A detail account of Solar energy

1. SOLAR ENERGY

2. SOLAR ENERGY
INTRODUCTION
A VIEW IN HD
APPLICATIONS OF
SOLAR ENERGY
DO YOU KNOW?
INFO, NEWS AND
FACTS
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
CARTOONSCAPES
SOLAR ENERGYANALYTICAL
RESEARCHES

4. THE SUN
Sun is a star.
Sun is the centre of our solar system and all planets revolve around the sun.
About 75% of the sun is made up of hydrogen and most of the rest is helium.
As we wonder, sun is 5 billion years old. How the energy doesn’t get exhausted?
It is because of nuclear fusion reaction taking place inside the sun
Two hydrogen atoms fuses together to form a helium atom. This reaction releases
tremendous amount of heat and light energy.
H1+1H1= 2He4
1

5. Earlier view
The energy released from the sun is the source for all planets
, mainly for our earth, as it supports life.
Therefore, Sun is the primary source of energy for our world.
It provides energy to all living beings
This energy is used by the plant to prepare food by photosynthesis
and other creatures depend on it directly or indirectly
This energy is also used for cooking food, drying clothes etc:, in
earlier days.

6. Modern view
But, sun today is not only used for preparing food.
It is used as an ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY
Solar energy is widely used all over the world as a source for generating
power.
This energy is a renewable resource and pollution free. It can be utilized in
many ways
Here we are going to discuss about the solar energy- what? Uses, How it
can be used, advantages and disadvantages, applications etc:-

8. What is solar energy?
Solar energy

9. How much solar energy?
The surface receives about 47% of the total
solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this
amount is usable.

10. Solar constant
The amount of solar energy received by one square meter area
of near earth space at an average distance between the sun
and the earth, is called solar constant.
Thus, solar constant tells us the amount of energy which falls in
1 second on a 1 square metre area of the near earth space at
an average distance between the sun and the earth.
The value of solar constant is
1.4kj/s/m2 (or) 1.4 kW/m2

12. SOLAR ENERGY- PRESENT SCENARIO
As solar energy is abundant for
our use we can use it for many
purposes.
Therefore capturing heat energy
is easiest way to use solar
energy
It can be used to heating
water, transport and
reconnaissance, solar
ventilation, water treatment
, architecture and horticulture .
Produce electricity through
various ways
The fossil fuels are non renewable
sources so we can not depend on
them forever.
Though nuclear energy is a clean
and green energy ,as said by
Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam, there are
always some problems associated
with it.
So the only option we have is
solar energy because it is a
nonpolluting and silent source of
electricity and also low
maintenance and long lasting
energy.

13. PRESENT SCENARIO
Sales
Fossils
Fossil
s
Bio-fuels
Hydro-based
Nuclear
SOLAR(0.8%)
Windmills

14. USES OF SOLAR ENERGY
Heaters
Cars
Green houses
water pumps
Lights
Desalination
Satellites
Chilling
Dryers
Solar ponds
Commercial use
On an office building , roof areas can be covered with solar panels .
Remote buildings such as schools , communities can make use of solar energy.
Even on the highways , for every five kilometres ,solar telephones are used.
In developing countries , this solar panels are very much useful.

16. Putting Solar Energy to Use: Heating
Water
Two methods of heating water:
passive (no moving parts) and
active (pumps).
In both, a flat-plate collector is
used to absorb the sun’s
energy to heat the water.
The water circulates
throughout the closed system
due to convection currents.
Tanks of hot water are used as
storage.

17. Heating Water: Active System
Active System uses antifreeze so that the liquid does not
freeze if outside temp. drops below freezing.

18. Heating, cooling and
ventilation
Solar heating, cooling and
ventilation can be used as
offset a portion of this energy.
A solar chimney is a passive
solar ventilation system.
As the chimney warms, the air
inside is heated
This causing an updraft that
pulls air through the building.

19. Water treatment
Solar distillation can be used
to make saline.
Solar
water disinfection (SODIS)
involves exposing water-filled
plastic polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) bottles to
sunlight for several hours
Solar energy may be used in a
water stabilisation pond to
treat waste water.

20. Transport and reconnaissance
Development of a solar-powered car has
been an engineering goal since the
1980s.
Some vehicles use solar panels for
auxiliary power, for air conditioning
To keep the interior cool, for reduced fuel
consumption
A solar balloon is filled with ordinary air.
As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air
inside is heated and expands causing an
upward buoyancy force.

21. Architecture and Horticulture
Agriculture and horticulture
optimises solar energy in
order to optimise plant
productivity
Planting cycles, tailored row
orientation, heights between
rows and the mixing of plant
varieties improves crop yields
Greenhouses converts solar
light to heat, enables yearround production and the
growth

22. SOLAR COOKER
The solar cooker is a device which is used to cook food
by utilising the heat energy radiated by the sun.
What is solar cooker made of ?
A solar cooker consists of an insulated metal box or
wooden box which is painted all black from inside.
There is a thick glass sheet covering over the box and
a plane mirror reflector is also attached to the box.
The food to be cooked is put inside the solar cooker
box and covered with the glass sheet.

23. WORKING OF SOLAR COOKER
In order to cook food, the solar cooker is kept in sunshine.
The reflector of solar cooker is adjusted in such a way
that it faces the sun.
When the sun’s rays fall on the the reflector, the reflector
sends them to the top of solar cooker box in the form of a
strong beam of sunlight.
The sun’s heat rays pass through the glass sheet cover
and get absorbed by the black inside surface of the
cooker box.
Once the heat rays absorbed, then the glass sheet
doesn’t allow them to escape.
In this way, more and more heat rays of sun get trapped
in the box due to which the temperature rises upto 100
degree Celsius to 140 degree Celsius.
This heat the food materials kept in the black containers.

