Assimilation and reduplication in pangasinan adjectives

ASSIMILATION and
REDUPLICATION in
PANGASINAN ADJECTIVES:
A Morphophonemic Analysis
Mark Anthony B. Austria
Facu lty Research er/PSU Alam inos C ity
201 2 U niversity Research In-H ou se Review and Sym p osiu m
PSU Sta. M aria C am p u s; Ap ril 30, 201 2

Background of the Study
The most ancient expressions of linguistic
intellect known to man were recorded in the
second and eleventh chapters of the Book of
Genesis in the Old Testament. The first reference is
the naming of the animals, and the second
recorded the account of the Tower of Babel.
From then on, most civilizations and cultures
—in their sacred writings, in their oral traditions, in
their folklore—have some reference to the origin
occasionally to the dispersion of speech. Only rarely
did the ancients try to learn something about
speech phenomena by observation or
experimentation.

These experimentations and linguistic
investigations, in the controversial sense of the
word, however, could not begin until philosophy
and the analytic study of the language had been
developed. This goal was not realized until the
Greeks and the Indians applied their peculiar
geniuses towards investigating the nature of
language. Although they had certain goals in
common, their respective approaches to the study
of language were fundamentally different. By and
large, the Greeks speculated about language,
whereas the Indians described it.

Since language is a system, an organized
pattern of sounds and words and their meanings in
general, there are some specific features of the
system that are common from one language to
another. This explains why while some Philippine
languages like Filipino, Iloko, Kapampangan, Waray,
Ibaloi and Pangasinan share some similarities.
However, structural linguistics has it that
languages could differ from each other without
limit and in unpredictable ways. Linguists have
tended to emphasize the respects in which a
language differs from the other, i.e. each language
is uniquely structured, possessing idiosyncratic
characteristics.

In addition, the idea of a sustained
scholarly study of these minority languages
could possibly propel the interest in their
revitalization. Hence, this study attempts to
offer full of unexpected discoveries about the
hidden linguistic mysteries and salient features
of the Pangasinan language, particularly its set
of adjectives. Also, this study is aimed at
classifying the Pangasinan language as a healthy
language as evidenced by its capability to
undergo morphophonemic changes such as the
assimilation and reduplication process.

Hence, this study was designed to
investigate the all-time controversial feature of
Pangasinan to undergo morphophonemic
changes such as assimilation and reduplication
in order to understand how its certain adjectives
behave when used in a certain environment.
Finally, this is endeavored to declare that
Pangasinan is a living language; it is healthy!

Statement of the Problem
This study was aimed at identifying, analyzing,
describing and evaluating morphophonologically the
selected Pangasinan adjectives. Specifically, it sought to
find answers to the following questions:
2.Are there adjectives in Pangasinan, which undergo
assimilation and reduplication as morphophonemic
changes?
3.What are the different types of these changes that take
place in the adjectives and are there phonological rules
governing the same?
4.Which of these adjectives are intelligibly used by the
native speakers?
5.How are these adjectives recognized as to
acceptability?

Significance of the Study
This linguistic inquiry was conducted to
benefit the native speakers and the non-native
speakers of the Pangasinan language, and most
specially, the linguistics professors, instructors,
students, and the young Pangasinenses.
Through this study, Pangasinan speakers will
be rightfully informed about their own language.
They may be guided as to the correct utterances of
their language, particularly with regard its
adjectives. That consciously or unconsciously, their
manner of utterances is ineffective, and thus this
study will guide them how some selected adjectives
are formed and uttered phonologically and
morphophonemically.

The findings of this study could enrich the
language teaching and learning. The same findings
could provide valuable springboard for language
professors, instructors, and teachers in the
teaching of linguistics, phonology, structure of
languages (morphology and syntax), and lexical
typology and registers, both in the undergraduate
and graduate levels.
This study also gives motivation to those non-
native speakers of Pangasinan who want to learn
the language because like their own language it is
not difficult after all. It is attitudinal. Therefore,
non-native speakers may start with the adjectives
in their quest for learning the whole language.

Furthermore, college students specializing in
languages may find this study worth reviewing, as
this study provides adequate linguistic accounts on
the long controversial features of languages, such
as the phonological rules and morphophonemic
changes.
Finally, this study could offer inspiration to
those linguists and philologists to pursue studies
that are more comprehensive on morphophonemic
changes and to explore and discover new insights
about Pangasinan, which might lead to better
understanding the nature of languages.
The aforementioned premises made this
study relevant, vital and significant.

Scope and Delimitation
This study centered on gathered (those
derived from the Swadesh wordlist of
Pangasinan language) adjectives, linguistically
treated for possible evidence of
morphophonemic processes and changes such
as assimilation and reduplication.

Scope and Delimitation
Further, the gathered data consisted of one
hundred twelve (112) Pangasinan adjectives. Only
those derived from the Swadesh word-list of
Pangasinan were selected and morpho-
phonologically analyzed herein. The same samples
were validated as intelligently used in daily
conversation and recognized as acceptable by the
ten (10) linguistic informants from the nine (9)
Pangasinan-speaking municipalities and cities in the
central and western parts of the province namely
San Carlos City, Malasique, Bayambang, Lingayen,
Binmaley, Bugallon, Alaminos City, Dasol, and
Mabini, respectively. This study was conducted
from July 15, 2011 to April 17, 2012.

Review of Related Literature
The Pangasinan language (codes: pag, ISO
639-2, ISO 639-3) is one of the twelve major
languages in the Philippines. Pangasinan is the
ninth most spoken native language in the
Philippines. It belongs to the Austronesian family of
languages, specifically from the Southern
Cordilleran Group of the Northern Philippine
languages.
It is an agglutinating language (Ethnologue,
2009).

Moreover, as an agglutinating language, it is
capable of forming morphologically complex words
by stringing together sequences of affixes before
and/or after a root morpheme (Hall, 2005). Hence,
it is also capable of undergoing morphophonemic
processes and manifests evidence of
morphophonemic changes brought about by the
sequences of morphemes and phonemes.
Further, Hall (2005) posited that from the
perspective of linguistic theory, a language is (a) a
set of speech sounds (b) a set of principles for how
to put them together in meaningful ways; and (c) a
set of principles for how to interpret the meanings
they express.

These same sets of principles that Hall spoke
of may shed light to the rare linguistic
phenomenon, which has intrigued linguists for
years—the morphophonemic changes. It may be
noted that certain speech sounds are either
assimilated or reduced as they occur in sequence
with certain strings of morphemes.
Consequently, the Pangasinan language being
an agglutinating one may show residues of these
morphophonemic changes.

