This document provides an overview of the Indian banking system. It discusses the origins of banking in India in the 18th century. It then outlines the modern functions of banks as both fund-based involving lending, and non-fund based involving various fee-based services. The document also mentions guidelines provided by the Reserve Bank of India and studies specific banks like HDFC Bank and Punjab National Bank.
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Project Report
ON
“INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM”
POST GARDUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESSADMNISTRATION(PGDBM)
(2006-09)
2. UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Sr. Manager Mr. V.K Sharma&Dy. Manager Mrs. S. Saroaja
SUBMITTED BY
Roshan Ara0621000460
1
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGYCENTRE FOR
DISTANCE LEARNING
Ghaziabad
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Banking in India
originated in the first decade of 18 century with The General Bank of India
coming into existence in1786. This was followed by Bank of Hindustan.
Boththese banks are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State
Bank of India being established as "The Bank of Bengal" in Calcutta in June
1806.The Reserve Bank of India formally took on the responsibility of
regulating the Indian banking sectorfrom1935. After India's
independence 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader
powers.Currently (2007), banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of
supply, productrange and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a
challenge for the privatesector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and
capital adequacy, Indian banksare considered to have clean, strong and
transparent balance sheets relative to other b a n k s i n c o mp a r a b l e
e c o n o mi e s i n i t s r e g i o n . Th e R e s e r v e B a n k o f I n d i a i s
a n autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated
policy of theBank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without
any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true.2
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
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The Modern Banking Functions are Fund based and Non-Fund based
functions. Thesefunctions of a bank are those in which banks extend various
services to their customersor add their commitments to certain transactions
undertaken by their clients and chargetheir fees/ commissions for the services
rendered by them / their commitments added tothe transactions undertaken by the
clients. The activities popularly known as ‘Non-fundfacilities’ provided by
Banks.Thus, we conclude……………………………3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION -
•
Objectives of the study 5
•
Scope of study 6
•
Limitations of study 7
2.
INDIAN BANKS –
•
Scope of Indian Bank 8
•
Banking in India 9
•
Definition of Banks 11
•
T y p e
s o f
B a n k
1 2
•
Services Provided by Banks 13 3. RESERVE BANK OF INDIA–
•
Guidelines Provided by the RBI21
•
Guidelines on Fair Practices Code284
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334. STUDY OF HDFC BANK 5 .
S T U D Y
O F P N B
B A N K 4 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my heartiest gratitude to Mr.
V.K SHARMA
(SENIOR MANAGER-PNB) for giving me an opportunity to prepare a report
on the project assigned tome. I am also thankful to Mrs.
S. SAROJA
(DEPUTY MANAGER) under their guidance I undertook this project, for
extending the advice and direction that isrequired to carry on a study of this
nature, and for helping me with the intricate5
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details of the project at every step. Without their support and able guidance,
itwould have been very difficult to finish this work in the way I have done it.Lastly
I would like to thank all the respondents who offered their opinions andsuggestions
through the survey that was conducted by me.However, I accept the sole
responsibility of any possible errors of omission.
(
Roshan Ara )
6
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To study broad outline of management of credit, market and operational
risksassociated with banking sector.
11. To understand the importance of banking sector.
To study the Indian bank scenario and its problem.
Long Term and Short Term Finances.
To study the role of bank in Indian Market.
Different types of services provided by the banks.
To study various bank, Corporate and Commercial.
To study the Indian bank scenario and its problem.
Though the Indian Banking System is very wide and elaborated, still the
projectcovers whole subject in concise manner.
The study aims at learning the techniques involved to manage the various
typesof Banks, various methodologies undertaken.
To offer suggestions based upon the findings.7
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY
A healthy banking system is essential for any economy striving to
achieveg o o d g r o wt h a n d ye t r e ma i n s t a b l e i n a n i n c r e a s i n g l y
g l o b a l b u s i n e s s environment. The Indian banking system, with one of
the largest bankingnetworks in the world, has witnessed a series of
reforms over the past fewyears like the deregulation of interest rates, dilution
of the government stake in public sector banks (PSBs), and the increased
participation of private sector b a n k s . Th e g r o wt h o f t h e r e t a i l
f i n a n c i a l s e r v i c e s s e c t o r h a s b e e n a k e y development on the market
front. Indian banks (both public and private) havenot only been keen to tap the
domestic market but also to compete in the globalmarket place.
