This document discusses water policies in Bangladesh. It covers: 1. An overview of Bangladesh's complex river systems and how most of the country is formed by sediment deposition from rivers. 2. Details on several water policies in Bangladesh from 1947-present that focused on flood control, irrigation, and water sharing treaties. 3. The impacts of the Farakka Barrage built by India in 1974 which diverted Ganges river water, increasing salinity in Bangladesh and affecting 30 million people.

1. 1

2. DR. MD . SHAHADAT HOSSAIN

3. OBJECTIVE
WATER
WORKS
POLICY OF
BANGLADESH.

4. TOPICS COVERED
1. Idea about Bangladesh
2. Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund (BMDF)
3. Idea about Dhaka City
4. WATERWORKS POLICY :
vVarious policies
v Constraints
v Recommendations
5. Visit Bangladesh
6. Conclusion

5. CC-WatSan-Health-Livelihood-Poverty
60-70% global impacts of climate change can60-70% global impacts of climate change can
be reflected in water.be reflected in water.
a. Too much watera. Too much water
b. Too little waterb. Too little water
c. Wrong type of waterc. Wrong type of water
d. Wrong timing of waterd. Wrong timing of water
CCHealth Livelihood
WatSan
Poverty

6. THE LINKAGE
Too much water Too little water
Wrong type
of water
Wrong timing
of water
• Destroy sanitation
system
•Water pollution
through pathogens
• Mosquito breeding
• Poor sanitation • Saline water
•Water polluted
with fecal coli form
• Water logging
• Vector (Virus)
HEALTH HAZARD
POVERTY INCREASED
•Flooding
•Damage to crop,
fisheries, LS
•No water for
Crop, fisheries, LS
•Reduce
production
due to salinity
•Heavy rainfall in short
time cause damage
to crop
• No rainfall during
seedling, transplantation,
tillering, pinnacle
initiation stage
LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD
POVERTY INCREASED
Food
Security
&
Health
Sanita-
tion
&
Health

7. 1.IDEA ABOUT BANGLADESH
LANDS ARE
1. Exceedingly flat,
2. Low-lying, and
3. Subject to
annual flooding.
4. Much fertile,
5. Alluvial soil is
deposited by
the floodwaters.
A large part of Bangladesh is
formed by the siltation process
of three Rivers – Ganges (
Padma ). Bramaputra ( Jamuna )&
Meghna.

8. The Complex River SystemsThe Complex River Systems
Water TowerWater Tower
Water SinkWater Sink

11. BANGLADESH
vBounded by India in the North
and West;
vBy the Bay of Bengal in the
South,
vBy part of India and Myanmar
in the Eastern side.
vThe total area is 147,570 sq
km (56,977 sq. miles).
v Thousands of tributaries with
a total length of about 24,140
km.
vRivers are connected to the
Bay of Bengal.

12. 12
FISHERIES RESOURCES
PARTICULRS AREA PERCENT
1. Inland Open-waters : 4047316ha 84.75%
(capture fishery)
2. Inland closed-water : 528390ha 15.25%
(culture fishery)
TOTAL INLAND AREA : 4575706 HA 100.00%
3. Marine water :166,000 sq km

13. FISHERIES POTENINTIAL
1. Fisheries have huge potential
2. Have one of the highest man-water ratio in
the world (at 20 persons per ha of water area)
3.Available sunlight & temperature through out
the year.
4.Water fertility is conducive to fish growth

14. 14
FISH AND FISHERIES
1. Are integral part of the life of BD.
2. A natural complement in the diet of BD
3. Supplies 58% of animal protein
4. 13 Mn people are involved for livelihood
5. 73% of rural household involved in freshwater
aquaculture and floodplains
6. Fisheries contribute:
v 4.64% to the GDP
v 23.00% to agricultural GDP,
v 5.10% to foreign exchange earning

15. 15
INLAND OPEN-WATERS (CAPTURE FISHERY)
ENVIRONMENT WATER AREA (HA) PERCENT
i. Rivers and Estuaries
853,863 21.10%
ii. Sundarban (water
resources
in forest)
177,700
4.38%
iii. Beel (deepest part of
the floodplain)
114,161 2.82%
iv. Kaptai lake 68,800 1.70%
v. Floodplain 2,832,792 70.00%
TOTAL INLAND OPEN-
WATERS 4,047,316 100%

16. 16
INLAND CLOSED-WATER (CULTURE FISHERY)
ENVIRONMENT WATER AREA (HA) PERCENT
i. Ponds and
ditches
30 5,205 57.76%
II Baor
(ox-bow lake
for hydro
electricity
generation)
5,488 1.04%
iii. Shrimp Farms
(freshwater &
Brackish water)
217,877 41.23%
TOTAL INLAND
CLOSED-WATERS 528,390 100%

