1. 1
The Database Design And
Implementation Process
•Shashwat Shriparv
•dwivedishashwat@gmail.com
•InfinitySoft

2. 2
Phase 2a (continued…)
For large databases with many expected
users and applications, the view
integration approach of designing
individual schema and merging them can
be used.
Schema (view) integration

3. 3
Schema integration has following subtask:
1: Identifying correspondences and conflicts
among the schema:
Because the schemas are individually
designed, it is necessary to specify construct the
schema that represent real world concept.
a) Naming conflicts
Two types:- 1)SYNONYMS
different name same concept
2)HOMONYMS
same name different concept

4. 4
b) Type conflicts:
Same concepts represented in two
schemas by different modeling constructs
c) Domain conflicts:
An attribute may have different
domains in two schemas.
d) Conflicts among Constraints:
Two Schemas may impose different
constraints

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2.Modifying views to conform to one another:
Some schema are modified so
that they conform other schema closely.
Conflicts that are identified in subtask one are
resolved during this step.
3.Merging views:
Global scheme are created by
merging individual schema. Corresponding
concepts are represented once in resulting
schema and mapping between the views are
done.
4.Restructuring:
This is an optional step and is
done to avoid redundancies or unnecessary
complexity.

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Title
Contributed By
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Published_inArticle Journal
Volume Number
Jid
Title
Written
By
Publisher
Belongs_toBook Subject
name Classificationid
Author View 2
View 1Researcher

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Title
Written_by
Size
Published in
Article
Journal
Volume Number
Jid
Belongs to Subject
Name Classificationid
Author
Modified View 1

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d
Book Article
Title
Written_by Author
Belongs to subject
Published in
Name
Classificationid
Publication
subject
Journal
Jid
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Publisher Size
Merged view

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Taking into consideration the complexity of
merging process and to get the exact meaning
of the schema after merging, there are several
strategy proposed…
Strategies for Merging

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1.Binnary ladder integration.
Two schema quite similar are
integrated first, then the resulting schema with
another similar schema and so on…the ordering
depend on the measure of similarity
V1
V2
V 3
V5

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2.N-ary integration
All schemas are integrated at
one stretch using a single procedure after
the analysis of the correspondences
V1 V2 V 3 V4 V5

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3.Binary balanced strategy:
Pairs of schema are integrated
first ,then the resulting schema are paired
for further integration.
V1 V2
V5
V3

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4.Mixed strategy:
The schemas are portioned into
groups based on their similarity and each
group is integrated separately
V1
V 3
V5
V6
4.Mixed strategy:
The schemas are portioned into
groups based on their similarity and each
group is integrated separately
V1
V2
V 3
V5
V6

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Phase 2b
The purpose of this phase is to design the characteristics of
known database transactions in a DBMS-independent
way…
Designers are aware of many transactions that will run,
once database is implemented.
Important part database design is to specify its functional
characteristics of these transactions.
Usually, some database transaction are known at
design time; after database is implemented, newer
transactions are identified and implemented.
Transaction Design

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Transaction are usually grouped into 3 categories.
1). Retrieval transaction.
Retrieves data.
2). Update transaction.
Update data.
3). Mixed transaction.
mixture of retrieval and update
transaction

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Thank You
•Shashwat Shriparv
•dwivedishashwat@gmail.com
•InfinitySoft