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'Low carb downunder' conference
1. Has nutrition research helped
us with our food choices?
Simon Thornley (Epidemiologist)
University of Auckland
2. Summary
What is science/epidemiology?
A brief history of human nutrition
I get involved… diversion into tobacco
Food addiction?
What next?
3. My view
Yes, but many nutrition scientists are not
listening to the data
Fructose, sugar, carbohydrates are often
overlooked
4. What is science or research?
“In God we trust, all others bring data”
William Edward Deming
“First establish the facts, then seek to
explain them”
Aristotle
5. Science
Anarchistic; consensus not useful
Hypothesis and argument
Disproof over proof
Uncertainty over absolutes
Integration
6. A basic epidemiological study…
Disease Subjects
What we eat
Focus on statistical over biological evidence…
7.
8. Error…
Many contradictory studies
Not included in CI or p-value Accounted for by 95%
[Quantitative bias analysis] Error confidence interval and
p-value
Selection bias
recruitment %
Information Systematic Random
bias
Accuracy of measures?
Unmeasured False +ve False –ve
~5% ~10 to 20%
confounding
RCT? From literature?
10. Bradford-Hill Criteria
Strong RCT better than
association? observational study
Consistent? Makes sense
Does cause come
before effect?
More
exposuremore
disease?
11. Salt restriction
Salt restriction ↓ blood pressure
Observational studies show both ↑ and ↓
survival (unmeasured confounding)
Only randomised study shows benefit in
group that didn’t restrict salt.
Taylor, R. S., Ashton K. E., T. Moxham, L Hooper, and S. Ebrahim. "Reduced Dietary Salt for the Prevention of Cardiovascular
Disease." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 7 (2011).
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD009217/frame.html .
12.
13. Is the idea falsifiable?
HOW DOES SCIENCE GO
WRONG?
14. How it works in theory…
Idea Experiment Interpret New Idea
Generate Test Inferences from Refine
hypothesis hypothesis experiment hypothesis
15. In reality…?
Experiment Interpret New
Idea
Generate Test Inferences from Idea
hypothesis hypothesis experiment Refine
hypothesis
19. What happened in the 1960s?
Diet-heart hypothesis
Heart disease caused by saturated fat
Response: reduce fat (↑sugar or carb.)
Cheap sugar (HFCS in USA)
American Heart Assoc other English
speaking countries
Taubes G. The Diet Delusion. New York: Vermilion; 2007.
21. Nutrition to the rescue…
A–B=C
A = Energy in (food)
B = Energy out (burned, metabolism)
C = Energy stored (as fat)
Cause
↑A/↓B→↑C – obesigenic environment (↑energy
in/ reduced energy out)
39. My thoughts on obesity…
Medical training Public Health Research Research
Traditional Tobacco Similarities Critique of
Nutritional theory addiction between energy density
- Energy density obesity and Focus on sugar
smoking
1994 2005 2007 2011
47. Eating and addiction?
Atkins Diet
An executive who had tried obesity surgery,
laxatives, diets, everything…
“Often I would shake until I could put
some sugar in my mouth”
48. “Ihad an hour’s drive from my office to
my home, and I knew every
restaurant, candy machine and soft
drink dispenser”
49. What about glucose?
Is refined starch the same as nicotine?
Are low GI foods the obese person’s
equivalent to a smoker’s nicotine patch or
gum?
55. The medical gurus say sugar is
OK?
“Excess sucrose has largely been
exonerated as an important dietary factor in
the aetiology of type-2 diabetes...”
J. I. Mann and A. S. Truswell
Diseases of overnourished societies and the need for dietary change: in the
Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4th Edition.
Postprandial glycemia (GI) used to
exonnerate sugar…
56. Sugar: traditional views
30% increase over last 30 years
Popkin BM, Nielsen SJ. The sweetening of the world's diet. Obesity Research 2003;11(11):1325-32.
“Empty calorie”
Nestle M. Soft drink "pouring rights": marketing empty calories to children. Public Health Reports
2000;115(4):308-19.
Fructose not mentioned
Something is missing?
57.
58.
59. Update...
AHA turns around.
“Fructose... has been indirectly implicated
in the epidemics of obesity and type 2
diabetes”
Circulation 2009;120;1011-1020
60. Fructose: what has changed?
GI ignores fructose
Sweeter than glucose
Linked to:
Gout, diabetes, weight gain, metabolic syndrome
Hypertension, rotten teeth
High triglycerides, dyslipidaemia, CVD
Tends to ↑ hunger
Johnson, R.J., et al., Hypothesis: Could Excessive Fructose Intake and Uric Acid Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Endocr Rev, 2009. 30(1): p. 96-
116.
Segal, M.S., E. Gollub, and R.J. Johnson, Is the fructose index more relevant with regards to cardiovascular disease than the glycemic index?
European Journal of Nutrition, 2007. 46(7): p. 406-17.
61. What about saturated fat?
Recent summaries
no association with heart disease.
Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease: Summary of Evidence
from Prospective Cohort and Randomised Controlled Trials. Ann Nutr Metab
2009;55:173–201
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS (April 2009). A systematic review of the
evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart
disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 169 (7): 659–69.
62. Food addiction: evidence
Addiction pathways
Eating is automatic
Rats
sugar induces withdrawal; not fat.
64. My inbox...
“For three weeks I cut all sugar and
flour…
then…
mood swings…,
depression…,
stomach pain…,
joint and muscle pain…,
the shakes….”
65. “People who knew me started thinking I was
hiding a drug problem.”
66. Overeater’s Anonymous
“When you are addicted to drugs you put
the tiger in the cage to recover;
When you are addicted to food, you put the
tiger in the cage, but take it out three times
for a walk”
Kerri-Lynn Murphy Kriz
67. Critique: Academia
“Any addictive … hypothesis can't explain
the rise that we've seen over the last …
30 years of obesity.”
Prof. Boyd Swinburn, Professor of Population Health,
Deakin University 13 Jan 2009
70. Synopsis
Nutrition focuses on energy not hunger
Low fat idea predates obesity epidemic
Sugar intake continues to ↑
Likely subtle addiction
Likely cause of major risk factors for heart
disease
Many nutrition researchers stuck in
energy paradigm (cf. some pop science)
Eg. vitamin D. Plausible biological mechanism, consistent studies.Essentially inductionist principles. Critique: Rely heavily on the subjective judgement of the reviewer. Temporality particularly important (prospective studies stronger). Expanding scientific literature makes almost all plausible hypotheses supported.
Important, because in a prominent publication summarising findings, not one mention of the health effects of fructose was mentioned.