17. 17
MARINE WATERS
ENVIRONMENT WATER AREA
i. Coastal Area 2.30 million ha
ii. Coast line (along the Bay of
Bengal)
710 km
iii. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 200-mile
TOTAL MARINE WATER
(INCLUDING EEZ)
1 66,000 SQ KM

18. 2. BANGLADESH MUNICIPAL
DEVELOPMENT FUND (BMDF)

19. v A Govt. Owned Company.
v Established in 1999 and registered in 2002
under the Companies Act, 1994.
v Function: Under the M/o Finance
v Purpose: Planned urban development
v Governed: By a Board of Directors
v Chairperson: Secretary of LGD
v Beneficiaries: The Urban Local Bodies
v Funding agency: GoB and devpt partners
ABOUT BMDF

20. 1.Enhancement of income of ULBs & urbanities.
2.Strengthening institutional & functional capacity
of ULBs.
3.Raising the level of quality of works& services.
4 .Ensuring technical , managerial supports &
services
MISSIONMISSION

21. SECTORSSECTORS OF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENT
1.Roads
2.Drain
3.Box culverts
4. Street lights
5. Public toilets
6.Kitchen market
7.Parks
8.Community center
9.Office complex
10.Slaughter house
11. Water supply

22. EFFORTS OF BMDF-COMMUNITY CENTRE

23. EFFORTS OF BMDF: URBAN ROADS

24. EFFORTS OF BMDF: WATER TREATMENT PLANT AT LAMAEFFORTS OF BMDF: WATER TREATMENT PLANT AT LAMA

25. EFFORTS OF BMDF: BOX CULVERT

26. EFFORTS OF BMDF: SURFACE DRAINS

27. 3. IDEA ABOUT DHAKA CITY
Capital city of Bangladesh
Area : 1353 Sq km
Pop :10 Mn
87 % groundwater
13 % rain water
Needed 150 liter (1/p/d)
31.43 % people don’t have access to piped
water .
Hub: industrial, commercial ,cultural
,educational and political activities .
Rain: Heavy rain fall 2540 mm annually
bright sunshine ,warm
Temp: Summer : 36.7c -21.1C
Winter :31.7c – 10.oc

28. LANGUAGE MARTYRED MEMORY TOMB

29. SHAESTHA
KHAN

30. AHSAN MANJIL

31. TOMB OF AK FAZLUL HAQUE, KHAZA
NAZIMUDDIN , SHOORAWARTHY

32. DHAKA STANDS ON THE BANK OF THE RIVER BURUIGANGA

33. DHAKA SKYLINE

35. Dhanmondi Mohakhali
Purana Paltan
New Eskaton
Paribagh

36. Flood
-2004

40. WHO WORKS – WATER
1. Bangladesh Water Development Board
2. Local Government Engineering Department
3.Ministry of Fisheries
4.Ministry of livestock
5.Ministry of Roads & Highway
6. International Waster Resources treaties

41. “WATER IS ECONOMIC RESOURCE AND
PRICE TO CONVEY ITS SOCIETY VALUE”
• BD is a nation where agricultural
production is the mainstay of the peoples
livelihood - extrinsically linked to the
nations water cycle .
WE HAVE WATER ABOVE& BELOW THE GROUND
1. To drink
2. For irrigation
3. Fish water
4. For transport

42. MANAGEMENT OF WATER
WISELY MANAGED:
1. Adequate harvest
2. Health prosperity
3. Peace and
4.A stable environment
BADLY MANAGED 1.
1.Poverty
2. Disease
3. Disaster
4. Degraded environment
5. Social conflict dispute
6. Even war

43. 4.WATERWORKS POLICY :
vVarious policies
v Constraints
v Recommendations
(Pani means Water in Bangla.)
Pani committe – Water Committee.

