8. Forensic Radiology History Using x-ray to produce images was discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. Only weeks later, the forensic use of x-ray was tested. Helped in convicting an American murderer. Weeks later, the technique was first used in UK. http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/imaging/brief-history
9. Definition ofForensic Radiology It is a specialized area of medical imaging using radiological techniques to assist physicians and pathologists in matters related to the law. Radiographs must be taken before dissection. Earliest photograph of roentgenography of a cadaver found by the author. http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/imaging/brief-history
10. Modalities General X-ray Fluoroscopy NM CT MRI Dental Identification Angiography and venography US
11. General X-ray: Shard of glass (arrows) from a broken beer bottle remain in the lung of this stabbing victim. Fluoroscopy: Post-operative chest x-ray and intra-bronchial contrast material with initial tracheal stent in place. http://www.sahha.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=559
14. Some says that CT will replace other modalities in forensic radiology.http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/imaging/brief-history
15. CT image (a) 2 separated fractures in the frontal and temporal bone,(b) corresponding contusions Digital superimposition of a hummer with the depressed skull fracture . (PDF)The use of clinical CCT images in the forensic examination of closed head Injuries (M.Bauer ,S. polzin, D.patzelt) (PDF)The use of clinical CCT images in the forensic examination of closed head Injuries (M.Bauer ,S. polzin, D.patzelt)
18. costsDental Radiography: for identification and ageing purposes 93% rate for identification of subjects from dental radiographs. PDF)The use of clinical CCT images in the forensic examination of closed head Injuries (M.Bauer ,S. polzin, D.patzelt)
21. costsDental Radiography: A darkening in the crown (arrow); Tooth 32 occlusal destruction of crown. Dental Radiography: for identification and ageing purposes 93% rate for identification of subjects from dental radiographs. PDF)The use of clinical CCT images in the forensic examination of closed head Injuries (M.Bauer ,S. polzin, D.patzelt)
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23. It is possible that this may also be used post-mortem.Bilateral intraventricularhaemorrhage: enlarged lateral ventricles with oval contours. Macrogranular choroid vascular plexuses show a large textured cohesion. Visible enlarged thirdventricle with a diameter of 7-8 mm. THE USE OF RADIOGRAPHY IN FORENSIC MEDICINE (Nigel Hughes and Mary Baker ) http://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/new_medicine-92
24. Using Of Forensic Radiology Widely used in: Identification Establishing cause of death five bullets, overlying in the skull Forensic Radiology by B. G. Brogdon, M.D.
25. A. Identification To bring evidence to help confirm, determine, or eliminate the identity of both living and dead persons. Age Gender Race The comparison of ante & post mortem radiographs is one of the most accurate means of identification. Forensic Radiology by B. G. Brogdon, M.D.
26. A. Identification Age Child: by the appearance of centers of ossification for hand and wrist. Young adult: by the state of fusion of epiphyses. Race Images basically for skull. Skeletal racial Groups: Negroid – elongated cranium Mongoloid – rounded cranium Caucasoid- Head is curved at the top, not completely flat, The chin is prominent. Forensic Radiology by B. G. Brogdon, M.D.
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32. B. Cause of death Foreign bodies location Demonstration of tracks Demonstration of injuries or disease Child abuse
33. Foreign bodies packages of illegal substances objects such as bullets, fragments of glass, explosives or pieces of broken needles in drug addicts in the soft tissues. The location of swallowed objects can assist in correlating time of death with possible cause of injury. foreign body (button battery) in the proximal esophagus http://www.rad-club.com/vb/showthread.php?t=26
34. Cont. Foreign bodies Demonstration of tracks Tracks made by gun-shot wounds, stab wounds and bullet wounds Their depth & proximity to vital organs can be demonstrated by CM Supine chest radiograph showing bullet (arrow) from acute gunshot wound. Forensic Radiology by B. G. Brogdon, M.D.
35. Demonstration of injuries or diseases e.g. The identification of old or multiple fractures (new # is more bright) Child abuse To identify the extent ofphysical injury To clarify all imaging findings that point to alternative diagnoses This fracture was caused by a twisting force or torsion at the hands of an adult caregiver. Sever hand fractures in young male http://www.flickr.com/photos/roentgenator/1435208683/
36. Projections digits PA projection for bone age evaluation. skulltrue AP & lat. projections the frontal sinuses &the Sellaturcica can provide unique markers in ID. Entire body (for identification)everyjoint must be included because orthopedic appliances or unique degenerative changes aid the ID process. Correct anatomical markers within the collimated light field is critical. Forensic Radiology by B. G. Brogdon, M.D.
37. Radiographer Role Should has a complete understanding of the technical factors ; may have to vary greatly from subject to subject. e.g. A dead individual remains may be found from early soft tissue stages to advanced skeletonization http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=657&mode=ce
38. Radiographer Role Obtaining images as close as possible to ante-mortem imaging in AP/PA and lateral projections. Providing optimal detail & proper visibility of the structures. All data & identifiers are recorded on the images (date, time, & location). If any data or markers are not visible or correct, the image should be repeated. Following all confidentiality and ethical standards. http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=657&mode=ce
39. Radiographer Role Must be prepared to work under extreme environmental conditions, with any type of X-ray equipment (old piece, portable unit, C-arm, mobile CR, and CT scanners) Safety aspects Adhering to radiation safety protocols . Wear personal protective equipment when coming into contact with any body fluids exists. during imaging , Image receptors placed in plastic covers & wiped with antiseptic after use. Completed & up-to-date vaccinations for Personnel. http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=657&mode=ce
40. Radiographer Role Collection and Preservation of Evidence Radiographer needs to be familiar with certain procedures. Keep any artifacts that could become evidence. e.g. never throw away any articles of clothing. Bagged hand; do not remove the bags –done to keep evidence for gunshot residue and underneath fingernails. ask questions before removing anything that might be related to the incident. http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=657&mode=ce
41. Conclusion As radiology equipment continues to develop and more applications are discovered for its use in the field of forensics, so will the role of the radiographer and technologist.
43. References: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/imaging/brief-history http://imagingradiationoncology.advanceweb.com/Editorial/Content/Editorial.aspx?CC=53867 http://www.forensicmag.com/articles.asp?pid=7 http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/conference-reports/ecr2009/article/113619/1386135?verify=0 http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=657&mode=ce http://www.flickr.com/photos/roentgenator/1435208683/ http://www.sahha.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=559 Forensic Radiology by B. G. Brogdon, M.D. (PDF)The use of clinical CCT images in the forensic examination of closed head Injuries (M.Bauer ,S. polzin, D.patzelt) (PDF)THE USE OF RADIOGRAPHY IN FORENSIC MEDICINE (Nigel Hughes and Mary Baker) http://www.rad-club.com/vb/showthread.php?t=26 References
Notas del editor
Post-mortem examination. an examination of the body made after the death of the patient; an autopsy
The contrast medium must be introduced into the wound by gravity and not injected as pressure could from false channels.
> 1st pt. formation—both visibility and sharpness of details.The radiographer should remember that kVp controls penetration and scale of contrast. mAs controls density. Why? Because decomposition, loss of tissue & gas will affect techniqueCR, every effort should be taken to to improve image quality, including increased FFD, small focal spot, close collimation, optimal (kVp), and sufficient (mAs) to make detail visible.
in Mass Fatality Events ,Radiographer is usually a member of a formal forensics team.
Although the radiographer may not be directly involved in the collection and preservation of evidence
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