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Causal Research Design: Experimentation
Chapter Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Concept of Causality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conditions for Causality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Evidence of Concomitant Variation between Purchase of Fashion Clothing and Education High High Low 363 (73%) 137 (27%) 322 (64%) 178 (36%) Purchase of Fashion Clothing, Y 500 (100%) 500 (100%) Low Education, X
Purchase of Fashion Clothing By Income and Education Low Income Purchase High Low High Low Education 200 (100%) 300 (100%) 300 200 122 (61%) 171 (57%) 78 (39%) 129 (43%) High Income Purchase High High Low Low 241 (80%) 151 (76%) 59 (20%) 49 (24%) Education
Definitions and Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Experimental Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Validity in Experimentation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Extraneous Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Extraneous Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Controlling Extraneous Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Classification of Experimental Designs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Classification of Experimental Designs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Classification of Experimental Designs Pre-experimental One-Shot Case Study One Group Pretest-Posttest Static Group True Experimental Pretest-Posttest  Control Group Posttest: Only Control Group Solomon Four-Group Quasi Experimental Time Series Multiple Time Series Statistical Randomized Blocks Latin Square Factorial Design Experimental Designs
One-Shot Case Study ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Static Group Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
True Experimental Designs:  Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Posttest-Only Control Group Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quasi-Experimental Designs:  Time Series Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multiple Time Series Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statistical Designs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Completely Randomised Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Completely Randomised Design
Randomized Block Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Randomized Block Design   Treatment Groups   Block  Customer  Price Difference  Number  Income  Rs. 7    Rs. 12    Rs. 17 R R R 1   Heavy X 1 X 2 X 3 2   Medium X 1   X 2 X 3 3   Low X 1   X 2 X 3
Factorial Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Factorial Design Main Effects of Gender Main Effects of Ads 2 x 2 FACTORIAL DESIGN illustrating  effects of gender and Ad on believability Ad A   Ad B Gender     Men   X 1 Y 1 X 1 Y 2   60   70 65   Women   X 2 Y 1 X 2 Y 2   80   50 65   70   60
Latin Square Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Latin Square Design   Customer Income    Store Size   High   Medium   Low   Large   X 3   X 1 X 2   Medium  X 2   X 3 X 1   Small    X 1   X 2 X 3
Laboratory versus Field Experiments Factor Laboratory Field Environment Artificial Realistic Control High Low   Reactive Error   High Low   Demand Artifacts High Low   Internal Validity High Low External Validity Low High Time Short Long Number of Units Small  Large Ease of Implementation High Low   Cost Low High
Limitations of Experimentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Selecting a Test-Marketing Strategy Competition Overall Marketing Strategy Socio-Cultural Environment Need for Secrecy Standard Test Marketing National Introduction Stop and Reevaluate -ve -ve -ve -ve New Product Development Research on Existing Products Research on other Elements Simulated Test Marketing Controlled Test Marketing Very +ve Other Factors Very +ve Other Factors Very +ve Other Factors
Criteria for the Selection of Test Markets ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Causal Research

  • 1. Causal Research Design: Experimentation
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Evidence of Concomitant Variation between Purchase of Fashion Clothing and Education High High Low 363 (73%) 137 (27%) 322 (64%) 178 (36%) Purchase of Fashion Clothing, Y 500 (100%) 500 (100%) Low Education, X
  • 7. Purchase of Fashion Clothing By Income and Education Low Income Purchase High Low High Low Education 200 (100%) 300 (100%) 300 200 122 (61%) 171 (57%) 78 (39%) 129 (43%) High Income Purchase High High Low Low 241 (80%) 151 (76%) 59 (20%) 49 (24%) Education
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16. A Classification of Experimental Designs Pre-experimental One-Shot Case Study One Group Pretest-Posttest Static Group True Experimental Pretest-Posttest Control Group Posttest: Only Control Group Solomon Four-Group Quasi Experimental Time Series Multiple Time Series Statistical Randomized Blocks Latin Square Factorial Design Experimental Designs
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. Randomized Block Design Treatment Groups Block Customer Price Difference Number Income Rs. 7 Rs. 12 Rs. 17 R R R 1 Heavy X 1 X 2 X 3 2 Medium X 1 X 2 X 3 3 Low X 1 X 2 X 3
  • 29.
  • 30. Factorial Design Main Effects of Gender Main Effects of Ads 2 x 2 FACTORIAL DESIGN illustrating effects of gender and Ad on believability Ad A Ad B Gender Men X 1 Y 1 X 1 Y 2 60 70 65 Women X 2 Y 1 X 2 Y 2 80 50 65 70 60
  • 31.
  • 32. Latin Square Design Customer Income Store Size High Medium Low Large X 3 X 1 X 2 Medium X 2 X 3 X 1 Small X 1 X 2 X 3
  • 33. Laboratory versus Field Experiments Factor Laboratory Field Environment Artificial Realistic Control High Low Reactive Error High Low Demand Artifacts High Low Internal Validity High Low External Validity Low High Time Short Long Number of Units Small Large Ease of Implementation High Low Cost Low High
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Selecting a Test-Marketing Strategy Competition Overall Marketing Strategy Socio-Cultural Environment Need for Secrecy Standard Test Marketing National Introduction Stop and Reevaluate -ve -ve -ve -ve New Product Development Research on Existing Products Research on other Elements Simulated Test Marketing Controlled Test Marketing Very +ve Other Factors Very +ve Other Factors Very +ve Other Factors
  • 37.