assignment

1. 1
LIVING CORNERS – PISCICULTURE, BIRD
WATCHING AND REARING.
SUBMITTED to
Mrs. Sushama Prabha L
Lecturer of Natural Science
SUBMITTED by
Shimna .S
[Natural Science Optional]
SUBMITTED on
16.08.2014

2. 2
INDEX
SL.No. CONTENT
PAGE No.
1
Introduction
3
2 Pisci Culture 4
3 Cage system 5
4 Pond system 5
5 Bird watching 6
6 Rearing 8
7 Artificial rearing 9
8 Aviculture 9
9 Conclusion 10
10 Reference 11

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
Every school should have a live corner where some animals and plants are grown
and reared. This provides opportunity for spontaneous observation and enjoyment generally
there types of live corners is arrange in a room which provides opportunities for an unlimited
amount of spontaneous, undirected observation. The inter dependence of plants and animals
locomotion respiration etc of fishes , factors of an ecosystem, balance of nature , food chain,
food web etc. Terrarium is a live corner for rearing creatures living on the surface and below
the surface of the earth. It represents a complete land environment just as an aquarium
represents aquatic environment. Vivarium is a live corner arranged in school or at home where
creatures living in the air are grown and reared. It provides opportunity for an unlimited
amount of spontaneous, undirected observation and enjoyment.

4. 4
PISCICULTURE (From Lat piscic, fish)
The species of fish which can be kept successfully in captivity
throughout their lives from egg to adult is exceedingly limited in number the various breeds of
goldfish are familiar examples. Various other food-fishes both marine and fresh-water can be
kept in pond for longer or shorter periods, but return to breed while in other cases the fry
obtained from captive breeders will not develop.
Consequently there are two main types of pisciculture to be distinguished
(1) The reading in continement of young fishes to an edible stage
(2) The stocking of natural waters with eggs or fry from captured breeders

5. 5
CAGE SYSTEM
Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers or oceans to contain and protect fish until
they can be harvested. The method is also called “off – shore cultivation “when the cages are
placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in
cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages fish
farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries etc)
many types of fish can be raised and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water
uses. Concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality etc. cage failures leading to escapes.
Even though the cage- industry has made numerous technological advances in cage
construction in recent years. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also
providers a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow &thrive.
IRRIGATION DITCH OR POND SYSTEM
The basic requirement is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, possibly with an
above-ground irrigation system using this method one can store ones water allotment in ponds
or ditches, usually lined with betonies clay. In small systems the fish are often feed commercial
fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In large ponds the pond grows
water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains
of plants as well as introduced strains of fish.
Control of water quality is crucial. Fertilizing clarifying and plant control of the water can
increase yields as long as eutrophication is prevented and oxygen levels stay high.
COMPOSITE FISH CULTURE
It is a technology developed in India by the Indian council of agricultural research in 1970’s. in
this system both local and imported fish species a combination of 5 or 6 fish species is used in a
single fish pond. Fish used in this system include catla and silver carp. Which are surface feeders
rohu a column feeder and mrigal and common carp which are bottom feeders. Other fish will
also on the excreta of the common carp and this helps contribute to the efficiency of the
system which in optimal conditions will produce 3000 – 6000 kg at fish per hector per year
INTEGRATED RECYCLING SYSTEM
One of the largest problems which fresh water pisciculture is that it can use a million gallons of
water per acre each year. Extended water purification system allow for the reuse of local water.
The largest scale pure fish farms are a system derived from the new Alchemy institute in 1970s.

6. Large plastic fish tank are placed in a green house. A hydroponic placed near above or between
them. When tilapia is raised in the tanks they are able to eat algae, which naturally grow in the
tanks when the tanks are properly fertilized.
BIRD WATCHING
Bird watching or birding is the observation of birds as a recreation activity. It can be done with
the naked eye, through a enhancement device like binocular and telescopes or by listening for
birds sounds. Bird watching often involves significant auditory components as many bird
species are more easily detected and identified by year than by eye. Most bird watchers pursue
this activity for recreational or social reasons, unlike ornithologists who engage in the study of
birds using formal scientific methods.
THE HISTOTY OF BIRD WATCHING
The early interest in observing birds for their aesthetic rather than utilitarian (mainly food)
value is traced to the late 18th century in the works at Gilbert white, Thomas Bewick, George
Montagu and John Clare. The study of bird and natural history in general became increasingly
prevalent in the Britain during the Victorian era, often associated with collection, eggs and later
skins being the artifacts as interest. Wealthy collectors made use of their contacts in the
colonies to obtain specimens from around the world. It was only in the late 19th century that
the call for bird protection began leading to rising popularity of observations on living birds. The
Audubon-society was started to protect bird from the growing trade in the features the united
states while the ‘Royal society for the protection of birds’ began in Britain.
6
Initially bird watching was a hobby practiced in developed countries such as the USA
and the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, since the second half of the 20th century as an
increasing number of people in developing countries have engaged in this activity. Traditional
bird has played an important role in this, as citizens from developing countries that engage in
bird watching usually develop this pastime due to influence foreign cultures that already
practice birding.
ACTIVITIES: Many bird watchers occupy themselves with observing local species, but many
also make specific trips to observe birds in other locales. The most active time of the year for
birding In temperate zones are during the spring or tall migrations when the greatest variety of
bird may be seen. On these occasions, large number of birds travels north or south to wintering
or nesting locations. Early mornings are typically call better as the birds are more active and
vocal making then easier to spot

