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Splintering Urbanism
Globalisation, Infrastructure
and the Politics of Cities
	

Stephen Graham	

Newcastle University
1.  Introduction : Urban 
Planning Paradigms in Crisis	

•  Modern urban planning founded on:	

	

 	

- Euclidean, perspectival notions of space	

	

 	

-Newtonian notions of time as a singular ‘container’	

	

 	

- Technocratic ideologies of ‘progress’ via 	

	

 	

	

electromechanical technologies	

	

 	

-‘Bundled’ conceptions of the singular, integrated 	

	

 	

	

‘unitary city’ ; and	

	

 	

- Environmentally determinist concepts of urban form
2. Archaeology of the
Networked
Society : 	

The Modern
Infrastructural Ideal
1850-1960	

	

•  This helped to forged the
‘Wired-Piped-Tracked
Metropolis’	

•  Single, integrated street
systems	

•  Standardised, public or
private infrastructure
monopolies regulated for
universal service
Modern Urban Planning :
The ‘Unitary City’ Ideology	

•  Organic or systemic
metaphors to shape
‘cohesive’, ‘integrated’,
‘ordered’ city. Spaces
knitted by infrastructures	

•  Close-up spaces seen to
relate more than far-off
ones	

•  Authoritarian and
technocratic power	

•  But completely ignored
non-physical
communication
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
The ‘Invisible City’: Assumptions of Shifts
Toward Universal Access	

•  Via standardised,
electromechanical systems 	

•  Energy, water, sewerage and
telephone systems increasingly
invisible, ubiquitous, and taken
for granted	

•  Bakelite phone ; standard
electricity ; municipal
streets…“Forgotten,
background, frozen in place”
Leigh-Star
Social Democratisation : Diffusion Towards
(Near) Ubiquity in Networked Technologies
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Technocratic Ideologies of ‘Progress’:
Bigger, Better, Faster
•  Key part of
material and
discursive
construction of
modern nation
states
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
But Modern Ideal of Networked City Always
Ambivalent : Major Failings and Limitations…	

•  Never materially achieved	

•  As much a discursive
construction as a material one	

•  In many cases actually sponsored
fragmentation (Haussmann,
Moses…)	

•  Masculinised, gendered,
oppressive to minorities	

•  Failed to match growth	

•  Exported to colonial cities as
spatial apartheid
Topologies of 
Infrastructural 
Bypass
3. These ‘Deep’ Conceptually Frameworks
and Axioms of Urban Planning Increasingly
Untenable:	

Four Key Challenges:	

	

(i) Social and Cultural Pluralisation/
Polarisation	

(ii) Changing Political Economies of
Mobility, Infrastructure and 
the State	

(iii) Distance per se No Guarantee of
Meaningful Relations	

(iv) New Sociotechnologies	

of Digitised Power
(i)  Social and Cultural Pluralisation 
(and often Polarisation)	

•  Often bound up with
widespread breakdown
and ‘unbundling’ of
monopolistic, universalistic,
welfare and infrastructure
regimes	

•  Withdrawal of many social
and spatial cross-subsidies	

•  Growth of infrastructural
consumerism and
commodification
Beyond the Singular, Integrated 
Urban Public Realm	

•  Public private spaces :
“malls without walls” 	

•  Privatised streets and
street governance	

•  Urban entrepreneurialism
and branding	

•  Intensifying surveillance	

•  Megaprojects : “city as
building”	

•  Fragmentation of law
enforcement and security
(ii) Changing Political Economies of Mobility,
Infrastructure, and States	

•  Increasing dissatisfaction with
modern ideal	

•  Key element of neo-liberalism :
Liberalisation, privatisation and
increasing corporate influence	

•  Shift away from universal service
monopolies and cross-subsidies
(services as welfare
entitlements)	

•  Concentrating on ‘glocal scalar
fixes’ for powerful	

•  But very varied !
Increasingly Complex and ‘Rescaled’
Infrastructural Capitalism
The ‘Unbundling’ of the Nation State ?	