The practical goal of linguistics is to establish the
phonology and morphology of an archaic and obsolescent
language like Pangasinan. In this, linguists were singularly
successful, due in part of their objective approach, but no
doubt due also to the structure of the language itself, for it
is an idiom in which phonemic and morphemic “merging”,
is beautifully formalized and obvious.
Aristotle (384-322 BC), Father of Grammar in the
Occidental World, believed and taught (in his essay
entitled, “On Interpretation”) that language was arrived at
by convention or agreement. In linguistics, therefore, the
particular form that a given word assumed was merely one
of an infinite number of material embodiments – those of
sounds and morphemes.

Durst (1997) stated that morphophonology
deals with the conditioned alteration of phonemes.
Although the occurrence of particular
morphophonemes is controlled lexically, just like
non-morphophonologically alternating phonemes,
morphophonemic alternations can be described in
terms of phonology alone, with no recourse the
morphological process involved. Thus,
morphophonology refers to a “layer” of description
that handles the predictable alternating phonemes.

According to Ramlan (2001), morphophonemic
refers the changes of phoneme as a result from the
merging of one morpheme and another. He also states
that morphophonemic process is a process of form
changes in which phoneme and morpheme are
involved.
The study of Austria, et. al. (2004) found out that
the Pangasinan adjectives are capable of undergoing
the various morphophonemic changes such as
assimilation, reduplication, substitution, syncopation
and reduplication in case of syncopation. They found
out that these changes occurring in the samples
analyzed are predictable.

Therefore, morphophonology is seen as a
part of linguistic code that deals with predictable
alternation of sounds, not morphemes, and include
it under phonology—or at least not include it under
morphology. Since there is a very obviously
something phonological going on in a phenomenon
that was being described as morphological
variation. The term “morphophonemic changes”
was used to describe such processes.

Methodology
The descriptive method was employed in this study.
It was aimed at describing prevailing linguistic patterns
and/or conditions among phonetic and morphemic
inventories in sequences with regard to formations of
adjectives in Pangasinan.
Further, to determine the probable
morphophonemic features of the gathered adjectives, the
“inspection” approach (as attributed to Gudschinsky) was
used to evaluate the same. Focusing on phonetic and
morphemic relationships, this approach attempted to
measure the ‘relative degrees of lexical relationship’ of
closely related phonemes (including their allophones) and
morphemes (including their allomorphs) as an indicator of
potential morphophonemic changes.

Methodology
In gathering the data, the researcher interviewed
ten (10) Pangasinan informants from nine (9) Pangasinan-
speaking municipalities and cities in the central and
western Pangasinan namely San Carlos City, Malasique,
Bayambang, Lingayen, Binmaley, Bugallon, Alaminos City,
Dasol, and Mabini, respectively. The informants were
carefully chosen through purposive sampling; which aimed
at choosing a combination of elderly and educated young
native speakers of the Pangasinan language.
A questionnaire was used during the course of the
interview. The researcher also read a number of relevant
materials, both old and current ones, published in the
Pangasinan language, in search for the adjective samples in
the Pangasinan language.

Methodology
The gathered Pangasinan adjectives were
matched accordingly if they were derivations of the
basic adjectives in the Swadesh word-list of
Pangasinan. This study was mainly qualitative and
partly quantitative. As such, the data were collected
using the following techniques: collection, translation,
identification, evaluation and presentation of
phonological and morphological formations.
Percentage was used to measure the
intelligibility and frequency of usage of the adjectives.
Arithmetic mean was used to determine the level
of acceptability in form and structure of the adjectives.

Results and Discussions
Problem No. 1
Pangasinan Adjectives which have Undergone the
Assimilation and Reduplication Processes

The Pangasinan adjectives, undoubtedly and as
predicted, are capable of undergoing the processes
of assimilation and reduplication as some phonemes
and morphemes appear in certain sequences. Out of
the 112 word samples, there were twenty-two (22)
which manifested assimilation; the rest underwent
reduplication, ninety (90) of them. The adjectives as
well as the changes noted were further evaluated,
accordingly.

Problem No.1
Table 1a
List of Adjectives which Underwent the Assimilation Process
(22 out of 112 or 20%)
Descriptive-Qualitative Adjectives Descriptive-Qualitative Adjectives
(underwent assimilation only) (underwent assimilation in case of
Pangasinan English Pangasinan reduplication) English
amasa wet ambabanget more stinky
amaseng stink ambabasa more wet
amanget stink ambasa-basa very wet
amelat heavy ambebelat heavier
ametang hot ambetbetel colder
ametel cold ambetebetel very cold
amuti white ampapaseng stink
aneket black/dark ampepetang hotter
anikey short ampuputi whiter
anokey long amputi-puti very white
amalanga red
amasiseng green/raw
n = 12 (55%) n = 10 (45%)

Problem No.1
The Table 1a presents the adjectives which have
gone through the assimilation morphophonemic change;
and shows residues of the said process. Only twenty-two
(22) out of the treated 112 samples or 20% of the samples
have manifested indications of assimilation. There were
twelve (12) out of twenty-two (22) assimilated adjectives,
which is equivalent to 55% manifested basic assimilation;
while there were ten (10) or 45% manifesting assimilation
in case of reduplication.
As shall be evaluated further, such distinctions may
denote either full or partial assimilation occurrences.
These 22 adjectives undergoing assimilation process
are qualitative-descriptive in nature.

Problem No.1
Further, there were ninety (90) or 80% adjectives which have
gone the reduplication morphophonemic change; and shows residues
of the said process. Eighty (80) out of ninety (90) adjectives
undergoing reduplication or equivalent to 89% appeared as
descriptive-qualitative ones; while ten (10) or 11% appeared in
descriptive-numerical forms.
As shall be evaluated in the next sections of this study, such
distinctions may denote expressions of comparison and intensity
either to the most or to the least. A few of these adjectives may also
manifest indications of absolute status, which make them not capable
of being further qualified in any way.
In addition, these adjectives may also be described in the next
sections of this study as either manifesting full or partial reduplication.
As evidenced by the following list, the Pangasinan language is
rich in phonetically and morphemically “processed” words; these
adjectives have set the examples. Thus, its capacity to undergo the
two above-mentioned morphophonemic changes is one of the best
measures of its richness and health as a language.