7. Certain location such as the local path of the forest wetland and coast may be favored
according to the location and season sea watching is a type at bird watching where observes
based at coastal watch point , such as a headland , watch birds flying over the sea wealthy place
and important rule in the occurrences of rare bird . Bird watching may plant in censures of bird
population and migratory pattern which are sometime specific to individual spaces, and may
also consent birds in a given area as in the Christmas bird count careful designed study
protocols. Due to their accessibility and ebicuty birds are a use full tool for environmental
education and awareness on environmental issues .Bird s easily transmit values on respect to
nature and fragility of ecosystems
Sound equipment: - recognition of bird vocalization is an important part of bird’s toolkit. Sound
information can assist in the location, watching, identification and sensing of birds. recent
development in audio technology have seen recoding and reproduction devises shrink in both
size and price making them accessible to a greater portion of the birding community.
PHOTOGRAPHY: - It has always been a part of birding but in the past the cost of cameras with
super telephoto lenses made this a minority often semi-professional interest in advanced technology
digital cameras are used.
VIDEOGRATHY:- Cross-over, non linear digital models now exist that takes high quality stills at
acceptable resolutions as well as being able to record and play audio and video and also portable media
are used.
REMOTE BIRD WATCHING: - New technologies are allowing bird watching activities to
take place over the internet using robotic camera installations and mobile phones set up in remote
wildlife areas.
FAMOUS BIRS D WATCHERS: - There are about 10,000 species of bird and only a small
number of people have spent their entire lives trying to see all the bird spies of world. The first person
who started this is said to be Stuart Keith.
Bird watching literature, field guides and television programs have be popularized by birders like Pete
Dunne and Bill Odaie
7

8. 8
REARING
In rearing birds one maxim should be kept in mind at all stages: all young animals are
suicidal; the ones that survive are merely the ones that were unsuccessful. In the wild survival
rates of many species are low, particularly for species which produce large number of chicks,
while high survival rates are looked for in aviculture.
PARENT REARING
Parent rearing gives the chicks the most natural rearing environment and behavioral cues
which may be important for later successful pairing, Net building, parenting and other
behaviors.
In general, parent-rearing requires less time and effort from the human care takers than other
forms of rearing as the parents provide warmth, encourage feeding etc. parent birds generally
provide a higher level of care than even the best aviculturist.
Many species of birds appear to be poor parents in captive conditions. This may be related to a
wide variety of factors including the general environment, climatic differences, lack of
appropriate food items and stresses such as disturbance both by other individuals with in an
aviary or enclosure and by humans.
BROODY/FOSTER REARING
 Broody hens have been used as foster- mother for various for many years. They are
used mainly for gallinaceous birds such as pheasants and to a lesser extent waterfowl,
although they have also been used for birds such as cranes
 Hens will brood chicks providing warmth, and will usually encourage feeding by
example. Care should be taken to match the temperament of the intended fostered
chicks as a very active hen may accidentally harm chicks which are rather slow in their
movements.
 Using a broody to rear chicks carries an attendant risk of disease transmission from the
hen

9. ISOLATION REARING
 This can be used to provide birds for captive breeding for release
 Both visual and auditory interaction with human is minimized
ARTIFICIAL REARING
9
 Many birds breed in captivity are hand reared. Hand rearing allows a greater number of
birds
To be reared. The abnormal rearing environment may adversely affect later behavior
 Hand reared birds may be less wary than parent reared birds. This may be useful or
detrimental depending on the circumstances
 Hand rearing has the advantages of allowing good control over temperature and food
availability
REARING HORSE
Rearing occurs when a horse or other equine “stands up” on its hind legs with the
forelegs of the ground rearing may be linked to fright, aggression, excitement, disobedience, or
pain. It is not UN common to see stallions rearing in the wild when they fight, while striking at
their opponent with their front legs. Mares are generally more likely to kick when acting in
aggression, but may rear if they need to strike at a threat in front of them
AVICULTURE
Aviculture is the practice of keeping and breading birds and the culture that forms
around it aviculture is generally focused on not only the racing and breeding of birds but also
on preserving avian habitat and public awareness campaigns
TYPES: there are various reasons that people get involve in aviculture. People breed
birds to preserve a species some people breed parrot as a companion birds and some peoples
breed birds to make a profit

10. 10
CONCLUSION
The surface of the earth is covered with plants and animals and we cover many of them in this
category. In biology an organism is any contiguous living system such as vertebrates, insects,
plant or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to
stimuli reproduction, growth and development and self regulation.

11. 11
REFERENCES
 http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/p2/pisiculture.html
 http://en.mwikipedia.org/ wiki/aviculture
 http:/en.mwikipedia.org/wiki/bird watching-methodology of teaching and
pedagogic analysis –Dr .k Sivarajan, prof A Faziluddin
 http:/wildpro.twy cross zoo.org/avian husbandry/rearing.htm