CSS Foundations, pt 2

CSS Foundations, pt 2
22-3375 Web Design I // Columbia College Chicago

Review 
What is css and how it’s relationship to your html files
Three different approaches to applying your css to the html
How the browser interprets the “cascade” of style rules
How to write CSS rules
Understand basic css properties for text styling
How to add class and id selectors to your html for more styling control

How to add css to your document

There are 2 basic ways to add styles to your html page: 

External (linked) 

<head>

Internal

External

 
<head> 
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css"> 
</head> 

Except in special circumstances, best practice is
to keep all your styles in a separate css document.
Linked stylesheets can be applied across multiple
documents and sites.

Internal (embedded)

 
<head> 
<style> p {color: red} </style> 
</head> 

You can add styles directly into your html page
using the “style” element in the <head> of
your document.
Embedded styles apply ONLY to that  
html document.

Internal (inline)

 
<p style=”color: red”>Red Text</tag> 

You can add styles directly into your html
markup using the “style” attribute on opening
tag of your element. This is called an “inline”
style.
Inline styles apply ONLY to that specific
instance of the element.

Best Practice 
In most cases you should use the external method of adding
styles to your html page.
Writing the css in the <head> of your document is acceptable
if you definitely only want to apply the styles to a single page.
However, adding your styles “inline” — inside a html starting
tag, e.g. <p style=”font-size: 14px”> — should be avoided.

Class Exercise
!

!

download class tutorial files
create new css file in ‘review’ folder
link to the css file from review.html file

p

Type (element)

#

ID

.

Class

Type (element) Selectors

 
body {declaration} 
p {declaration} 
h1 {declaration} 
ul {declaration} 

The simplest selector is the type selector, which
targets an html element by name.

The essential selector types (elements) 
Primary 
Structure

Body 
Elements

Formatting 
Elements

html

p

em

body

br

i

h1 – h6

strong

ul

b

ol

q

a

blockquote

img

span

div

div elements 
Div elements allow you to group a set of
elements together in one block-level element.
!

 

<div id=”head”>
<a bunch of elements></>
</div>

span elements 
span elements are the inline equivalent of divs.
!

<p>Here is some text <span class=”red-text”>
with a span</span> added.</p>
 

Spans are the equivalent of ‘character’ styles  
in InDesign.

type selectors vs IDs & Classes 

Type selectors use the tag names that are
built into HTML.

 

IDs and classes use names that you define, and
are added to html elements to make them
more specific.

ID Selectors 
 
#logo {declaration}"
CSS

 
<img id=”logo” src=”” alt=””> 
HTML

An ID is an html attribute that is added to your
html markup. You reference that ID in your css
with a hash.

Class Selectors 
 
.ingredients {declaration}"
CSS

 
<ul class=”ingredients”> 
HTML

A class is an html attribute that is added to your
html markup. You reference that ID in your css
with a period.

IDs vs Classes 
The most important difference between IDs
and classes is that there can be only one ID
on a page, but multiple classes.
An ID is more specific than a class.
An element can have both an ID and
multiple classes.

IDs vs Classes 

ID: #344-34-4344
Class: Male
Class: Student

ID: #123-54-9877
Class: Female
Class: Student

Descendant Selectors 
CSS 

#sidebar .author {declaration}"
HTML 

<div id=”sidebar”> 
<p class=”author”></p> 
</div> 
 

A space between two selectors indicates a
descendant selector. In the example above, the
style is targeted to an element with the class
“author” inside the id “sidebar”.

Multiple classes 
CSS 

.ingredients.time {declaration}"
HTML 

<div class=”ingredients time”> 
<h1></h1> 
</div> 
 

Elements can have multiple classes, giving you
more control. The are written in the CSS in the
exact order they appear in the html, with no
spaces.

Combining IDs and classes 
CSS 

#wrapper.ingredients.time {declaration}"
HTML 

<div id=”wrapper” class=”ingredients time”> 
<h1></h1> 
</div> 
 

Elements can have both ids and classes. While
an element can have only one id, it can have
multiple classes.

