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Ch. 10
Inequalities of
Gender and
Age
Sex and Gender Identity
• Sex – classification of
people as male or female
based on biological
characteristics
• Biological Determinism –
principle that behavioral
differences are the result of
inherited physical
characteristics
– This lacks scientific proof
– What few tendencies that are
biological are easily overruled
by society and culture
• Gender Identity – a sense of
being male or female based
on learned cultural values
Biology, culture, and behavior
• Research indicates that the brains of
men and women are slightly different
• The majority of sociologists argue
that gender-related behavior is not
primarily the result of biology
• Margaret Mead’s research (1950) on
New Guinean peoples
– The Arapesh – Men and women were
raised to be cooperative, unaggressive,
and empathetic. Traditional concept of
the female gender role
– Mundugumor – Men and women were
raised to be aggressive, ruthless, and
unresponsive to the needs of others
– Tchambuli – gender roles were
opposite of those in Western culture
Theoretical Perspectives on
Gender
• Functionalism and
Gender
– Any pattern of behavior
that does not benefit
society will become
unimportant
• Therefore the division of
responsibilities b/w male
and female benefited
human living
Theoretical Perspectives on
Gender• Conflict Theory and
Gender
– It is to the advantage of men
to prevent women from
gaining access to political,
economic, and social
resources
• “Gender Apartheid” in Afghanistan
– Conflict theorists see
traditional gender roles as
outdated
– Women who prefer careers
in fields formerly reserved
for men have every right to
Theoretical Perspectives on
Gender• Symbolic Interactionism
and Gender
– Focuses on how boy and
girls learn to act the way
they are “supposed to act”
• Gender socialization – the
social process of learning
how to act as a boy or girl
– The effect of the media is
very powerful
– Parents are vitally
important in gender
socialization
• Blue or pink clothes
• Trucks vs. dolls
• Mowing the grass vs. doing
Theoretical Perspectives on
Gender– Schools also aid gender
socialization
• Teachers encourage different
behaviors
• Clothing styles, school
functions, after-school activities
– Peers contribution to gender
socialization
• Kids who most closely
resemble the traditional roles
are typically given the most
respect
– Football players, cheerleaders
• Feminine boys and masculine
Gender Inequality
• Sexism – a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values
used to justify sexual inequality
• Occupational and Economic inequality
– In 1999 65% of women worked outside the home compared
to 77% of men
– Occupational sex segregation – the concentration of women
in lower-status positions
• Ex. – only about 11% of engineer positions are held by women, and
about 29% of attorney jobs
• When women are in high-status occupational groups, they are
concentrated in lower-prestige, lower-paid jobs
– In 1999 women who worked full-time earned only 72 cents
for every dollar earned by men
– In virtually every occupational category, men’s earning
power is greater than women’s
– Compared globally U.S. women are closer to the bottom of
the equality list than the top
Legal and political Inequality
–
–
– Women are participating in elective politics at an
increasing rate
– 1988, Geraldine Ferraro became the 1st female
vice-presidential candidate in the history of the
U.S.
– 1996, Madeleine Albright was named the first
female Secretary of State
– Sandra Day O’Connor was appointed the 1st
female Supreme Court Justice in 1981 by Pres.
Reagan
Ageism
• Age stratification – the unequal distribution of
scarce resources based on age
• Ageism – a set of
beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to
justify age-based prejudice and discrimination
11
Functionalism and Ageism
• Elderly people in a given
society are treated according
to the role the aged play in
that society
• In many cultures the elderly
are treated with great respect
and honor
• Attitudes about aging
changed greatly as
industrialization changed the
nature of work
12
Conflict Theory and Ageism
• Competition over
scarce resources is
the heart of ageism
for the Conflict
Perspective
• Symbolic Interactionism and Ageism
– Children learn negative images of older people
just as they learn other aspects of culture,
through socialization
– Stereotypes of the elderly
• Senile, forgetful, or “daft”
• Sexless
• Incapable of learning new things
Inequality in America’s Elderly
Population
• Sociologists believe that elderly should be viewed as a
minority group
• Economics of the Elderly
– The Federal Government assumes that elderly need less
money to live
– About 16% of those over the age of 65 are poor
– Most elderly in America do not have sources of income
beyond Social Security
– Poverty rates for minority elderly are higher than that of
white elderly
• Political Power and the Elderly
– Voting turn out increase w/ age in the U.S.