Studying the increasing business scope of the bank.8
12. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
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Market segmentation to find the potential customers for the bank.
Customers’ perception on the various products of the bank.
The corporate sector has stepped up its demand for credit to fund its expansion
plans; there has also been a growth in retail banking.
The report seeks to present a comprehensive picture of the various types of
bank. The banks can be broadly classified into two categories:-
•
Nationalise Bank
•
Private Bank
Within each of these broad groups, an attempt has been made to cover
ascomprehensively as possible, under the various sub-groups.
LIMITATIONOFTHE STUDY:
Every work has its own limitation. Limitationsare extent to which the process
should not exceed. Limitations of this project are:-1.
The project was constrained by time limit of two months.2 . Th e ma j o r
l i mi t a t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y s h a l l b e d a t a a v a i l a b i l i t y a s t h e d a t a i s
proprietary and not readily shared for dissemination.3. Due to the ongoing
process of globalization and increasing competition, no onemodel or method
will suffice over a long period of time and constant up grada tionwill be
required. As such the project can be considered as an overview of
thevarious banks prevailing in Punjab National Bank and in the Banking
Industry.4. Each bank, in conforming to the RBI guidelines, may develop its
own methodsfor measuring and managing risk.9
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5.
13. The project study is restricted to banking sector used in India only.6. The
conclusion made is based on a sample study and does not apply to all
theIndividuals.7. In India the banks are being segregated in different groups. Each
group has their own benefits and limitations in operating in India.8.
All banks are not included.
PROBLEMS: --
The corporate sector has stepped up its demand for credit to fund
itsexpansion plans, there has also been a growth in retail banking. However,
even as theopportunities increase, there are some issues and challenges that Indian
banks will haveto contend with if they are to emerge successful in the medium to
long term.10
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:-
The first stage included the introduction of Indian Banks and how they work in
India. Ichoose five criteria Growth, Credit quality, Strength,
Profitability, Efficiency / Profitability. The next stage involved determining the
objectives of the study, drafting aquestionnaire will be designed keeping in mind
the target audience and objectives of thestudy. It will non-disguised in nature and
will include a few open-ended questions.
DATA COLLECTIONS
The data from such organization has also been collected.
Primary data
The primary data will be collected through the questionnaire designed. In the
process of data collection we went to the respective bank to get the
questionnaire filled. The preparation of the project report required me to
visit the various other companies likePunjab National Bank, ICICI bank ,
State Bank of India, Central Bank, IDBI bank etc.in order to collect data.
Secondary data
T h e P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e p r o je c t r e p o r t a l s o r e q u i r e d d a t a f r o m
v a r i o u s jo u r n a l s , newspapers ( like The Economic Times, Times of
India etc.) books ( like WorkingCapital Management written by Sarbesh
Mishra and Financial Service written by M YKhan etc.)11
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SCOPE OF BANKING SECTOR
Banking business has a history of over 200 years. From the times of
theBank of Bengal (1806) the sector has been witnessing qualitative and
quantitativechanges. Main players during the pre-independence period were
Credit Lyonnais,Allahabad Bank, Punjab National Bank and Bank of India. With
1935 regulation theReserve Bank of India was proclaimed the Central Bank of
India and was vestedwith controlling powers over the commercial banks.The
drastic development taken place during the first 25 years
sinceindependence was Nationalization of many private banks. With this,
the centralgovernment became major policy maker for these nationalized
banksWith economic liberalization measures many private and foreign
bankingcompanies were allowed to operate in the country. Favorable economic
climate anda variety of other factors such as demand for wide range of financial
products fromvarious sections of the society led to mutually beneficial
growth to the bankings e c t o r a n d e c o n o m i c g r o w t h p r o c e s s . T h i s
w a s c o i n c i d e d b y t e c h n o l o g y development in the banking
operations. Today most of the Indian cities havenetworked banking
facility as well as Internet banking facility. A customer is empowered to
operate his account from any part of the country. UTI Bank, ICICI, HDFC
Bank and Bank of Punjab are the main winners of the race
.
