>1 hormone- Pancreas >1 gland- Testosterone- adrenal cortex, testes >1 organ function Ovaries- estrogen, production of eggs >1 hormone function ADH- water reabsorption/blood vessel constriction
FSH- Growth of follicle LH- Triggers ovulation, corpus luteum Both are gonadtropins
Thyroid hormone regulate the rate of metabolism – not OFF/ON function * Heat production * Stimulate reaction in which glycogen is broken down * Increase numbers of target cell receptors for Epi/Norepi * Increase rate/force of heart contractions * Normal growth and development in children Calcitonin- Decrease serum calcium (osteoblast formation)
Hypothyroidism-
Vitamin D promotes the absorption of Ca ++ from digestive tract The Vit D which is absorbed from sunlight through skin is inactive Vit D just as Vit D which is absorbed through diet. These inactive forms are converted to active Vit D by the liver and kidneys. In this way, the skin can be called an endocrine organ.
Sodium reabsorption leads to retention of water, thus raising fluid levels & BP (osmosis) Aldosterone is stimulated to be released secondary to the enzyme renin (released by kidneys in response to low BP)
Cortisol mobilizes amino acids, & fatty acids from adipose tissue- transports to liver to use in gluconeogenesis so that more gylcogen is available
Cushing’s- Increased cortisol leads to: HTN Osteoporosis Thinning of skin Edema- face/trunk Muscle atrophy, weakness Addison’s- Low BP Profound weakness Weight loss N/V Abdominal pain/diarrhea or constipation High K, low Na, Cl, HCO3- (decreased aldosterone) Salt cravings Body tan (increased melanin production)
Muscle glycogen cannot be released into general circulation like liver glycogen. Can only be used by muscles
If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters Krebs cycle- releasing 32 ATP molecules, and CO2/H2O
1 in 25 persons develop diabetes Untreated can cause irreversible damage to blood vessels and nervous system Heart Disease Visual problems Renal failures Neuropathy- unnoticed sores/injuries Acidosis and death
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