This paper compares the potential benefits and impacts of two types of congestion pricing: oad- or cordon-based, and parking-based, that the San Francisco County Transportation Authority studied as a part of the Mobility, Access, and Pricing Study. The study is evaluating comprehensive pricing and mobility-enhancing packages to improve access and offer more sustainable travel choices to and within San Francisco. The Study Team evaluated the cordon and parking congestion charges using the SF-CHAMP regional travel demand model (also known as RPM-9). This paper discusses the current representation of parking in SF-CHAMP and its limitations, and then summarizes the development of an improved parking representation including additional data needs.

1. Exploring Parking Pricing for Congestion
Management Using the SFCTA Activity-
Based Regional Pricing Model
Lisa Zorn, Elizabeth Sall, Zabe Bent
Event 752: Jan 26, 2011
Promises and Perils of Parking TRB 90th
Pricing: Latest Evidence
from the Field Annual Meeting
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY

2. Mobility, Access and Pricing Study Goals
‣ Improve mobility by reducing travel times and increasing
system efficiency for both motorists and transit
passengers
‣ Increase accessibility by providing improved and more
reliable transportation options
‣ Enhance overall quality-of-life by reducing traffic and
tailpipe emissions to improve safety and health
‣ Promote the city’s economic vitality by improving
multimodal access to facilitate future growth and
enhance regional competitiveness
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 2

3. Potential Timeline
December 2010 Board decision to advance to environmental clearance
2010 - 2011 Implement and evaluate SFpark (SFMTA) and other near-term
projects:
 More data to better characterize and track
parking benefits & impacts: supply, demand,
turnover
 Track congestion reduction benefits & impacts
Coordinate w/San Francisco Climate Action Strategy
2011 - 2013 Environmental analysis, system design
Legislative Authorization
Coordination with long-range plan
Implementation Decision
2013 - 2014 Final Design & Procurement
2014 - 2015 Construction of system & capital improvements
Additional transit services
2015 Potential Implementation
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 3

4. San Francisco Traffic Congestion
Causes Significant Auto Vehicle Delay in the Downtown Area
LOS A
LOS B
LOS C
LOS D
LOS E
LOS F
Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009
Weekday PM Peak Automobile Delay Conditions
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 4

5. San Francisco Traffic Congestion
Exacerbates Transit Delays and Impairs Reliability
> 15.0 mph
12.5 - 15.0 mph
10.0 - 12.5 mph
7.5 - 10.0 mph
<7.5 mph
Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009
Weekday PM Peak Muni Bus Speeds
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 5

6. Focus Area
Based on Auto Delay and Transit Service
Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009 Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009
Weekday PM Peak Automobile Delay Conditions Weekday PM Peak Muni Bus Speeds
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 6

7. Focus Area
Based on Auto Delay and Transit Service
Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009 Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009
Weekday PM Peak Automobile Delay Conditions Weekday PM Peak Muni Bus Speeds
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 6

8. Pricing Strategies
Performance Improves Transit?
Higher Bridge Tolls: nominal no
Golden Gate, Bay Bridge
Regional HOT Lane nominal long-term
Network
SFpark pending -
FA Parking Charge peak period auto regional + local
trip reduction
NE Cordon Charge peak period auto regional + local
trip reduction
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 7

9. Northeast Cordon Charge Scenario
Charges Autos a $3 fee to cross the Cordon during Peak Periods
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 8

10. Northeast Cordon Charge Scenario
Charges Autos a $3 fee to cross the Cordon during Peak Periods
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 8

11. Northeast Cordon Charge Scenario
Charges Autos a $3 fee to cross the Cordon during Peak Periods
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 8

12. Focus Area Parking Charge Scenario
Charges Autos a $3 fee to Enter or Exit a Parking Space
During Peak Periods
LOS A
LOS B
LOS C
LOS D
LOS E
LOS F
Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009
Weekday PM Peak Automobile Delay Conditions
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 9

13. Focus Area Parking Charge Scenario
Charges Autos a $3 fee to Enter or Exit a Parking Space
During Peak Periods
LOS A
LOS B
LOS C
LOS D
LOS E
LOS F
Source: SFCTA Congestion Management Program Spring 2009
Weekday PM Peak Automobile Delay Conditions
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 9

14. Summary of Effects
‣Shift driving routes
‣Shift modes and times of day
(non-work > work trips)
‣Shift destination
‣Change number of daily trips:
‣Induced auto travel due to less congestion
‣Trip suppression
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 10

15. Peak Period Charge Events
Greater sensitivity to the Cordon Charge due to the possibility of
diversions
400,000
-8%
300,000
-36%
200,000
-13%
-22%
100,000
0
Cordon Crossings Focus Area Parking Events
2015 Baseline NE Cordon Charge FA Parking Charge
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 11

16. Peak Vehicle Trips
Affected more uniformly by NE Cordon Charge
0%
-11%
-13% -13%
-15%
-22%
-30%
To/From/Within To/From/Within
NE Cordon Focus Area
NE Cordon Charge FA Parking Charge
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 12

17. Daily Trip Making
Effectively unchanged by the NE Cordon Charge
Reduced by the Focus Area Parking Charge
4%
2%
1.5% 0%
0%
-2% -2.5%
-3.5%
-4%
Non-Work Trips Total SF
to/from/within Person
Focus Area Trips
NE Cordon Charge FA Parking Charge
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 13

18. VMT
Greater reduction with the NE Cordon Charge
0%
-3.5%
-5.0%
-5%
-8.5%
-10.0%
-10%
VMT in VMT in SF
Focus Area
NE Cordon Charge FA Parking Charge
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 14