Class Exercise
!

Copy the following values from another site:

The Box Model: 
Defining the dimensions

There are five basic properties for defining your “boxes”:

display
width and height
padding
margins
border

CSS Box Model
All HTML elements can be
considered as boxes or
blocks. In CSS, the term
"box model" is used when
talking about design and
layout.
The CSS box model is
essentially a box that wraps
around HTML elements,
and it consists of: margins,
borders, padding, and the
actual content.

!

Inspect Element 3d view in Firefox

Total dimensions
The actual width or height of
any object is the total of the
content width, padding,
borders, and margins.
.size-me { 
width: 200px;  
padding: 10px; 
border: 2px; 
margin: 20px; 
}"

The actual width: 254px
content: 200px 
padding-left: 10px 
padding-right: 10px 
border-right: 2px 
border-left: 2px 
margin-right: 20px 
margin-left: 20px

Display property
By default, certain elements in your html have a display
property of inline or block.
Block elements takes up the full width available, and forces a
line above and below. Examples include <p>, <div>, <ul>,
<blockquote> and all headers.  

<div></div>
<p></p>
<ul></ul>

Display property
Inline elements can be inserted within block elements or
other inline elements and do no create additional space or
line breaks. Examples include <img>, <em>, <strong>,
<a>, and <span>.  

<p>
<p></p>
<p></p>

<a></a>

</p>

Display property
There are four values that you can give to the display property:
display: block;
display: inline;
display: inline-block;
display: none

!
Inline-block is a special value that allows an element to stay inline
with its containing element, but allows you to control it’s
dimensions as if it were a block element.
display: none removes the element.

Display property
For example, by default, a <li> element is set to display: block. If
we change that value in our css to:
li {display: inline-block;}
Then this:

Changes to this: 

<ul>

<ul>

<li>

</li>

<li>

</li>

<ul>

<li>
<ul>

</li>

<li>

</li>

Class Exercise
!

1 Inline and Block

Class Exercise
!

2 Borders and Margins

Defining dimension: width and height
You can set the width and height of any element that has a
display property of block or inline-block.
As with type, you can set dimension in pixels (px), ems, or
percentage (%). Setting any width with pixels is referred to as
fixed-width, and setting width in ems or percentages is
referred to as flexible-width.
.size-me { 
width: 200px;  
height: 200px; 
}

!
!

Defining dimension: min- and maxInstead of absolutely defining the width and height of your
elements, you can set minimum and maximum widths and
heights.
This allows you to resize elements based on the browser or
their parent elements. The idea of creating flexible content
that adjusts to the user’s browser/device is at the core of
what is referred to as responsive design.
.size-me { 
min-width: 200px;  
max-width: 100px; 
}"

Defining dimension: min-width and max-width

!
!
!

Defining padding & margins
You can set the padding and margin properties of any
element in css.
Margin and padding dimensions can be also pixels (px),
ems, or percentage (%).
.space-me { 
padding: 10px;  
margin-bottom: 20px; 
}

!
!
!

Defining padding & margins
While you can add padding and margins to inline
elements, not all of your properties will apply (vertical
spacing, see below).

!
!
!

Collapsing margins 
When two or more
margins collapse, the
resulting margin width
is the maximum of the
collapsing margins'
widths.
In the example below,
box1 has a taller
margin than box2, so
only that margin will
be used (not added
together).
!
!

CSS Shorthand 
When setting sizes for padding,
margins and borders, instead of this:
.box { 
padding-top: 10px;  
padding-right: 15px; 
padding-bottom: 10px;  
padding-left: 15px; 
}

1
4

2

Use this:
.box { 
padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; 
}"

The values start at the top and go
around the element clockwise.
!

3

CSS Shorthand 
If your top/bottom and left/right
values are the same, you can shorten
the declaration even more:
.box { 
padding: 10px 15px; 
}"

Where the first value is for the top and
bottom, and the second is for left and
right.
!