Problem No. 2
Types of Assimilation and Reduplication and the
Phonological Rules Governing these Morphophonemic Changes

Full Assimilation
This is most often caused by the tendency to facilitate the
pronunciation of the two morphemes in the combination, by
trying to use phonemes which are related or similar according
to the criterion of the place of articulation. Full assimilation
happens if the last prefixal phoneme changes completely and
is identified with initial in the root; then, it practically merges
with it and disappears in pronunciation. This is also a case of
reduction or deletion since a phoneme is lost in the course of
the process.

Problem No.2
Table 2a
Indications of Full Assimilation Morphophonemic Change in the
Pangasinan Adjectives (labial phonemes, part1)
Morphological Process Phonological Processes
Final
Initially- /n/ → /m/ /b/ → Ø /_/m/
Form of the
Prefix Root formed (/n/ becomes /m/ Processed (/b/ is deleted
Word
Word before /b/) Word after /m/)
[an-] + [basa] anbasa [am-]+basa ambasa [am-]+[asa] amasa
(wetness) (wet) (wet) (wet)
[an-] + [banget] anbanget [am-]+banget ambanget [am-]+[anget] amanget
(foulness) (stink) (stink) (stink)
[an-] + [belat] anbelat [am-]+belat ambelat [am-]+[elat] amelat
(weight) (heavy) (heavy) (heavy)
[an-] + [betel] anbetel [am-]+betel ambetel [am-]+[etel] ametel
(coolness) (cold) (cold) (cold)
[an-] + balanga anbalanga [am-]+balanga ambalanga [am-]+[alanga] amalanga
(redness) (red) (red) (red)

Problem No.2
Table 2a shows how the assimilation process happens
toward its fullness, as taking place from initial to final stages of
the change, particularly concerning phonemes /n/, /m/ and /b/,
respectively.
The rule governing the initial change of the adjectives
from anbasa, anbanget, anbelat, anbetel, and anbalanga to
now popularly known and used forms as ambasa, ambanget,
ambelat, ambetel and ambalanga may be expressed in the
following statement,
Rule 1a:
“The sonorant nasal and alveolar /n/ becomes the sonorant
nasal /m/ when it occurs before an obstruent oral stops and
labial /b/; hence resulting in the loss of the phoneme /n/.”

Problem No.2
Moreover, due to connected speech in daily
conversations among native speakers, the final phoneme /m/ of
the assimilated prefixal morpheme [am-] and the initial
phoneme /b/ of the root morphemes [basa], [banget], [belat],
[betel] and [balanga] merges; hence the loss of the initial
phoneme /b/ of the root morphemes resulting in amasa,
amanget, amelat, ametel and amalanga.

Rule No. 1b
“The obstruent labial plosive /b/ is deleted when it occurs after
sonorant nasal consonant /m/; hence, sonorant labial nasal
/m/ has the greatest strength for assimilating other labial
sounds into nasality.”

Problem No.2
Table 2b
Indications of Full Assimilation Morphophonemic Change in the
Pangasinan Adjectives (labial phonemes, part2)
Final
Initially- /n/ → /m/ /p/ → Ø /_/m/ Form of
Prefix Root formed (/n/ becomes / Processed (/p/ is deleted the Word
Word m/ before /p/) Word after /m/)
[an-] + [petang] anpetang [am-]+petang ampetang [am-]+[etang] ametang
(hotness) (hot) (hot) (hot)
[an-] + [puti] anputi [am-]+puti amputi [am-]+[uti] amuti
(whiteness) (white) (white) (white)
[an-] + [paseng] anpaseng [am-]+paseng ampaseng [am-]+[aseng] amaseng
(foulness) (stink) (stink) (stink)
[an-] + [pasiseng] anpasiseng [am-]+ pasiseng ampasiseng [am-] +[asiseng] amasiseng
(greenness (green/raw) (green/raw) (green/
or rawness) raw)

Problem No.2
Moreover, Table 2b shows how the assimilation process
happens toward its fullness, as taking place from initial to final
stages of the change, particularly concerning phonemes /n/,
/m/ and /p/, respectively.
from anpetang, anputi, anpaseng, and anpasiseng to now
popularly known and used forms as ampetang, amputi,
ampaseng, and ampasiseng may be expressed in the following
statement, to wit:
Rule 2a:
“The sonorant nasal and alveolar /n/ becomes the voiced
sonorant l/m/ when it occurs before an obstruent oral stops
and labial /p/; hence resulting in the loss of the phoneme /n/.”

Problem No.2
conversations among native speakers, the final
phoneme /m/ of the assimilated prefixal morpheme
[am-] and the initial phoneme /p/ of the root
morphemes [petang], [puti], [paseng], and [pasiseng]
merges; hence the loss of the initial phoneme /p/ of the
root morphemes resulting in ametang, amuti, amaseng,
and amasiseng.
Thus, the rule governing this final change shall be
as follows, to wit:
Rule No. 2b
“The obstruent labial plosive /p/ is deleted when it occurs after
sonorant nasal consonant /m/; hence, sonorant labial nasal
/m/ has the greatest strength for assimilating other labial
sounds into nasality.”

Problem No.2
Table 2c
Indications of Full Assimilation Morphophonemic Change
in the Pangasinan Adjectives (alveolar phonemes, part1)
Initially- /n/ ↔ /n/ /d/ → Ø /_/n/ Final
Prefix Root formed (/n/ remains Processed (/d/ is deleted Form of the
Word /n/ before /d/) Word after /n/) Word
[an-] + [deket] andeket [an-]+deket andeket [an-]+[eket] aneket
(blackness/ (black/ (black/ (dark/dark)
darkness) dark) dark)
[an-] + [dokey] andokey [an-]+dokey andokey [an-]+[okey] anokey
(length) (long) (long) (long)

Problem No.2
Table 2c shows how the assimilation process happens
the change, particularly concerning phonemes /n/, and /d/,
respectively.
from andeket and andokey to now popularly known and used
forms as aneket and anokey may be expressed in the following
statement, to wit:
Rule 3a:
“The sonorant nasal and alveolar /n/ remains in its place
feature when it occurs before a coronal and sonorant stops and
alveolar /d/; hence resulting in the retention of the phoneme /
n/.”

Problem No.2
This retention appears only in the said strings whereby
the phonemes in sequence share the same place and manner
speech features; and which can only be possible through the
process of assimilation.
conversations among native speakers, the final phoneme /n/ of
the prefixal morpheme [an-] and the initial phoneme /d/ of the
root morphemes [deket] and [dokey] merges; hence the loss of
the initial phoneme /d/ of the root morphemes resulting in
aneket and anokey.
Rule No. 3b
“The obstruent alveolar plosive /d/ is deleted when it occurs
after sonorant nasal consonant /n/; hence, sonorant alveolar
nasal /n/ has the greatest strength for assimilating other
alveolar sounds into nasality.”