19. Results
NE FA
Cordon Parking
Charge Charge
Total Daily Charged Trips 250,000 145,000
Change vs. 2015 Baseline
Total SF Daily Person Trips — -2.5%
Peak Vehicle Trips to/from/within Focus Area -13% -22%
Peak Vehicle Trips to/from/within NE Cordon -13% -11%
Daily Non-Work Trips to/from/within Focus Area +1.5% -3.5%
Daily VMT, Focus Area -10% -8.5%
Daily VMT, SF -5% -3.5%
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 15

20. Impact of Diversions
FA Parking
Charge Traffic >
NE Cordon
1,779 - 3,162 Charge Traffic
1,001 - 1,778
563 - 1,000
317 - 562
179 - 316
101 - 178
-100 - 100
-178 - -101
-316 - -179
-562 - -317
-1,000 - -563
- 1,778 - -1,001 FA Parking
Charge Traffic <
NE Cordon
Charge Traffic
Difference: [Focus Area Parking Charge AM Traffic Volume]
minus [NE Cordon Charge AM Traffic Volume]
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 16

21. Conclusions
‣Could be effective at reducing VMT and peak
auto congestion
‣BUT trip suppression is more of a concern
‣Some of the benefits are likely to be eroded by
increased through trips in the Focus Area
‣Challenging to serve the new transit demand with
available revenue
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 17

22. Caveats & Future Work
‣This was an exploratory analysis
‣Parking data needs
‣ Payment ranges and subsidy levels for existing
parking inventory
‣ Reserved vs unreserved
‣Coordination with SFpark
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 18

23. Questions?
http://sfmobility.org
lisa.zorn@sfcta.org 415.593.1660
See Also:
Sall, Elizabeth, Zabe Bent, Jesse Koehler, Billy Charlton and Gregory Erhardt.
“Evaluating Regional Pricing Strategies in San Francisco--Application of the SFCTA
Activity-Based Regional Pricing Model.” Paper presented at the Transportation
Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 10-14, 2010.
Zorn, Lisa, Elizabeth Sall and Billy Charlton. “Incorporating Discrete Characteristics and
Network Relationships of Parking into the SF- CHAMP Travel Model.” Paper
presented at the Third International Conference on Innovations in Travel Modeling
(ITM) of the Transportation Research Board (TRB), Tempe, AZ, May 10-12, 2010.
Erhardt, Greg, Joel Freedman, Joe Castiglione, Billy Charlton, Mark Bradley.
“Enhancement and application of an activity-based travel model for congestion
pricing.” Presented at the Second International Conference on Innovations in Travel
Modeling (ITM) of the Transportation Research Board (TRB), Portland, OR,
June 22-24, 2008.
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 19

24. Who Pays to Park?
Percentage of Drivers
Who Pay to Park
0% - 10%
11% - 20%
21% - 30%
31% - 40%
41% - 50%
50% - 60%
61% - 70%
71% - 80%
81% - 90%
91% - 100%
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 20

25. Who Pays to Park?
Percentage of Drivers
Who Pay to Park
0% - 10%
11% - 20%
21% - 30%
31% - 40%
41% - 50%
50% - 60%
61% - 70%
71% - 80%
81% - 90%
91% - 100%
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 20

26. San Francisco Traffic Congestion
Negatively Impacts SF’s economy and environment
Passenger
Passenger Vehicle Vehicle Commercial
Delay Cost Fuel Cost Vehicle Cost
2005
2015
2030
$0B $1B $2B $3B $4B
Figures are in constant 2008 dollars.
Source: PBS&J, 2008, based on SFCTA data.
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 21

27. AM Transit Volumes
Higher to the Focus Area in FA Parking Charge Scenario
317 - 464
216 - 316
148 - 215
101 - 147
69 - 100
33 - 68
-32 - 32
-68 - -33
-100 - -69
-147 - -101
-215 - -148
-316 - -216
-464 - -318
-553 - -464
Difference: [Focus Area Parking Charge AM Transit Volume]
minus [NE Cordon Charge AM Transit Volume]
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 22

28. Non-Auto Modes Affected Differently
NE Cordon Charge shifts auto trips to transit and walk/bike
FA Parking Charge shifts auto trips to transit
20,000
17,000
12,000
10,000
6,000
0
0
Non-Motorized Transit
NE Cordon Charge FA Parking Charge
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 23

29. Peak Vehicle Trips
Affected more uniformly by NE Cordon Charge
0%
-11%
-15% -13% -13%
within
-22%
-30%
To/From/Within To/From/Within
NE Cordon Focus Area
NE Cordon Charge FA Parking Charge
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 24

30. NE FA FA
Results Cordon Parking Parking
Charge Charge Charge
T6 TEP T6
Total Daily Charged Trips 250,000 145,000 145,000
Change vs. 2015 Baseline
Total SF Daily Person Trips — -2.5% -2.5%
Peak Vehicle Trips to/from/within Focus Area -13% -22% -22%
Peak Vehicle Trips to/from/within NE Cordon -13% -11% -11%
Daily Non-Work Trips to/from/within Focus Area +1.5% -3.5% -3.5%
Daily VMT, Focus Area -10% -8.5% -8.5%
Daily VMT, SF -5% -3.5% -3.5%
Peak Transit Trips to/from Focus Area +12,000 +17,000 +16,000
Peak Walk and Bike Trips to/from Focus Area +6,000 — —
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY 25