!

1
2

2
1

Defining borders
You can create a border around any element with css;
you can create the same border on each side, or
customize the color, width and border style of each side.

!
There are 3 properties to define with each border:  
border-width: 1px;
border-style: solid; (dotted, dashed, etc)
border color: #666666;

!
!
!

CSS Shorthand 
Borders can also be shortened, from this:
.box { 
border-width: 1px; 
border-style: solid; 
border-color: #888888 
}"

to this:
.box { 
border: 1px solid #888888; 
}"

Note that there is only a single space between each value, and
they should follow the order shown above.

!

Defining borders
 
h3 { 
border-bottom: 1px solid #444444; 
}

!
!

Class Exercise
!

3 Centered, Fixed-Width Page

There are four basic declarations  
you can use to position your boxes:

float: left (or right)
position: relative
position: fixed
position: absolute

position: static
Static positioning is the default – this is referred to as the
“normal flow”.
block boxes are positioned on a page one after the
other (in the order they're written in the HTML). They
start in the upper left of the containing box and stack
from top to bottom. The distance between each box is
defined by the margins with top and bottom margins
collapsing into one another.

!
!

<div id=”header”></div>

! <div id=”content”></div>
<ul id=”sidebar-nav”></ul>

float
A floated element takes the element out of the normal
flow and moves it to the far right or left of the containing
element. Existing content will then flow around it.
Floated elements should always have at least a width
property.
.photo { 
float: left; 
}"

!
!

4 Float
!

 
.photo { 
float: left; 
}"

!
!

Class Exercise
!

5 Positioning

Positioning Properties
There are four values that you can give to the position property:

!
static Elements renders in order, as they appear in the
document flow. This is default.
relative The element is positioned relative to its static position,
so “left:20” adds 20 pixels to the element’s LEFT position.
absolute The element is positioned relative to its first positioned
(not static) ancestor element (usually, the first parent with
position:relative).

 

fixed The element is positioned relative to the browser window.

boxes exercise
.box { 
"" width: 300px; 
"" height: 300px; 
"" border: 1px solid #333; 
"" margin: 10px; 
"" display: inline-block; 
}" "
.relative { 
"" position: relative; 
"" top: 50px; 
"" left: -50px; 
}"
.fixed { 
"" position: fixed; 
"" bottom: 0; 
"" left: 0; 
}"

!

boxes exercise
.box.absolute { 
"" position: relative; 
}"
.box.absolute p { 
"" position: absolute; 
"" top: 0; 
"" right: 0; 
"" background: #444; 
"" padding: 10px; 
"" margin: 0; 
"" color: #fff; 
}"

!
!
!

relative
A relative positioned element moves the element out of
it’s position in the normal flow, and allows you to move it
“relative” to that location. The space taken by the
original location is retained in the flow.
.date { 
position: relative; 
top: 40px; 
left: -105px; 
}"

!
!

relative exercise
!

!
!

!
!

.date { 
top: 40px; 
left: -105px; 
}"

fixed
A fixed element is taken complete out of the document
flow, and is positioned relative to the browser window. 
.create-change { 
position: fixed; 
bottom: 40px; 
right: 0; 
}"

!
!

fixed exercise
!

!
!

!
!

.create-change { 
position: fixed; 
bottom: 40px; 
right: 0; 
}"

absolute
The element is positioned relative to its first positioned
(not static) ancestor element. The element and its
spacing are completely taken out of the flow. In the
example below, the “.post” parent element is given a
position value of relative, which lets us set it’s child
element “.icon” within it. 
.post { 
}"
.icon { 
position: absolute; 
left: -60px; 
right: 0; 
}"

!
!

absolute exercise
!

!
!

.post { 
}"
.icon { 
position: absolute; 
left: -60px; 
right: 0; 
}"

!
!

CSS Foundations, pt 2

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