“National borders have
ceased being continuous
borders on the earth’s
surface and have
become non-related sets
of lines and points
situated within each
country” 	

Paul Andreu
The Global 
Border(ing)
Assemblage
(iii) Distance per se No Guarantee of
Meaningful Relations	

•  Globalisation and ICTs :
Widening range of ‘distant
proximities’ co-exist with
‘proximate distance’ of
city	

•  Links to far-off places or
people may be more
powerful than those to
physically ddjacent ones 	

•  “Overexposed city” ?
“The insertion of telecommunications into the city
makes the development of spaces more complex
and introduces today a third dimension into urban
and regional planning [after space and time] : that
is the factor of real-time”	

Lille Metropolitan Development 	

Agency (ADUML) 1991
Not Some Cyberspatial Utopia, Dystopia or a Simple
‘Death of Distance’. Rather a Complex
‘Remediation’ of Urban Places
Not a Process of 	

Dematerialisation or
Substitution !
Intensifying, Parallel
Mobilities
Electronic and Physical Mobilities
are Growing in Parallel…
(iv) New Sociotechnologies 
of Digitised Power
•  “The connected mode of
presence at a distance ”
Christian Licoppe	

•  Growth of hidden,
software-based mobility,
interaction and transaction
spaces	

•  ‘Friction free’ and truly
‘glocal’	

•  Challenge physicalist
Cartesian, and visible
preoccupation of urban
planning
“Societies of Control”: Entitlements, Rights and 
Life-Chances Increasingly Encoded
into Automated Systems…	

•  The politics of code	

•  E.g. electronic highways/
road pricing	

•  Call centre queuing	

•  Internet prioritisation	

•  CCTV facial recognition	

•  Airport biometrics	

•  Post 9/11 surveillance
surge
4. The Combined Result :
The ‘Unbundling’ of Urban Territory ? 	

•  Relations increasingly maintained
through ‘capsules’ and
networks	

•  Distanciated flows organised
through infrastructure systems	

•  Support and sustain 24hr justin-time and real time flows
melding global economy,
society, culture	

•  ‘Archipeligo economy’:
extreme spatial divisions of
labour ; ‘economies of
conjunction’; ‘cherry picking’;
urban entrepreneurialism
Francois Ascher’s ‘Archipeligo Economy’:
‘Tunnel Effects’ and Infrastructural ‘Bypass’
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
‘Glocal’ Bypass	

•  Tunnel effects a Means
of bypassing
‘inadequate’ legacies
of standardised,
monopolistic spaces
and networks :
premium network
spaces	

•  E.g. Heathrow Express
‘Glocal Bypass’ : Fibre Networks
‘Local Bypass’	

	

New ‘premium’
intraurban spaces and
connections	

e.g.electronically
charged highways	

•  (Toronto, Melbourne, LA,
San Diego…)
Local Bypass : Skywalk Cities…
Car Culture :
Capsularisation and Bypass
Albert Pope : Car Culture -
From Grids to Ladders…
Car Culture:	

	


Intensifying	

capsularisation	

	

SUV Meets DVD
All Bound Up With : The Splintering City Sprawl and Polynucleation
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Connectivity, Urban
Revanchism	

and the Politics of Urban
Fear 	

As non-local connections
Intensify so too in many
cases does the policing,
enforcement, and
construction of local
boundaries	

‘Technopoles’: e.g.
Multimedia Super Corridor
Global 	

Financial 	

Centres…	

	

City of 	

London’s	

‘Ring of 	

Steel’
…Malls, Theme Parks, Resorts,
‘Tourist Bubbles’…
Urban Revanchism 
Suburbanisation of the Centre?
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
•  …Gated
Communities…
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities
5. To Conclude : Urban Places as
“Translocalities” (Michael Peter Smith)	

•  Urban places are best seeb as dynamic socio-technical
processes. Not as forms or bounded geometric spaces 	

•  Superimposition of many space-times : result of
countless, multiscaled, relational, continuous links with
more of less distant elsewheres	

•  Sometimes these come together in making the
‘cogredience’ of a place ; sometimes they don’t	

•  Many of these ‘power geometries’ are invisible,
diasporic and ‘glocal’	

•  Not Castells’ flows vs places ! Places made of, and
through, flows! Global is always local.
But Urban Place Still Critical !	