Problem No.2
Table 2d
Indications of Full Assimilation Morphophonemic Change
in the Pangasinan Adjectives (alveolar phonemes, part2)

Final
Initially- /n/ ↔ /n/ /t/ → Ø /_/n/
Form of the
Prefix Root formed (/n/ remains Processed (/t/ is deleted
Word
Word /n/ before /t/) Word after /n/)

[an-] + [tikey] antikey [an-]+tikey antikey [an-]+[ikey] anikey
(shortness) (short) (short) (short)

Problem No.2
Table 2d shows how the assimilation process happens
the change, particularly concerning phonemes /n/, and /t/,
respectively.
The rule governing the initial retention of the adjective
antikey to its same known and used form as antikey may be
expressed in the following statement, to wit:
Rule 4a:
“The sonorant nasal and alveolar /n/ remains in its place
feature when it occurs before a coronal and sonorant stops and
alveolar /t/; hence resulting in the retention of the phoneme /
n/.”

Problem No.2
This retention appears only in the said strings whereby
the phonemes in sequence share the same place and manner
speech features; and which can only be possible through the
process of assimilation.
conversations among native speakers, the final phoneme /n/ of
the prefixal morpheme [an-] and the initial phoneme /t/ of the
root morpheme [tikey] merges; hence the loss of the initial
phoneme /t/ of the root morpheme resulting in anikey.
Rule No. 4b
“The obstruent alveolar plosive /t/ is deleted when it occurs
after sonorant nasal consonant /n/; hence, sonorant alveolar
nasal /n/ has the greatest strength for assimilating other
alveolar sounds into nasality.”

Problem No.2
Finally, said full assimilation as a morphophonemic
change is non-significant because it has brought no change in
meaning in the samples. Full assimilation resulted in the final
forms of the adjectives following the Vowel-Consonant-Vowel
(VCV) beginnings. It happens in prefixation construction only.

Partial Assimilation
Partial assimilation happens only when the contact is
limited to making the features of the final phoneme of the
prefixal morpheme similar with that of the neighboring initial
phoneme of the root morpheme.

Problem No.2
Table 2e
Indications of Partial Assimilation Morphophonemic Change
in the Pangasinan Adjectives (bilabial phonemes, p1)
Initially- /n/ → /m/ Final
Prefix Reduplic Root formed Word (/n/ becomes /m/ before /b/) Form of the
atives Word
[an-] +[ba] +[banget] anbabanget [am-]+ba+banget ambabanget
(foulness) (more stinky) (more stinky)
[an-] +[basa] +[basa] anbasa-basa [am-]+basa+basa ambasa-basa
(wetness) (more stinky) (very wet)
[an-] +[ba] +basa anbabasa [am-]+ba+basa ambabasa
(wetness) (wet) (wet)
[an-] +[be] +betel anbebetel [am-]+be+betel ambebetel
(coldness) (colder) (colder)
[an-] +[bet] +betel anbetbetel [am-]+bet+betel ambetbetel
(coldness) (colder) (colder)
[an-] +[bete] +betel anbetebetel [am-]+bete+betel ambetebetel
(coldness) (very cold) (very cold)

Problem No.2
Table 2e shows how partial assimilation process
happens, as taking place from initial to final stages of the
change, particularly concerning phonemes /n/, /m/ and /
b/, respectively.
Furthermore, it shows that partial assimilation is
only basic to making similar in a certain place feature the
final phoneme /n/ of the prefixal morpheme [an-] to
sound like the neighboring phoneme /b/ of the root
morphemes [banget], [basa], and [betel]; thus resulting
in ambabanget, ambasa-basa, ambabasa, ambebetel,
ambetbetel, and ambetebetel, respectively.

Problem No.2
Moreover, as can be further inferred from the table that
no change in meaning took place, just a change in form
(spelling). Except for ambabasa (wet), which is an absolute
superlative adjective, the rest can be qualified as either
indicating comparison and/or intensity.
With regard to the predictable pattern of phonological
modification which governs such change from anbabanget,
anbasa-basa, anbabasa, anbebetel, anbetbetel and anbetebetel
to ambabanget, ambasa-basa, ambabasa, ambebetel,
ambetbetel, and ambetebetel, respectively, it may be said that:
Rule 5a:
“The sonorant nasal and alveolar /n/ becomes the sonorant
nasal /m/ when it occurs before an obstruent oral stops and
labial /b/; hence resulting in the loss of the phoneme /n/.”

Problem No.2
Table 2f
Indications of Partial Assimilation Morphophonemic Change
in the Pangasinan Adjectives (bilabial phonemes, p2)
Initially- /n/ → /m/ Final
Prefix Reduplic Root formed Word (/n/ becomes /m/ before Form of the
atives /b/) Word

[an-] +[pa] +[paseng] anpapaseng [am-]+aa+paseng ampapaseng
(foulness) (more stinky) (more stinky)
[an-] +[pe] +[petang] anpepetang [am-]+pe+petang ampepetang
(hotness) (hotter) (hotter)
[an-] +[pu] +puti anpuputi [am-]+pu+puti ampuputi
(whiteness) (whiter) (whiter)
[an-] +[puti] +puti anputiputi [am-]+puti+puti amputi-puti
(whiteness) (very white) (very white)

Problem No.2
Table 2f shows how partial assimilation process happens,
as taking place from initial to final stages of the change,
particularly concerning phonemes /n/, /m/ and /p/,
respectively.
It further shows that partial assimilation is only basic to
making similar in a certain place feature the final phoneme /n/
of the prefixal morpheme [an-] to sound like the neighboring
phoneme /p/ of the root morphemes [pasaseng], [petang], and
[puti]; thus resulting in ampasaseng, ampepetang, ampuputi,
and amputi-puti, respectively.

Problem No.2
In addition, all the adjectives can be qualified as
either indicating comparison and/or intensity.
With regard to the predictable pattern of
phonological modification which governs such change
from anpasaseng, anpepetang, anpuputi, and anputi-
puti, to ampasaseng, ampepetang, ampuputi, and
amputi-puti, respectively, it may be said that:
Rule 5b:
“The sonorant nasal and alveolar /n/ becomes the
sonorant nasal /m/ when it occurs before an obstruent
oral stops and labial /p/; hence resulting in the loss of
the phoneme /n/.”