BANKING IN INDIA
Banking in India
originated in the first decade of 18th century with TheGeneral Bank of India
coming into existence in 1786. This was followed by Bank of Hindustan. Both
these banks are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is12
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theState Bank of Indiabeing established as "The Bank of Bengal" inCalcuttain
June1806. A couple of decades later, foreign banks like Credit
Lyonnaisstarted their Calcuttaoperations in the 1850s. At that point of time,
Calcutta was the most activetrading port, mainly due to the trade of theBritish
Empire, and due to which bankingactivity took roots there and prospered. The
first fully Indian owned bank was theAllahabad Bank , which was established
in 1865.By the 1900s, the market expanded with the establishment of banks
15. such asPunjab National Bank,in 1895 in Lahore andBank of India, in 1906,
inMumbai- both of which were founded under private ownership.
TheReserve Bank of India formally took on the responsibility of regulating the
Indian banking sector from 1935.After India's independence in 1947, the
Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers.13
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Reserve Bank of India
Scheduled Banks
C o m m e r c i a l B a n k s C o -
O e r a t i v e
B a n k s ForeignBanks(40)RegionalRuralBank Urban Co-
operatives(52)State Co-operatives(16)
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INTRODUCTION
14
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Public Sector Banks 27Private Sector Bank (30)O l d
( 2 2 ) N e w ( 8 ) Other Nationalised Banks(19)State
Bank of India &Associate Banks (8)
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Definition of the Bank
:-
Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for
customers and to borrow and lend money. Banks are important players of the
market and offer services as loans and funds.
Banking was originated in 18
th
century
First bank were General Bank of India and Bank of Hindustan,now defunct.
Punjab National Bank and Bank of India was the only private bank in 1906.
16. Allahabad bank first fully India owned bank in 1865. 15
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Types of banking
Commercial bank
has two meanings:
○
Commercial bank is the term used for a normal bank to distinguish itfrom an
investment bank. (After the great depression, the U.S.Congress required that banks
only engage in banking activities,whereas investment banks were limited to capital
markets activities.This separation is no longer mandatory.)
○
Commercial bank can also refer to a bank or a division of a bank thatmostly deals
with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses, as opposed to
normal individual members of the public(retail banking). It is the most successful
department of banking.
•
Community development bank
are regulated banks that provide financialservices and credit to underserved
markets or populations.
•
Private banks
manage the assets of high net worth individuals.
•
Offshore banks
are banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation andregulation. Many offshore
banks are essentially private banks.
•
Savings banks
accept
savings
deposits.
•
Postal savings banks
are savings banks associated with national postalsystems.There are some examples
of banks in India:-
➢
17. Private sector bank
•HDFC, ICICI, Axis bank, Yes bank, Kotak Mahindra bank, Bank of
Rajasthan16
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➢
Rural bank
•United bank of India, Syndicate bank, National bank for agriculture
andrural development (NABARD)
➢
Commercial bank
•
State Bank
,
Central Bank, Punjab National Bank, HSBC, ICICI,HDFC etc.
➢
Retail bank
• B O B , P N B
➢
Universal bank
•Deutsche bank
Services provided by the bank
Banks provide two types of services1 . F u n d B a s e d 2 . N o n - F u n d
B a s e d 17
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Banking ServicesFund BasedServicesNon-Fund BasedServices
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FUND BASED AND NON-FUND BASED FUNCTIONS
The difference between fund-based and non-fund based credit assistance lies
mainlyin the cash outflow. While the former involves all immediate cash outflow,
the latter may or may not involve cash outflow from a banker. In other
words, a fund basedcredit facility to a borrower would result in depletion of
18. actual liquidity of a banker immediately whereas grant of non-fund based credit
facilities to a borrower may or may not affect the banker’s liquidity.
