Extension efforts in India have passed through several phases from the pre-British period to the present scenario. In the pre-British period, villages were self-sufficient with a panchayat system of local governance. During the British government period, efforts were limited until famines in the late 19th century prompted establishment of commissions and rural development departments. In the pre-independence era, some isolated efforts were made by individuals and organizations but lacked government support and evaluation. Currently, extension occurs through state agriculture departments, agricultural universities, farmer field schools, private companies, ICT approaches, and innovative public-private models, though remote areas remain underserved and a largely supply-driven approach still dominates.
1. SUBMITTED TO:Dr. PRATIBHA SINGH
Deptt. OF HOME SCIENCE
EXTENSION
SUBMITTED BY:DEEPTI KOTHARI
I.D - 38293
2. EXTENSION IN THE WORLD
O Origin from U.S.A
O Started form late 80s
O Until 1914, use of extension lectures
O Smith Lever Act, 1914- a turning point
3. PHASES OF EXTENSION IN INDIA
Postindependence
Preindependence
British
period
Pre-British
Period
Present
scenario
4. 1.PRE- BRITISH PERIOD
Villages were self-sustained, selfsufficient and self-governed units
Panchayat system was there
Development of central seat of the
government i.e ONE RULAR
5. 2.BRITISH GOVT. PERIOD
No effort till last quarter of 19th
century
Series of Famines(1875-1901)
forced them to:1. Appoint commission
2. Following certain Acts(e.g.
Cooperative Act, Land
Improvement Loans Act etc.)
3. ESTD. Of Rural Construction
Department
6. OUTCOMES :Can be assessed in the form of shortcomings, that are: No detailed planning involved
No emphasis on people’s participation, cooperation and
involvement
Never followed educational approach
Approach of extension agents were like that of BOSSES
7. 3.PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA
Some efforts were done by benevolent
persons and some agencies that are: Work at Shantiniketan
Gurgaon Experiment
Servants of Indian Society, Poona
Sir Daniel Hemilton’s Scheme of Rural
Reconstruction
Marthandam Project
Sarvodaya Programme etc.
8. OUTCOMES:Although being initial efforts were superb, but still one or the
other shortcoming that could be summed up are as
following: Individual initiative
Govt. backing & financing were not forthcoming
All attempts were isolated, uneven & discontinuous
Inexperienced and untrained staff
Plans and programmes were ill-defined and unbalanced
No evaluation were carried out at the end
9. 4.POST INDEPENDENCE ERA
There are 4 distinct stages in
extension efforts during this
period:1) Community Development
2) Technological
Development
3) Development with Social
Justice
4) Infrastructural
Development
11. PRESENT SCENARIO
Public-Sector Extension
State Departments of Agriculture
b. Agricultural Technology Management Agency
c. SAUs
d. Knowledge Transfer through KVKs
Public-Private Partnership: The Agriclinics and
Agribusiness Centres (ACABC) Scheme
a.
12. Cntd….
Private-sector Extension: E-Choupal,
Farmer Field Schools
Innovative Approaches
Mass Media and Information and Communication
Technology Approaches
19. Private-sector Approaches
O ITC e-Choupals
O Haryali Kisaan Bazaars of DCM Shriram
Consolidated Ltd.
O Tata Kisan Sansar, an initiative of Tata
Chemicals
20. ICT Approaches
O Kisan Channel on Doordarshan
O All India FM Transmitter Network
O Kisan Call Centres
O IKSL (IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Ltd. in collaboration with
Airtel), Mandi on Mobile
22. EXTENSION SYSTEM (STRENGTHS)
Post T & V period show decentralization of
extension planning & control
The use of group approach
Use of para-extension workers
Setting up of multi-disciplinary teams from SAUs
Setting up of agri-clinic by private entrepreneurs
Formation of registered societies like ATMA at the
district level by integrating the functions of key
stakeholders
23. POINTS TO CONSIDER YET……
•
•
•
•
•
Public sector still dominates ,Information
flow is supply-driven and not needs-based or
area-specific
A large no. of agencies provide support and
advisory support but restricted to regions
Public-private partnership is limited
Infrastructural & networking support is still
lacking
Remote areas and poor producers are poorly
served by both private & public sector
extension