44. POLICIES :
1.WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT -1947-1988
2.WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT – FLOOD ACTION PLAN (FAP)1986-1991
3. BANGLADESH WATER AND FLOOD MANAGEMENT STRATEGY(BWFMS)- 1995
4.NATIONAL MINOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (NMIDP ) 1992.
5.INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES TREATIES :FARAKKA BARAGE
6. NATIONAL POLICY FOR SAFE WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION :1998
7.NATIONAL FISHERIES POLICY : 1998
8.STATE ACQUISITION AND TENANCY ACT -199.
9.NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY -1999
10.ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ACT-1995
11.NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY-1992

45. q Till 1947 no national scale govt-led Water Sector
Development in BD.
q After Floods in 1954 and 1955 UN investigated
water resources development .
q1959East Pakistan Water Development Authority
created.
q1964a 20-year Water Master Plan … massive
flood control , drainage ,construction of
embankment & polders.
IMPACT- increased agricultural production.
STARTED :Flood control ,Drainage , Irrigation .
1. WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT -1947-1988

46. 1971- independence –BWDB.
IBRD -study – Land & Water Sector Study
RECOMMEND :
1. Minor irrigation in winter using low lift pump &
tube wells
2. Flood control small scale low cost quick gestation in
shallow flooded areas.
• 1974 BD hit by a severe flood- renewed urgency
in flood control and drainage.
• -Govt of the Netherlands early implement project.
• WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT -1947-1988:

47. 1983 – NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL was established
as an inter Ministerial Body .
1986-NATIONAL WATER PLAN phase-1 was completed.
=Availability of water from various sources and projected
future demand was completed .
1991-NATIONAL WATER PLAN phase -2 was completed
=A huge number of planning model was completed .
COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED INTO FIVE
1. North East
2. North West
3. South East
4. South West
5. South Central

48. 2.WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT – FLOOD
ACTION PLAN (FAP)1986-1991
• Two severe floods – 1987 and 1988 – worst in living
memory .
• At the peak covered 65 percent of the country .
• CAUSED –Severe infrastructural damage
– Loss of crops
– Deaths nearly 1700 people
• In July 1989 WB and GoB recommended – a integrated
approach for flood mitigation for the next 20-30 years .
• Due to Military dictatorship this document was never
debated in parliament nor accepted / implemented .

49. 3. BANGLADESH WATER AND FLOOD
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY(BWFMS)- 1995
1. Was approved by the GOB and endorsed for
donor agencies.
2. It replaced about 80 failure projects which
was started in 1992.
4.NATIONAL MINOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT (NMIDP ) 1992.
• Was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture
with the principle objective of minor irrigation
from a supply driven public sector to a demand
driven private sector.
•

50. FARAKKA BARAGE
• 1974- Farakka Barrage on the Ganges in India at about
20 km upstream from the Bangladesh border was
completed.
• By directing Ganges water in to the Hooghly river for
the stated purpose of improving navigability around
Kolkata.
• BD took the issue to the UN General Assembly.
• 1977- first agreement on Ganges water sharing –for five years .
• 1982 – a further MOU was signed, 1988- Elapsed.
• During this time India unilaterally diverted water
through the Farakka Barage..
5.INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES TREATIES :

52. FARAKKA
BARAGE

53. • 1960- Negotiations started about sharing of
Ganges water and sinning of INDUS WATER
TREATY.
• 1951 – India decided to Construct barrage
across the Ganges.
1974- CONSTRUCTION OF FARRAKKA BARRAGE
COMPLETED:
• 7363 feet long barrage
• Maximum discharge 27,00,000 cusecs
• Head regulator for diversion capacity -40,000
cusecs

54. • 1975- India was allowed to divert flows
varying from 11000 cusecs to 16000 cusecs
for a period of 41 days from April 21 to
May 31 .
• With this understanding India would not
operate feeder canal until final agreement.
• Violating this understanding India
Started diverting the Ganges water
in the upstream region in 1976 and
1977.

55. • “Coupled with diversion of Farakka to the feeder
canal means India has been withdrawing
between 60,000 to 80,000 cusecs water from
Ganges leaving a relatively low flow for
Bangladesh in recent Years”
( India Today , 1997 ) .
• India has built 5 4 dams on various
rivers and all of them diverts water in
the dry season as the country of
upstream .

56. DHAKA

57. D
H
A
K
A

58. CONSEQUENCES :BANGLADESH :
1. Salinity has moved 280 KM upstream from the
coast of Bay of Bengal.
2. Salinity levels in the surface water has increased
from 500 umhs to 29000 umhs at Khulna at
April, exceeding the safe limit by several times.
3. Ground water salinity has increased from 200 umhs to
about 3000 umhs in the region during Farakka period.
4. Sunderban one of the worlds largest mangrove
forest , is suffering due to increased salinity.
5. 30 million people affected

59. POLICIES :
6. NATIONAL POLICY FOR SAFE WATER SUPPLY
AND SANITATION :1998
Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development & Cooperatives.
Provisions
1. All people has access to safe drinking water.
2. Sanitation services at an affordable cost .
3. Provision of domestic water supplies
4. Sanitation during water shortage