Fund Based Services
18
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FUND BASED FACILITY
Fund based functions of a bank are those in which banks make deployment of their
funds either by granting advances or by making investments for meeting
gaps infunds requirements of their customers/ borrowers. Fund -based
functions of a bank may be classified into two parts:-
Granting of Loans and Advances
Making Investments in shares/ debentures/ bonds.
FUND BASED SREVICESI . L O A N S A N D A D V A N C E S
1. Commercial Loans SegmentA. Working Capital :-
Working Capital is Current assetsminus current liabilities. Workingcapital
measureshow much inliquid assets acompany hasa v a i l a b l e t o b u i l d i t s
business.Th e n u mb e r c a n b e p o s i t i ve o r n e g a t i v e , depending on how
much debt the company is carrying. In general, companiesthat have alotof
working capital will be more successful since they can expandand improve their
operations. Companies with negative working capital may lack thefunds
necessaryfor growth, also callednet current assetsor current capital.19
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A loan whose purpose is to finance everyday operation of a company. A
workingcapital loan is not used to buy long term assets or investments. Instead it's
used to clear up accounts payable, wages, etc.
I
.
Cash Credit
19. :- This facility is given by the banker to the customer by way of acertain
amount of credit facility. Its limit is fixed on the basis of security of
thecompany`s current assets.
II. Overdraft:-
Banksallow selected customers to writechequesin excess of the balance in their
current account, ie, to overdraw. Overdrafts are arranged up tolimits
which depend on the customer's creditstanding and the bank
manager'shumour. The arrangements allow flexibility in the amount spent and,
equally, allowflexibility in repayments (although technically a bank can demand
repayment of anoverdraft within 24 hours). In that respect overdrafts are
unlike personal loans,which are structured with regular repayments.Intereston
overdrafts is charged onthe fluctuating daily balance
.
III. Bills Finance:-IV. Bills Purchase:-V. Bills Discounting:-
T h i s i s t h e mo s t i mp o r t a n t f o r m i n wh i c h a b a n k l e n d s without any
collateral security. The seller draws bills of exchange on the buyer of 20
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goods on credit. Such a bill may either be a clean bill or documentary bill which
isa c c o mp a n i e d b y d o c u me n t s o f t i t l e t o g o o d s ,v i z r a i l wa y
r e c e i p t s . Th e b a n k purchase bills payable on demand and credit the
customer`s account with theamount of bills less the discount. On maturity of
the bills, the bank present them toits acceptor for payment. In case the
discounted bill is dishonored by the non - payment, the bank can recovers
the full amount from the customer along with theexpense in that connection.
B. Tem Loans:-
A bank loan to a company, with afixed maturityand often
featuringamortizationof principal. If this loan is in theformof aline of credit,
the funds aredrawn down shortly after the agreementis signed. Otherwise, the
borrower usuallyuses the funds from the loan soon after they become
available. Bank term loansare very acommon kind of lending
.
I. Capital Expenditure:-
Moneyspent to acquire or upgradephysicalassetssuch as buildingsand machinery.
also calledcapital spendingor capital expense.
II. Fixed Assets Finance:-III. Project Finance:-
20. Financing arrangements where thefundsare made available for aspecific purpose
(the project), with the loan repayments geared to the project'scashflow.Project
finance is used in connection with raising large amounts of moneyfor big-
ticket,energy-related facilities. The term has come to be loosely applied to
various forms of financing. 'A financing of a particular economic unit in
which a lender is satisfied to21
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look initially to thecashflowsand earnings of that economic unit as the source of
fundsfrom which a loanwillbe repaid and to theassetsof the economic unit
ascollateralfor the loan.'
IV. Consumer Loans Advance against Shares:-V. Housing Loans:-VI. Education
Loans:-
3.
Personal Loans Segment
:-
Loan granted for personal, family, or household use,as distinguished from a loan
financing a business. Though in some situations thelender may require a co-signer
or guarantor. If unsecured, the loan is made on the basis of the borrower's
integrity andability to Pay. Generally, these loans areused for debt
consolidation, or to pay for vacations, education expenses, or medical
bills, and are amortized o ver a fixed term with regular payments of
principal and interest
.
