy is to export all
the oil produced and have NG as the domestic fuel.
All new cars produced in the country have to be necessarily NGV.
Göteborg. September 2009 14

15. Series production CNG cars (1)
Göteborg. September 2009 15

16. Fiat Doblò Panorama
Göteborg. September 2009 16

17. Fiat Doblò. CNG tanks positioning
Göteborg. September 2009 17

18. Madrid
CNG Refuse collection fleet
Göteborg. September 2009 18

19. Yearly emission savings
Iveco CNG (EEV) vs. Diesel Euro 3 limits
NOx 132.391 kg
CO + HC + PM 703.000 kg
CO2 2.069.440 kg
Plus a 30% less fuel cost per kilometre!
Göteborg. September 2009 19

20. Madrid
CNG Refuse collection fleet
800
675
700
600
500 445
379
400
300
200
100 42
2
0
1994 2000 2003 2005 2007
Göteborg. September 2009 20

21. Food distribution on CNG chassis
Göteborg. September 2009 21

22. CNG urban buses
Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 12 m
MB CITARO CNG 12 m
BEIJING BUS, IVECO TECTOR CNG engine
Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 18 m MB CITARO CNG 18 m
Göteborg. September 2009 22

23. CNG urban buses in Europe
9000 8000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000 2000 2334
2000 1300
847 860
1000 418
0
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ce
a
ly
en
n
ec
si
an
ai
Ita
an
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us
Sp
re
m
Fr
Sw
G
R
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G
Göteborg. September 2009 23

24. Future developments of NGV’s
NGVA Europe sees the development of NGV’s in the medium
term future following three main lines:
– Biogas
– LNG for trucks and buses
– Methane-Hydrogen mixtures
Göteborg. September 2009 24

25. Biogas
Another source of Natural Gas (1)
• Biogas comes from fermentation processes of biomass (organic waste,
landfills, vegetable and animal feedstock), which produces methane
rich gases.
• Biogas brings together the advantages of natural gas with the
environmental benefits of renewable energy sources.
• Due to the wide different types of sources: forestry, landfills,
agricultural; there is a large and wide potential for biogas production in
Europe, where it is expected to grow significantly in the coming years.
Göteborg. September 2009 25

26. Biogas
Another source of Natural Gas (2)
• The raw biogas composition is variable depending upon different
factors like garbage origin, humidity, temperature, etc., but it normally
contains 50-55% of methane (CH4) and 40-42% of carbon dioxide
(CO2).
• The depuration of this gas means:
• avoiding the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere
• reusing the CO2 as a commercial product
• eliminating other pollutants like Cl2, F2, SH2
• the purified biogas will have a 90-95% methane content
• In terms of use in vehicles, the advantages of natural gas are increased
with a much better balance of total CO2 due to the renewable origin of
biogas.
Göteborg. September 2009 26

27. Big cities.
Gas use vs biogas potential
The yearly consumption of natural gas of the complete fleet of 445
garbage collection trucks is:
• 10.5 MM cubic meter
The yearly biogas production of the city is of about 40 MM cubic
meter, that once refined would mean:
• 22 MM cubic meter of biomethane
This volume is enough to fuel the full fleet of garbage
collection (445 units) plus a similar figure of urban
buses (25% of the total fleet of 2.000 units)
Göteborg. September 2009 27

28. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
The solution for medium-long distance
200 bar
Diesel vs CNG & LNG
Autonomy equivalence
200 bar CNG
200 bar
5 litre
200 bar
Diesel oil 200 bar
1 litre
LNG
-162OC 1,8 litre
LNG opens the way for the medium-long distance road transport
Göteborg. September 2009 28

29. CNG vs LNG. Tank configuration
8 tanks of 80 lt. 640 lt. CNG
eq. to 128 lit. diesel
1 single LNG 360 lt. tank
eq. to 200 lt. diesel (56% more)
Göteborg. September 2009 29

30. LNG Prototype tractors MB and IVECO
Göteborg. September 2009 30

31. Methane/Hydrogen mixtures
A bridge towards the hydrogen fuelled transport
Methane/Hydrogen mixture (Hythane, Idrometano) offers a number of
significant advantages as a bridge solution for a future hydrogen fuelled
transport:
–It can be used in the existing NGV engines and vehicles with minor
engine resetting
–The inboard fuel storage uses the same type of tanks and fittings, with
some specification changes in materials
–The H2 content considered (~20%) does not alter the autonomy of the
vehicles
–There is an immediate impact as CO2 emission reduction
–The use of compressed H2 in a “large” basis will push ahead the
development of the hydrogen production and logistics
Göteborg. September 2009 31

32. Conclusions
• Natural gas (methane) is an excellent energy vector, with the lowest Carbon to
Hydrogen ratio of all the hydrocarbons. Additionally natural gas is an alternative fuel,
having a different origin from the traditional oil derived diesel, petrol and LPG
• Natural gas can be used in existing internal combustion engines, with minor additional
investments, taking advantage of a well known and mature car & commercial vehicle
technology
• The increasing production of biomethane, both from urban waste and from agricultural
stuff is giving natural gas the new and valuable consideration of a renewable fuel
• Natural gas has been used so far as CNG mainly for urban applications. The availability of
LNG will spread its use for medium and long distances road transport
• Methane/Hydrogen mixtures, that could be used the existing NGVs will become the
bridge to a potential hydrogen fuelled transport
• NG vehicles are today the best and most economic alternative to oil derived fuels, also
improving gaseous and acoustic emissions.
Göteborg. September 2009 32

33. manuel.lage@ngvaeurope.eu
www.ngvaeurope.eu
Göteborg. September 2009 33