•  Deliberately focusing on most extreme and visible
examples of splintering. Often much more subtle…	

•  Evolution - Unbundling and continued power of
agglomeration : ‘compulsion of proximity’ in cities:
‘sticky places’ in ‘slippery space’ and rooted identity
politics	

•  Cities still mixed and ‘co-gredient’ places. Limits on
splintering : obduracy, inertia and continuity ; need to
connect ; contestation ; ‘pure’ boundaries impossible ;
ineffectiveness of disciplinary efforts ; resistance and
insurgent citizenship (internal/external)	

•  Continuing power of local, national, international
governance and planning 	

•  So, the urban still the crucial political/social site
Implications for Urban Theory…	

•  Must be based on multiple non-Euclidean conceptions of
space, time, the body, mobility, identity, citizenship, and the
public(s)	

•  Need ‘relational’ theoretical bases	

•  Conscious of “the discursive construction of urban
coherence” (Joe Painter) i.e. Urban ‘Coherence’ must be
proven not assumed	

•  Must NOT reify ‘globalization’, ‘new technology’, or the
‘Network Society’ as steam rollers rolling over local
places	

•  Recognise that rights, mobilities, privileges and denials are
increasingly encoded into distant, arcane and opaque
technological systems
Challenges for Urban Practice	

	


•  Resist the neoliberal impulse !	

•  i.e. Don’t simply churn our serial imitations of time-space
and mobility packages for affluent and powerful 	

•  Be aware that mobility and network improvements for
some will always compromise relative or absolute life
chances of others	

•  Experiment with socially progressive and imaginative
visions and strategies for cities in the ‘networked society’
whilst not becoming techno-obsessed !	

•  Challenge : To generalise improvement within splintering cities
whilst being conscious of globalised divisions of labour
Challenge to create virtuous circles linking places and
mobility systems/ICTs…	

	

“Publics are no longer usefully envisioned as the open spaces
or free spaces in which diverse participants could gather -the democratic spaces of the street, the square, or the town
hall. Nor can we simply pretend that equivalent ‘virtual
spaces’ exist in some democratic cybertopia. Instead the
mechanisms for publics occurring in the context of the new
infrastructures of mobility should be imagined in entirely
new ways” 	

	

Mimi Sheller
(i) ‘Relational’ Strategic Spatial Planning and
Representational Innovation…
•  (ii) The Connected
City : 	

Creative Physical
Planning for ‘Mobility
Environments’: 	

addressing parallel
mobilities (Bertolini),
spaces and times
(iii) ‘Grounding’ the Network Society and
Addressing ‘Digital Divides’:
New Spaces of Citizenship ?
(iv) ‘Recombinant’ Urban Design and
Locative Media Experiments
(vi) Visibility and Transparency: Urban 
Place in the Digitising Economy
•  Finally :	

Must Not be
Afraid…	

	

•  …of utopian thinking…	

•  …of looking backwards
as well as forwards…

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Splintering Urbanism: Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities

  • 1. Splintering Urbanism Globalisation, Infrastructure and the Politics of Cities Stephen Graham Newcastle University
  • 2. 1.  Introduction : Urban Planning Paradigms in Crisis •  Modern urban planning founded on: - Euclidean, perspectival notions of space -Newtonian notions of time as a singular ‘container’ - Technocratic ideologies of ‘progress’ via electromechanical technologies -‘Bundled’ conceptions of the singular, integrated ‘unitary city’ ; and - Environmentally determinist concepts of urban form
  • 3. 2. Archaeology of the Networked Society : The Modern Infrastructural Ideal 1850-1960 •  This helped to forged the ‘Wired-Piped-Tracked Metropolis’ •  Single, integrated street systems •  Standardised, public or private infrastructure monopolies regulated for universal service
  • 4. Modern Urban Planning : The ‘Unitary City’ Ideology •  Organic or systemic metaphors to shape ‘cohesive’, ‘integrated’, ‘ordered’ city. Spaces knitted by infrastructures •  Close-up spaces seen to relate more than far-off ones •  Authoritarian and technocratic power •  But completely ignored non-physical communication
  • 9. The ‘Invisible City’: Assumptions of Shifts Toward Universal Access •  Via standardised, electromechanical systems •  Energy, water, sewerage and telephone systems increasingly invisible, ubiquitous, and taken for granted •  Bakelite phone ; standard electricity ; municipal streets…“Forgotten, background, frozen in place” Leigh-Star
  • 10. Social Democratisation : Diffusion Towards (Near) Ubiquity in Networked Technologies
  • 12. Technocratic Ideologies of ‘Progress’: Bigger, Better, Faster
  • 13. •  Key part of material and discursive construction of modern nation states
  • 16. But Modern Ideal of Networked City Always Ambivalent : Major Failings and Limitations… •  Never materially achieved •  As much a discursive construction as a material one •  In many cases actually sponsored fragmentation (Haussmann, Moses…) •  Masculinised, gendered, oppressive to minorities •  Failed to match growth •  Exported to colonial cities as spatial apartheid
  • 18. 3. These ‘Deep’ Conceptually Frameworks and Axioms of Urban Planning Increasingly Untenable: Four Key Challenges: (i) Social and Cultural Pluralisation/ Polarisation (ii) Changing Political Economies of Mobility, Infrastructure and the State (iii) Distance per se No Guarantee of Meaningful Relations (iv) New Sociotechnologies of Digitised Power
  • 19. (i)  Social and Cultural Pluralisation (and often Polarisation) •  Often bound up with widespread breakdown and ‘unbundling’ of monopolistic, universalistic, welfare and infrastructure regimes •  Withdrawal of many social and spatial cross-subsidies •  Growth of infrastructural consumerism and commodification
  • 20. Beyond the Singular, Integrated Urban Public Realm •  Public private spaces : “malls without walls” •  Privatised streets and street governance •  Urban entrepreneurialism and branding •  Intensifying surveillance •  Megaprojects : “city as building” •  Fragmentation of law enforcement and security
  • 21. (ii) Changing Political Economies of Mobility, Infrastructure, and States •  Increasing dissatisfaction with modern ideal •  Key element of neo-liberalism : Liberalisation, privatisation and increasing corporate influence •  Shift away from universal service monopolies and cross-subsidies (services as welfare entitlements) •  Concentrating on ‘glocal scalar fixes’ for powerful •  But very varied !
  • 22. Increasingly Complex and ‘Rescaled’ Infrastructural Capitalism
  • 23. The ‘Unbundling’ of the Nation State ? “National borders have ceased being continuous borders on the earth’s surface and have become non-related sets of lines and points situated within each country” Paul Andreu
  • 25. (iii) Distance per se No Guarantee of Meaningful Relations •  Globalisation and ICTs : Widening range of ‘distant proximities’ co-exist with ‘proximate distance’ of city •  Links to far-off places or people may be more powerful than those to physically ddjacent ones •  “Overexposed city” ?
  • 26. “The insertion of telecommunications into the city makes the development of spaces more complex and introduces today a third dimension into urban and regional planning [after space and time] : that is the factor of real-time” Lille Metropolitan Development Agency (ADUML) 1991
  • 27. Not Some Cyberspatial Utopia, Dystopia or a Simple ‘Death of Distance’. Rather a Complex ‘Remediation’ of Urban Places
  • 28. Not a Process of Dematerialisation or Substitution ! Intensifying, Parallel Mobilities
  • 29. Electronic and Physical Mobilities are Growing in Parallel…
  • 30. (iv) New Sociotechnologies of Digitised Power •  “The connected mode of presence at a distance ” Christian Licoppe •  Growth of hidden, software-based mobility, interaction and transaction spaces •  ‘Friction free’ and truly ‘glocal’ •  Challenge physicalist Cartesian, and visible preoccupation of urban planning
  • 31. “Societies of Control”: Entitlements, Rights and Life-Chances Increasingly Encoded into Automated Systems… •  The politics of code •  E.g. electronic highways/ road pricing •  Call centre queuing •  Internet prioritisation •  CCTV facial recognition •  Airport biometrics •  Post 9/11 surveillance surge