– Interest groups – a group organized to influence political
decision making
• AARP

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Ch 10 inequalities_of_gender_and_age

  • 2. Sex and Gender Identity • Sex – classification of people as male or female based on biological characteristics • Biological Determinism – principle that behavioral differences are the result of inherited physical characteristics – This lacks scientific proof – What few tendencies that are biological are easily overruled by society and culture • Gender Identity – a sense of being male or female based on learned cultural values
  • 3. Biology, culture, and behavior • Research indicates that the brains of men and women are slightly different • The majority of sociologists argue that gender-related behavior is not primarily the result of biology • Margaret Mead’s research (1950) on New Guinean peoples – The Arapesh – Men and women were raised to be cooperative, unaggressive, and empathetic. Traditional concept of the female gender role – Mundugumor – Men and women were raised to be aggressive, ruthless, and unresponsive to the needs of others – Tchambuli – gender roles were opposite of those in Western culture
  • 4. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender • Functionalism and Gender – Any pattern of behavior that does not benefit society will become unimportant • Therefore the division of responsibilities b/w male and female benefited human living
  • 5. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender• Conflict Theory and Gender – It is to the advantage of men to prevent women from gaining access to political, economic, and social resources • “Gender Apartheid” in Afghanistan – Conflict theorists see traditional gender roles as outdated – Women who prefer careers in fields formerly reserved for men have every right to
  • 6. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender• Symbolic Interactionism and Gender – Focuses on how boy and girls learn to act the way they are “supposed to act” • Gender socialization – the social process of learning how to act as a boy or girl – The effect of the media is very powerful – Parents are vitally important in gender socialization • Blue or pink clothes • Trucks vs. dolls • Mowing the grass vs. doing
  • 7. Theoretical Perspectives on Gender– Schools also aid gender socialization • Teachers encourage different behaviors • Clothing styles, school functions, after-school activities – Peers contribution to gender socialization • Kids who most closely resemble the traditional roles are typically given the most respect – Football players, cheerleaders • Feminine boys and masculine
  • 8. Gender Inequality • Sexism – a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify sexual inequality • Occupational and Economic inequality – In 1999 65% of women worked outside the home compared to 77% of men – Occupational sex segregation – the concentration of women in lower-status positions • Ex. – only about 11% of engineer positions are held by women, and about 29% of attorney jobs • When women are in high-status occupational groups, they are concentrated in lower-prestige, lower-paid jobs – In 1999 women who worked full-time earned only 72 cents for every dollar earned by men – In virtually every occupational category, men’s earning power is greater than women’s – Compared globally U.S. women are closer to the bottom of the equality list than the top
  • 9. Legal and political Inequality – – – Women are participating in elective politics at an increasing rate – 1988, Geraldine Ferraro became the 1st female vice-presidential candidate in the history of the U.S. – 1996, Madeleine Albright was named the first female Secretary of State – Sandra Day O’Connor was appointed the 1st female Supreme Court Justice in 1981 by Pres. Reagan
  • 10. Ageism • Age stratification – the unequal distribution of scarce resources based on age • Ageism – a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify age-based prejudice and discrimination
  • 11. 11 Functionalism and Ageism • Elderly people in a given society are treated according to the role the aged play in that society • In many cultures the elderly are treated with great respect and honor • Attitudes about aging changed greatly as industrialization changed the nature of work
  • 12. 12 Conflict Theory and Ageism • Competition over scarce resources is the heart of ageism for the Conflict Perspective
  • 13. • Symbolic Interactionism and Ageism – Children learn negative images of older people just as they learn other aspects of culture, through socialization – Stereotypes of the elderly • Senile, forgetful, or “daft” • Sexless • Incapable of learning new things
  • 14. Inequality in America’s Elderly Population • Sociologists believe that elderly should be viewed as a minority group • Economics of the Elderly – The Federal Government assumes that elderly need less money to live – About 16% of those over the age of 65 are poor – Most elderly in America do not have sources of income beyond Social Security – Poverty rates for minority elderly are higher than that of white elderly • Political Power and the Elderly – Voting turn out increase w/ age in the U.S. – Interest groups – a group organized to influence political decision making • AARP