60. POLICIES
7.NATIONAL FISHERIES POLICY : 1998
• Conserving fish breeding grounds &
habitats ,
• Especially in relation to water
management infrastructure:
v Flood control,
v Irrigation
v Drainage projects .
• Specific area has been demarked as shrimp
culture .
• Other fish /cultivation/vegetation / Environment

61. 8.STATE ACQUISITION AND TENANCY ACT -
1950
• Most of the water body of the country owned by the
Govt .
• Under the overall control and ownership of Ministry
of Land , from fisheries point of view :
• DEFINED AS
• open – rivers and streams
• Close- Beels
• etc
• Allocation of Fisheries rights through periodic
leasing .
• Leasing –is auction

62. 9.NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY -1999
MAIN OBJECTIVE –FOOD SELF SUFFICIENCY
1. Water scarcity
2. Ecological balance
3. Protection of environment
4. Agrochemical use & discharge
5. Conserve biodiversity
6. Ensure public health

63. 10.ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ACT-
1995
1.Conservation
2.Improvement of Quality standard
3.Control & mitigation of pollution
4.Untreated industrial waste
5. Heavy metal
6.Diminish Fish habitats
7.Wetland ecosystem
• Encourage rehabilitation measures
• Water: Drink, Irrigation ,Fish, Transport
• Wise management: Adequate harvest

64. 11.NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY-1992
1. Deal with water pollution and fisheries .
2. Discharge limit prescribed by policy
3. Either through accident or other unforeseen
events
4. The person responsible and punishment.
• But untreated industrial waste –including
heavy metals are common.

70. EFFECT OF FARAKKA BARAGE

71. EFFECT OF FARAKKA BARAGE

72. WATER RESOURCE AND LIVELIHOODS

73. ARSENIC CONTAMINATION

74. Floating Garden
During Flood
Locally Known as
Baira Cultivation

75. Collection of Arsenic Free Water

76. Community People Using the Water of Re-excavated Pond

77. 5. VISIT BANGLADESH

78. 1.LONGEST SEA
BEACH IN THE
WORLD
– COX’S BAZAR

84. OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLES RETURNING TO BAY OF
BEGAL AFTER LAYING EGGS

86. HILSHA –MOST DELICIOUS FISH OF THE WORLD

87. HILSHA –MOST DELICIOUS FISH OF THE WORLD

88. 2.SYLHET TEA GARDEN

93. 3.DEADLY FOUNTAINS

98. 4.SUNRISE SUN SET – SAME VENUE
KUAKATA

102. 5.BIGGEST MANGROVE FOREST

103. The Location of the Sunderbans on the Ganges,
Meghna and Bramaputra River Catchment

104. Map Showing the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India

105. MANGROVE FOREST

106. GREEN SNACK

107. DEER

108. MAMA- MATERNAL UNCLE

109. ROYAL BENGAL TIGER

110. ROYAL BENGAL TIGER IS CROSSING A TIDAL CREEK IN
THE SUNDARBANS

113. DEERS ON THE BANK OF THE RIVER CHANNEL IN THE
SUNDARBANS

114. BEE HIVE WITHIN THE SUNDARBANS – HONEY… NOT SWEETER THAN MONEY

116. FOUNTAIN

117. THE SCENIC BEAUTY OF
THE SUNDARBANS
BEAUTIFUL

118. Sundarban the Magical Mangrove

119. River Channel within the Forest

120. Crab Farming in Saline Water

121. 6.INGENIOUS PEOPLES CULTURE

125. 7.LARGEST COLLECTION OF MOSQUE-
DHAKA

128. BAITUL MOKRRAM

133. 8.HILLS TO TOUCH THE SKY

134. Water Collection in
Hilly Region

135. LALMAI

136. RANGAMATI

137. NORTHERN HILL

138. SYLHET HILLS

139. MAINMATI

140. KHAGRACHARI

141. 9.BIGGEST CORAL ISLAND – ST. MARTIN

142. SALT PRODUCTION

145. World cup Twenty20
SAKIB
–AL-
HASSAN

146. 6. WE SHALL OVERCOME
1. Adequate legal instruments
2. Implementation of Govt. Policy, Regulations etc.
3. Water treatment plants with surface water sources
4. Strengthening institutional and functional capacity
5. Generation of own resources
6. People awareness for best use of services &
facilities
7. Sustainable development using donor supports
8. Vesting more participating decision

147. • Water water
everywhere water
• But not a single
drop to drink.
Because …….
CONCLUSION

148. 148
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149. 149THANK YOU