  • 32. 4. The Combined Result : The ‘Unbundling’ of Urban Territory ? •  Relations increasingly maintained through ‘capsules’ and networks •  Distanciated flows organised through infrastructure systems •  Support and sustain 24hr justin-time and real time flows melding global economy, society, culture •  ‘Archipeligo economy’: extreme spatial divisions of labour ; ‘economies of conjunction’; ‘cherry picking’; urban entrepreneurialism
  • 33. Francois Ascher’s ‘Archipeligo Economy’: ‘Tunnel Effects’ and Infrastructural ‘Bypass’
  • 35. ‘Glocal’ Bypass •  Tunnel effects a Means of bypassing ‘inadequate’ legacies of standardised, monopolistic spaces and networks : premium network spaces •  E.g. Heathrow Express
  • 36. ‘Glocal Bypass’ : Fibre Networks
  • 37. ‘Local Bypass’ New ‘premium’ intraurban spaces and connections e.g.electronically charged highways •  (Toronto, Melbourne, LA, San Diego…)
  • 38. Local Bypass : Skywalk Cities…
  • 40. Albert Pope : Car Culture - From Grids to Ladders…
  • 42. All Bound Up With : The Splintering City Sprawl and Polynucleation
  • 44. Connectivity, Urban Revanchism and the Politics of Urban Fear As non-local connections Intensify so too in many cases does the policing, enforcement, and construction of local boundaries ‘Technopoles’: e.g. Multimedia Super Corridor
  • 45. Global Financial Centres… City of London’s ‘Ring of Steel’
  • 46. …Malls, Theme Parks, Resorts, ‘Tourist Bubbles’…
  • 54. 5. To Conclude : Urban Places as “Translocalities” (Michael Peter Smith) •  Urban places are best seeb as dynamic socio-technical processes. Not as forms or bounded geometric spaces •  Superimposition of many space-times : result of countless, multiscaled, relational, continuous links with more of less distant elsewheres •  Sometimes these come together in making the ‘cogredience’ of a place ; sometimes they don’t •  Many of these ‘power geometries’ are invisible, diasporic and ‘glocal’ •  Not Castells’ flows vs places ! Places made of, and through, flows! Global is always local.
  • 55. But Urban Place Still Critical ! •  Deliberately focusing on most extreme and visible examples of splintering. Often much more subtle… •  Evolution - Unbundling and continued power of agglomeration : ‘compulsion of proximity’ in cities: ‘sticky places’ in ‘slippery space’ and rooted identity politics •  Cities still mixed and ‘co-gredient’ places. Limits on splintering : obduracy, inertia and continuity ; need to connect ; contestation ; ‘pure’ boundaries impossible ; ineffectiveness of disciplinary efforts ; resistance and insurgent citizenship (internal/external) •  Continuing power of local, national, international governance and planning •  So, the urban still the crucial political/social site
  • 56. Implications for Urban Theory… •  Must be based on multiple non-Euclidean conceptions of space, time, the body, mobility, identity, citizenship, and the public(s) •  Need ‘relational’ theoretical bases •  Conscious of “the discursive construction of urban coherence” (Joe Painter) i.e. Urban ‘Coherence’ must be proven not assumed •  Must NOT reify ‘globalization’, ‘new technology’, or the ‘Network Society’ as steam rollers rolling over local places •  Recognise that rights, mobilities, privileges and denials are increasingly encoded into distant, arcane and opaque technological systems
  • 57. Challenges for Urban Practice •  Resist the neoliberal impulse ! •  i.e. Don’t simply churn our serial imitations of time-space and mobility packages for affluent and powerful •  Be aware that mobility and network improvements for some will always compromise relative or absolute life chances of others •  Experiment with socially progressive and imaginative visions and strategies for cities in the ‘networked society’ whilst not becoming techno-obsessed ! •  Challenge : To generalise improvement within splintering cities whilst being conscious of globalised divisions of labour
  • 58. Challenge to create virtuous circles linking places and mobility systems/ICTs… “Publics are no longer usefully envisioned as the open spaces or free spaces in which diverse participants could gather -the democratic spaces of the street, the square, or the town hall. Nor can we simply pretend that equivalent ‘virtual spaces’ exist in some democratic cybertopia. Instead the mechanisms for publics occurring in the context of the new infrastructures of mobility should be imagined in entirely new ways” Mimi Sheller
  • 59. (i) ‘Relational’ Strategic Spatial Planning and Representational Innovation…
  • 60. •  (ii) The Connected City : Creative Physical Planning for ‘Mobility Environments’: addressing parallel mobilities (Bertolini), spaces and times
  • 61. (iii) ‘Grounding’ the Network Society and Addressing ‘Digital Divides’: New Spaces of Citizenship ?
  • 62. (iv) ‘Recombinant’ Urban Design and Locative Media Experiments
  • 63. (vi) Visibility and Transparency: Urban Place in the Digitising Economy
  • 64. •  Finally : Must Not be Afraid… •  …of utopian thinking… •  …of looking backwards as well as forwards…