Non-Fund based services
22
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It is generally perceived that the non-fund based business is very
remunerative to bank and the borrowers. The banks, besides getting
handsome commission or feeand some other service charges, also get the
low cost deposits in the shape of margin and ancillary business. The
funds of the borrower are not blocked in theadvances to be given to the
21. suppliers or beneficiaries and this keeps his liquidity position comfortable,
production smooth and costs low.
PURPOSE FOR NON-FUND BASED FACILITIES:-
The borrowers need such facilities not only for purchases of current
assets or financing there of or take benefit of certain services with the help of
non-fund basedfacilities. They also need the facilities for acquisition of fixed assets
including their financing.23
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RBI NORMS:
Prudential exposure norms as per extant guidelines of Reserve Bank of India
providesthat the maximum exposure of a bank for all its
Fund based
and
Non-fund based
creditfacilities, investments, underwriting, investments in Bonds and
commercial paper andany other commitment should not exceed 25
percent of its (bank's) net worth to an individual borrower and 50 percent
of its, net worth to a 'group'. It may however, berioted that while calculating
exposure, the
Non-fund based
facilities are to be taken at
50 percent
of the sanctioned limit. To illustrate the point let us consider the
followingexample:-
Example1.P a r t i c u l a
r s R s . R s .
I n crores
Net worth of the bankMaximum exposure permitted for an individualborrower
(25% of net worth of the bank) WorkingCapital Control and Banking Policy
17570024
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22. Maximum exposure permitted for all borrowersunder the same group (50% of
net worth of thebank)
350657
Example1.P a r t i c u l
a r s R s .
25
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Limits sanctioned to borrower
Fund BasedNon-Fund Based 100Total 200
Total Exposure
For Fund Based limits@ 50% of limitsFor Non-Fund based limits 50@ 50% of
limits
10010020010050
Total
15026
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Total credit limits to the above borrower are Rs.200 crores which are in
excess of themaximum exposure norm of Rs. 175 crores. but for the purpose of
determining exposurewe have taken non-fund based limits at 50 percent of itsvalue
and total exposure is takenat 150 crores which is well within the norm.
FUNDS REMITTANCE/ TRANSFER FACILITIES
• I s s u e o f d e m a n d d r a f t •Collection of bills and cheques
ESTABLISHMENT OF LC/ BG
Letter of credit
:-
A Letter of Credit (L/C) is a written document issued by the Buyers'Banker
(BBK), at a request of the Buyer (B), in favour of the Seller(S), whereby
theBuyer's Banker (BBK) gives an undertaking to the Seller(S) that, in the
event of theSeller tendering the Bill of Exchange to the Seller's Banker
(SBK), along with all therequired documents, in strict compliance of all the
terms and conditions stipulated in theL/C, the entire amount of the bill will be
paid to the Seller (S) by the Seller's Banker (SBK), on behalf of the
23. Buyer's Banker (BBK) immediately, as has been, in turn, undertaken by
the buyer to his own Banker(BBK).
Bank guarantee: -
It is customary for the Bank, in normal course of business, to issueand execute
guarantees in favor of third parties on behalf of the customers. The Bank
guarantees are governed by various provisions as contained in the Indian Contract
Act,1872. The commercial transactions, bank’s customers are sometimes required
to give aBank Guarantee. This is mostly as an alternate to keep cash as a security
deposit. Thethird party who seeks the guarantee, not being aware of the customer’s
financialstanding prefers a bank guarantee. In turn the Bank, which very well
understands thefinancial standing of the customer, undertakes the guarantee of the
customer’s financialcommitments or performance of contracts by him. The bank
charges commission for this27
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Sumit Tokas
Very good project
reply05 / 02 / 2012
Chandrakala Jadhav
how to download this project report
reply09 / 26 / 2011
29. Sreenivasulu Kittani
good project
reply04 / 30 / 2010
03 / 27 / 2010This document made it onto the Rising List!
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