Problem No.2
Finally, said partial assimilation as a morphophonemic
change is non-significant because it has brought no change in
meaning in the samples. Consequently, partial assimilation
resulted in the final forms of the adjectives following the Vowel-
Consonant-Consonant-Vowel (VCCV) beginnings. It happens in
prefixation construction only, too. As partial assimilation
happens in case of reduplication, the presence of the
reduplicatives has no bearing in the process.
As Christopher J. Hall said in his book An Introduction to
Language and Linguistics (2005), “any predictable modification
patterns in phonology as in the change of /n/ to bilabial /m/
before the following bilabials /b/ and /p/ will happen every time
a prefixal morpheme with final /n/ bumps up against a word-
initial bilabial, except in extremely careful speech.”

Problem No.2
There is also a predictable modification pattern in
phonology as in the retention of /n/ in its original form before
the following alveolar phonemes /t/ and /d/ will happen every
time a prefixal morpheme with final /n/ bumps up against a
word-initial alveolar, except in extremely careful speech as well.
This process of makes certain sounds in sequence similar
in manner, place and class speech features; consequently
producing a seemingly new word; but actually just an improved
form in the case of assimilation. Therefore, certain sounds
become more their neighboring sounds.
As evaluated, Gemination (sound becomes identical to
an adjacent sound) and Regressive Assimilation (sound on left is
the target, and sound on right is the trigger) were seen guiding
the manner of which assimilation is done; hence, the
formulation of the phonological rules.

Problem No.2
Reduplication

Reduplication, as a kind of morphophonemic
change, occurs when a part or the entirety of the
root morpheme is repeated. The repeated part of
the root morpheme or the entirety if repeated is
called reduplicative.
The morphological and phonological
processes going on during this morphophonemic
change are also described in the tables that follow:

Problem No.2
Table 3a
Indications of Reduplication in Numerical Adjectives
Morphological and Phonological Processes
Syllabic Structure of the Reduplicatives Final Form
Prefix Reduplica Onset Nucleus Coda Full Root Root of the Word
tives Morpheme
- [sak-] X X sakey saksakey (only one)
(one)
- [du-] X X duara duduara (only two)
(two)
- [ta-] X X talora tatalora (only three)
(three)
- [a-] X apatira aapatira (only four)
(four)
- [li-] X X limara lilimara (only five)
(five)
- [a-] X anemira aanemira (only six)
(six)
- [pi-] X X pitora pipitora (only seven)
(seven)
- [wa-] X X walora wawalora (only eight)
(eight)
- [si-] X X siamira sisiamira (only nine)
(nine)
- [sa-] X X samplora sasamplora (only ten)
(ten)

Problem No.2
Table 3a shows the syllabic structure of the Pangasinan
numerical adjectives as they undergo the process of reduplication. The
reduplicatives in the table are open and simple. Their attachment to
the beginning of the words in the final forms categorically means
“only” which is aimed at qualifying the root morpheme to the least.
Hence, [sak-], [du-], [ta-], [a-], [li-], [a-], [pi-], [wa-], [si-] and [sa-] are
all allomorphs of the English word “only.” Hence, the reduplication in
numerical adjectives is significant.
Further, the final forms, and since the beginning, are free of
prefixes, which could be inferred that:
Rule No. 6
“Numerical adjectives entertain no affixes to further qualify
themselves other than a part or the entirety of its very own root
morpheme to indicate a qualified form, in this case the intensity (to
the least).”

Problem No.2
Table 3b
Indications of Reduplication in Descriptive-Qualitative Adjectives
(Derivational and Denoting Degree of Comparison)
Prefix Reduplic Root/Stem of the Word
atives Onset Nucleus Coda Full Root Morpheme
[a-] [-be-] X X - - beba abebeba
(lowness) (lower)
[a-] [-bo-] X X - - bolok abobolok
(rottenness) (more rotten)
[a-] [-li-] X X - - liwa aliliwa
(ugliness) (uglier)
[a-] [-ma-] X X - - maga amamaga
(dryness) (drier)
[an-] [-de-] X X - - deket andedeket
(darkness) (more dark)
[an-] [-ti-] X X - - tikey antitikey
(shortness) (shorter)
[a-] [-ra-] X X - - dawi ararawi
(farness) (farther)
[ma-] [-a-] - X - - abig maaabig
(goodness) (better)

Problem No.2
Table 3b (continuation…)
(Derivational and Denoting Degree of Comparison)
[ma-] [-ga-] X X - - gana magagana
(beauty) (prettier)
[ma-] [-ka-] X X - - kapal makakapal
(thickness) (thicker)
[ma-] [-kap-] X X - - kapal makapkapal
(thickness) (thicker)
[ma-] [-la-] X X - - lapar malalapar
(width) (wider)
[ma-] [-ru-] X X - - dutak marurutak
(dirt) (dirtier)
[ma-] [-ta-] X X - - talindeg matatalindeg
(handsomeness) (more handsome)
[ma-] [-ti-] X X - - tila matitila
(dishonesty) (more dishonest)
[ma-] [-i-] - X - - impis maiimpis
(thinness) (thinner)
[ma-] [-ep-] X X - - epel maep-epel
(dullness) (duller)

Problem No.2
Table 3b and Table 3c illustrate how forty (40)
descriptive-qualitative adjectives undergo the process of
reduplication, with thirty-eight (38) of them manifesting partial
reduplicatives and two (2) bearing the fullness of its root or stem
morpheme, [maga] and [tila], respectively. As can be seen on
the tables that the structure of the initial syllables of the root or
stem morphemes are open syllables, having only the onsets and
nucleus, thereby making Pangasinan a relatively CV language.
Analyzing further the respective tables lead to the theory
that Pangasinan adjectives were generally with nominal
residues. Hence, all the adjectives in these tables, studying the
root or stem morphemes, came from nominal origins. They were
previously nominals that had assumed their adjectival forms
through the combined processes of prefixation and
reduplication. Reduplication happens internally.

Problem No.2
The derivational prefixal morphemes [a-], [an-] and [ma-]
are called adjectivizers because they make the nominals into
adjectives; hence, assuming a new structural class—in adjective
forms. Moreover, the nominals as observed have the greater
tendency of becoming adjectives than any other structural
classes of Pangasinan.
A more careful look at Table 3b may lead to the following
rules,
Rule No. 7
“If the initial syllable of the root/stem morpheme, or just part
thereof, is repeated in the process of reduplication, it results in
an expression of comparison (comparative degree).”

Problem No.2
Consequently, the reduplicatives [-be-], [-bol-], [-
li-], [-ma-], [-de-], [-ti-], [-ra-], [-a-], [-ga-], [-ka-], [-kap-],
[-la-], [-ru-], [-ta-], [i-], [-ti-] and [-ep-] are allomorphs of
the English word morphemes “more” and “-er” which
denote the comparative degree of adjectives; resulting in
words like abebeba, abobolok, aliliwa, amamaga,
andedeket, antitikey, ararawi, maaabig, magagana,
makakapal, makapkapal, malalapar, marurutak,
matatalindeg, maiimpis, matitila and maep-epel.
Hence, the process brought about a significant
change in the adjectives—comparison.

Problem No.2
Table 3c
(Derivational and Denoting Degree of Intensity)
[a-] [-beb-] X X - - beba abebbeba
(lowness) (very low)
[a-] [-bolo-] X X - - bolok abolo-bolok
(rottenness) (very rotten)
[a-] [-liw-] X X - - liwa aliwliwa
(ugliness) (very ugly)
[a-] [-liw-] X X - - liwa aliwliwa
(badness) (very bad)
[a-] [-maga-] X X - X maga amaga-maga
(dryness) (very dry)
[an-] [-deke-] X X - - deket andekedeket
(darkness) (very dark)
[an-] [-doke-] X X - - dokey andokedokey
(length) (very long)
[an-] [-tike-] X X - - tikey antiketikey
(shortness) (very short)

Problem No.2
Table 3c (continuation…)

[an-] [-tik-] X X - - tikey antiktikey
(shortness) (very short)
[a-] [-raw-] X X - - dawi arawdawi
(farness) (very far)
[ma-] [-gan-] X X - - gana magangana
(beauty) (very pretty)
[ma-] [-ab-] X X - - abig maababig
(goodness) (very good)
[ma-] [-im-] X X - - impis maim-impis
(thinness) (very thin)
[ma-] [-inge-] X X - - inget mainge-inget
(narrowness) (very narrow)
[ma-] [-kapa-] X X - - kapal makapakapal
(thickness) (very thick)
[ma-] [-lap-] X X - - lapar malaplapar
(width) (very wide)
[ma-] [-rin-] X X - - dingot marindingot
(dirt) (very dirty)
[ma-] [-ring-] X X - - dingot maringdingot
(dirt) (very dirty)

Problem No.2
Table 3c (continuation…)

[ma-] [-ruta-] X X - - dutak marutarutak
(dirt) (very dirty)
[ma-] [-tal-] X X - - talindeg mataltalindeg
(handsomeness) (very handsome)
[ma-] [-tila-] X X - X tila matilatila
(dishonesty) (very dishonest)
[ma-] [-uge-] X X - - uges maugeuges
(badness) (very bad)
[ma-] [-epe-] X X - - epel maepe-epel
(dullness) (very dull)

Problem No.2
In contrast, Table 3c shows that the reduplicatives [-
beb-], [-bolo-], [-liw-], [-liw-], [-maga-], [-deke-], [-doke-], [-
tike-], [-tik-], [-raw-], [-gan-], [-ab-], [-im-], [-inge-], [-
kapa-], [-lap-], [-rin-], [-ring-], [-ruta-], [-tal-], [-tila-], [-
uge-], and [-epe-] are allomorphs of the English word
“very” which denotes a certain degree of intensity, not
comparison resulting in words like abebbeba, abolo-bolok,
aliwliwa, aliwliwa, amaga-maga, andekedeket,
andokedokey, antiketikey, antiktikey, arawdawi,
magangana, maim-impis, maababig, mainge-inget,
makapakapal, malaplapar, marindingot, maringdingot,
marutarutak, mataltalindeg, matilatila, maugeuges and
maepe-epel. Hence, it brought about a significant change in
the adjectives—intensity.

Problem No.2
Rule No. 8
“If the initial syllable and the second syllable or just a
part thereof, or the root/stem morpheme is
repeated in the process of reduplication, it results
in an expression of intensity.”

Therefore, reduplication in Pangasinan adjectives
may bring about either an expression of comparison
or an expression of intensity. Nevertheless, said
adjectives were found out to be capable of being
qualified for better expression and vivid usage.

Problem No.2
Table 3d
(Inflectional and Denoting either Comparison or Intensity)
[a-] [-sing-] X X - - asinger asingsinger
(near) (very near)
- [bal-] X X - - baleg balbaleg
(big) (very big)
- [bal-] X X - - balo balbalo
(new) (very new)
- [balo-] X X - X balo balo-balo
(new) (very strange)
- [dat-] X X - - daan datdaan
(old) (very old)
- [dak-] X X - - dakel dakdakel
(many) (very many)
- [dake-] X X - - dakel dakerakel
(many) (very many)
- [mab-] X X - - mabeng mabmabeng
(thin) (very thin)

Problem No.2
Table 3d (continuation…)
- [mat-] X X X - matdem matmatdem
(sharp) (very sharp)
- [mel-] X X - - melag melmelag
(small) (very small)
- [nap-] X X X - napno napnapno
(full) (very full)
- [nap-] X X X - napsel napnapsel
(full) (very full)
- [pig-] X X - - pigara pigpigara
(few) (very few)
- [ting-] X X - - tingot tingtingot
(tiny) (very tiny)
- [-si-] X X - - asinger asisinger
(near) (nearer)
- [ba-] X X - - baleg babaleg
(big) (bigger)
- [ba-] X X - - balo babalo
(new) (newer)
- [da-] X X - - daan dadaan
(old) (older)
- [da-] X X - - daiset dadaiset
(few) (fewer)

Problem No.2
Table 3d (continuation…)

- [du-] X X - - duga duduga
(right) (better)
- [ma-] X X - - mainget mamainget
(narrow) (narrower)
- [ma-] X X - - mabeng mamabeng
(thin) (thinner)
- [ma-] X X - - maong mamaong
(good) (better)
- [ma-] X X - - matdem mamatdem
(sharp) (sharper)
- [ma-] X X - - mauges mamauges
(bad) (worse)
- [me-] X X - - melag memelag
(small) (smaller)
- [me-] X X - - melanting memelanting
(tiny) (tinier)
- [na-] X X - - napno nanapno
(full) (fuller)
- [na-] X X - - napsel nanapsel
(full) (fuller)

Problem No.2
Here is another case of significant reduplication that happens
during inflection. It can be gleaned from Table 3d that Pangasinan
adjectives are indeed capable of qualifying itself through inflection
to denote comparison. The table contains twenty-nine (29)
adjectives inflected for either comparison or intensity. The sample
did not manifest their willingness to welcome prefixes.
Reduplication, in cases of inflection, may take place internally like
in the word asingsinger wherein the reduplicative [-sing-] found its
way within the root morpheme [asinger]; or initially like the rest of
the samples. They were not prefixed.
Moreover, the process occurs in predictable patterns with
reduplicatives [-sing-], [bal-], [bal-], [balo-], [dat-], [dak-], [dake-],
[mab-], [mat-], [mel-], [nap-], [nap-], [pig-] and [ting-] expressing
the allomorph “very”, hence denoting intensity in words like
asingsinger, balbaleg, balbalo, balo-balo, datdaan, dakdakel,
dakerakel, mabmabeng, matmatdem, melmelag, napnapno,
napnapsel, pigpigara, and tingtingot. Therefore, this case of
reduplication brought about an expression of intensity.

Problem No.2
In contrast, the reduplicatives [-si-], [ba-], [ba-], [da-], [da-],
[du-], [ma-], [ma-], [ma-], [ma-], [ma-], [me-], [me-], [na-], and [na-]
suggesting the allomorph “more” or “-er” in words like asisinger,
babaleg, babalo, balbalo, dadaan, dadaiset, duduga, mamainget,
mamabeng, mamaong, mamatdem, mamauges, memelag,
memelanting, nanapno, nanapsel and pigpigara. Therefore, this case
of reduplication brought about an expression of comparison.
Two reduplicatives show full syllable: [mat-] and [nap-]; while
[balo-], full root. As a result and with exception of the presence of
prefixes during inflection, the rule may be read as follows:
Rule No. 9
“In reduplication in case of inflection, either rule nos. 7 or 8 applies
to denote either an expression of comparison or an expression of
intensity, accordingly.”

Problem No.2
Table 3e
(Cases of Absolute Adjectives)
Prefix Reduplicati Root/Stem of the Word
Onset Nucleus Coda Full Root
ves Morpheme
- [duga-] X X - - duga dugaruga
(right) (right)
- [mali-] X X - - malimpek malilimpek
(round) (round)
- [malim-] X X X - malimpek malimlimpek
(round) (round)
- [ma-] X X - - maeta mamaeta
(raw) (raw)
- [map-] X X - - maptek mapmaptek
(straight) (straight)
- [mape-] X X X - maptek mapetepetek
- [ma-] X X - - maptek mamaptek
- [mapa-] X X - - mapatar mapapatar
(flat) (flat)
- [mapat-] X X X - mapatar mapatpatar
(flat) (flat)
- [matib-] X X - - matibokel matibtibokel
(round) (round)
- [mati-] X X - - matibokel matitibokel
(round) (round)

Problem No.2
Table 3e illustrates examples of non-significant
reduplication, as it brought about no categorical change in
meaning. It can be known that these adjectives, which exhibit
non-significant change, are in their absolute superlative forms;
hence, there is no way of qualifying them in whatever sort.
However, native speakers of the Pangasinan language have
mistakenly attributed these changes as expressive of
comparison or intensity.
This study would like to clarify this belief; thus,
forwarding the concept that "Certain adjectives denote
meanings that are absolute in nature. They can fill both the
attributive and predicate slots, but they generally cannot be
qualified or compared (Kolln and Funk, 1998).

Problem No.2
Further, based on Table 3e, the process of reduplication
brought about no new words. The string of morphemes became
longer but such addition of reduplicatives is not significant at all.
Absolute adjectives shall always remain as absolute adjectives,
not qualified and prefixed.
Hence, the rule may be stated as

Rule No. 10
“No amount of repeated syllable(s) or root can qualify
expressions of absolute value, like that of absolute adjectives.
Hence, reduplicatives are insignificant.”

Problem No.2
Finally, reduplication in Pangasinan adjectives
may bring about either an expression of
comparison or intensity; hence, significant.
And in case of reduplication in absolute
adjectives, it was found out to be non-significant.

Problem No. 3
Intelligibility of Usage in Daily Conversations

One hundred percent (100%) of the informants
said that they use intelligibly in a daily
conversation basis the following 14 adjectives:

pigpigara, saksakey, antiktikey, ambasa-basa,
dakdakel, duduara, lilimara, balbaleg, aliwliwa,
andekedeket, ambetebetel, marutarutak,
arawdawi, magangana

Problem No.3
On the other hand, ninety percent (90%) of
them said they use intelligibly in a daily
conversational basis the following 16 adjectives:

makapakapal, mainge-inget, ambabanget,
aliwliwa, amputi-puti, balo-balo, matilatila,
melmelag, sisiamira, abolobolok , asingsinger,
napnapsel, amagamaga, antitikey, ambebelat,
malimlimpek

Problem No.3
However, seventy percent (70%) of them said
they use intelligibly in a daily conversational basis
the following 15 adjectives:

aapatira, malaplapar, tingtingot, andedeket,
dugaruga, mamatdem, makapkapal, memelanting,
antiketikey, maimimpis, maep-epel, malalapar,
ampuputi, nanapno, mapetepetek

Problem No.3
Moreover, eighty percent (80%) of them said

pipitora, sasamplora, mabmabeng,
napnapno, balbalo, matibtibokel, dadaiset,
wawalora, andokedokey, dadaan, mamaong,
marindingot, maaabig, tatalora, aanemira,
abebbeba, mamabeng, maugeuges, matitila

Problem No.3
Also, sixty percent (60%) of them said they use
intelligibly in a daily conversational basis the following 11
adjectives:
amuti, maringdingot, mapmaptek, memelag,
makakapal, mamaimpis, amalanga, aneket,
ampepetang, datdaan, maepe-epel

Meantime, fifty percent (50%) of them said they
use intelligibly in a daily conversational basis the
following nine adjectives:
marurutak, mamaptek, asisinger, mamainget,
mamaeta, matitibokel, babalo, maababig, matmatdem

Problem No.3
Moreover, forty percent (40%) of them said

dakerakel, ametel, mamauges, mapatpatar,
mataltalindeg, amamaga, amelat, ambabasa,
amanget, ametang, ambetbetel, nanapsel,
mapapatar, magagana, babaleg, abebeba,
malilimpek

Problem No.3
Further, thirty percent (30%) of them said they use
intelligibly in a daily conversational basis the following five
adjectives:
amasaseng, aliliwa, ararawi, amasa, duduga

Furthermore, twenty percent (20%) of them said they
use intelligibly in a daily conversational basis the following
four adjectives:
anikey, anokey, ampapaseng, abolbolok

Finally, ten percent (10%) of them said they use
intelligibly in a daily conversational basis the adjective
amaseng.

Problem No.3
Based on the above data, the most commonly
and intelligently used adjectives are those that have
undergone the reduplication as a morphophonemic
change.
It can also be inferred that the native speakers of
the Pangasinan language are linguistically aware of the
occurrence and use of these morphologically and
phonetically processed adjectives; hence, they are used
in their daily conversation, accordingly.

Problem No. 4
Level of Acceptability

The same list of adjectives was evaluated by the
linguistic informants as to levels of acceptability.
Moreover, results show that the adjectives are all
accepted in form and structures in varying levels.

Problem No.4
There were twenty-nine (29) or 25.89% of the
adjectives were recognized as highly acceptable, to
wit:
pigpigara, saksakey, makapakapal,
antiktikey, mainge-inget, mabmabeng, napnapno,
ambasa-basa, aliwliwa, magangana, dakdakel,
balbaleg, andokedokey, amputiputi, balobalo,
aliwliwa, marindingot, melmelag, abebbeba,
andekedeket, ambetebetel, ampuputi,
maugeuges, abolobolok, marutarutak,
mapetepetek, asingsinger, arawdawi, amagamaga

Problem No.4
There were fifty-six (56) or 50.00% of the adjectives
were recognized as acceptable, to wit:
pipitora, sasamplora, malaplapar, tingtingot,
ambabanget, amuti, andedeket, napnapsel, balbalo,
maaabig, maringdingot, marurutak, mamaptek,
matibtibokel, mamatdem, amamaga, asisinger,
mataltalindeg, dadaiset, duduara, lilimara, wawalora,
makapkapal, memelanting, antitikey, antiketikey,
mamainget, maimimpis, nanaksel, mamaong, mapmaptek,
malimlimpek, maepel, ambabasa, dugaruga, aliliwa,
magagana, matilatila, tatalora, aanemira, sisiamira, babaleg,
malalapar, makakapal, ambebelat, mamabeng, mamaimpis,
amalanga, aneket, nanapno, babalo, datdaan, malilimpek,
matmatdem, mapmaepel, matitila

Problem No.4
There were twenty (20) or 17.86% of the
adjectives were recognized as occasionally acceptable, to
wit:
dakerakel, aapatira, ametel, mamauges,
mapatpatar, amelat, mamaeta, ampetang, ambetbetel,
ampepetang, abebeba, memelag, ararawi, matitibokel,
abolbolok, dadaan, maababig, amasa, duduga,
matatalindeg

There were seven (7) or 6.25% of the adjectives were
recognized as acceptable but rarely existent, to wit:
anokey, anikey, amasaseng, amanget,
ampapaseng, mapapatar, amaseng

Problem No.4
The data mean to say that these
morphophonologically-processed adjectives are recognized as
acceptable by the native speakers of the Pangasinan
language. More so, it can be attributed that these adjectives
are existent in the registry of Pangasinan adjectives and are
living proof that Pangasinan speakers possess a certain level
of linguistic knowledge, awareness and beliefs to be able to
identify and recognize the same as acceptable regardless of
the processes these adjectives have went through in the
passing of time.
Further, the Pangasinan speakers can be described as
able to cope up with the linguistic development of their
language; hence, they are linguistically aware and
knowledgeable.

Conclusions
1. That the Pangasinan language is rich in adjectives which have undergone
assimilation and reduplication as morphophonemic changes; and that using
the Swadesh word-list of Pangasinan adjectives, there are at least 112 of
them manifesting residues of the assimilation and reduplication most of them
nominal derivatives;
2. That there take place full and partial types of assimilation processes in
Pangasinan adjectives though non-significant for it brings no categorical
semantic differences between the original and initial adjectives and the final
assimilation-processed adjectives;
3. That there also take place rare and isolated type of full reduplication; while
there is rampant cases of partial reduplication; however, in cases of
derivational reduplication most adjectives are prefixed and are either
expressive of degrees of comparison and intensity; on the other hand,
inflectional derivation in Pangasinan adjectives are not prefixed but are
capable of denoting either comparison or intensity; also numerical adjectives
are not prefixed and are limited to expressing degrees of intensity;

Conclusions
4. That rules governing gemination and regression are the prevailing
conditions in the cases of either partial or full assimilation; stricter rules on
syllabic structures are seen conditioning the presence of reduplicatives in the
process of repetition; That the Pangasinan adjectives which have undergone
the process of reduplication are more commonly and intelligently used in
daily conversational basis among native speakers compared to those that
have undergone the process of assimilation; hence, reduplication is the more
favored process;
5. That these morphophonologically-processed adjectives are recognized as
acceptable by the native speakers of the Pangasinan language; therefore, it
can be attributed that these adjectives are existent in the registry of
Pangasinan lexicon and are living proofs that Pangasinan speakers possess a
certain level of linguistic knowledge, awareness and beliefs to be able to
identify and recognize the same as acceptable regardless of the processes
these adjectives have went through morphophonologically; and that
6. The Pangasinan language, as seen in its adjectives, is a culturally healthy
and is a linguistically rich language.

Recommendations
1. That the strengthened usage of assimilation and reduplication should be
developed continuously to make Pangasinan more productive;
2. That in Pangasinan assimilation and reduplication, various rules must be
considered;
3. That said rules be practiced to develop one’s vocabulary; and that the
findings contained herein, including the rules, may be integrated in any
grammar book or instructional material in Pangasinan as may be developed
later;
4. That respect to the Pangasinan language is necessary inasmuchas as its
linguistic prestige is concerned having capable of manifesting highly
perplexed yet significant linguistic changes;
5. That the depth of understanding and recognizing the acceptability and
comprehensibility of Pangasinan adjectives in the language-related classes in
the basic and higher education as part of morphology classes is necessary for
and in appreciating Pangasinan discourse and literary texts; and that
6. These morphophonologically-processed adjectives shall be used
intelligently by native speakers for continued existence.

Salamat ed impandengel yo’n amin!

“I d a y e w it a y o t a n
u s a r e n s o s a l it a n
P a n g a s in a n n a t a n t a n
d ia ’d a n g g a d - a n g g a .”

Assimilation and reduplication in pangasinan adjectives

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