25. SOLAR CELLS
Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electrical energy.
SOLAR CELL IS MADE OF:
A solar cell is usually made from silicon.
A simple solar cell consists of sandwich of a silicon- boron layer and a silicon- arsenic layer .
The amount of boron and arsenic present in the two silicon layers is however very small.
A small piece of wire is soldered at the top of upper layer of cell and another piece of wire is
soldered at the bottom of the lower layer..
A solar cell is covered with a glass cover or transparent plastic cover protection.

26. WORKING OF SOLAR CELLS
•
When solar panels are placed in the
sunlight , photons will strike the surface
and emits electrons.
•
As a result electron hole pair is created
in the solar cell.
•
When external circuit is connected to
the solar cell , electrons flow in the
circuit and the current is generated.
 When sunlight falls on the
surface of solar cell, it makes
the loosely held electrons in the
silicon atoms move due to
which, a current begins to flow
in the wires connected to top
and bottom of the cell.

27. SOLAR PANELS
Solar panel is a device which is collection of
solar cells.
Solar panel consists of a large number of solar
cells joined together in a definite pattern.
A solar panel can provide much more electric
power than a single solar cell.
The various solar cells in a solar cell panel are
joined together by connecting wires made of
silver metal.
This is because silver is the best conductor of
electricity. It increases the efficiency of solar
cell panel.
At many places, the solar panels are mounted
on specially designed inclined roofs so that
more solar energy is incident on them.

28. Use of solar panel- Water
pump.
The solar panel has hundreds of solar cells
joined together.
The solar panel receive solar energy and is
converted into electricity.
The electricity produced is stored in battery .
This battery runs an electric motor .
And this motor finally drives a pump which
pumps out the underground water
This can be used to irrigate fields in villages.

29. SOLAR SAIL
Solar sail is a umbrella- like stretched
surfaces around the satellites or the ISS.
There are solar plants, which provide
energy to the objects in the flight.
It is a new technology, which uses the
pressure of the solar radiation to drive the
space probes.
It has solar devices which capture energy
from sun and uses it.
The magnetic sail is a future based concept
going to be developed which uses the solar
wind, coming from the sun.

36. IS NUCLEAR ENERGY SAFE?
 Today in present world, nuclear energy is considered as
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important source of energy.
Even in India , nuclear energy has been given importance.
Recently, kudankulam project has also started functioning.
For the present world, nuclear energy seems to be as a
high yielding source for power and harm free too.
But nuclear energy has devastating effects on people.
Nuclear wastes produced during production cannot be
disposed.
Radiation contaminates always even there is nuclear
accident- Around uranium mine, enrichment
facility, nuclear plants and nuclear wastes.

37. Impact of radiations.
 Nuclear power plants has
radiation on plants animals
and humans too.
 Impacts on vegetation Trees near jadugha uranium
mines have deformed
seeds.
 Impact on animals Radioactive boars on the
rise in Germany.

38. Impact of radiation in Chernobyl
till date

39. Impact on babies in Iraq after American bombing

40. IMPACT OF RADIATION IN JADUGUDA RAJASTHAN

41. WHY? IN INDIA?
 Still nuclear power plants are pushed in India.
 Why?
 Profit for MNC’S who will provide reactors to
nuclear power plants
 Commisions for politicians, scientists and
intellectuals

42. SOLAR REPLACES NUCLEAR.
 Recent researches say that only 10% of electricity demand
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can be fulfilled by nuclear energy.
Electricity demand- 800,00,000 MW.
NUCLEAR POWER- 60000 MW
Why risk lives of humans for just 10% of electricity?
If not nuclear, then comes renewable sources of energy.
Wind energy, hydropower energy and SOLAR ENERGY.
Out of this, solar energy has the capability to feed the earth
1000 times than it’s demand.
The utilized solar energy can give more energy than
needed.

43. SOLAR ENERGY VS NUCLEAR
ENERGY.
Solar energy
Nuclear energy
 Renewable source
 Non- renewable
of energy
 Pollution and
radiation free
 Have no effects on
life
 Can feed more than
the demanded
 Radiation is more.
 Have effects on
every living thing
 Feed less than
the demanded
power.

45. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• All chemical and radioactive
polluting byproducts of the
thermonuclear reactions
remain behind on the
sun, while only pure radiant
energy reaches the Earth.
• Energy reaching the earth is
incredible. By one
calculation, 30 days of
sunshine striking the Earth
have the energy equivalent
of the total of all the planet’s
fossil fuels, both used and
unused!
Disadvantages
• Sun does not shine
consistently.
• Solar energy is a diffuse
source. To harness
it, we must concentrate
it into an amount and
form that we can
use, such as heat and
electricity.
• Addressed by
approaching the
problem through:
• 1) collection, 2)
conversion, 3) storage.

46. ENERGY STORING METHODS
Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal
storage media.
These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically
useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C). The "Dover House"
(in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in
1948.
Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an
effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat
capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power
systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store
1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.[
Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess
electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the
transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net
metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to
the grid

47. A REPORT FROM IEA
The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make
considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems
the world now faces:
Participants in a workshop on
sustainable development
inspect solar panels
at Monterrey Institute of
Technology and Higher
Education, Mexico City on
top of a building on campus.
The development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy
technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase
countries’ energy security through reliance on an
indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent
resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of
mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than
otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of
the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said thatto be widely shared.
investments; they must be wisely spent and need solar energy
technologies such as photovoltaic panels, solar water heaters and power
stations built with mirrors could provide a third of the world’s energy by
2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the
sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside
improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse
gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility
of applications, from small scale to big scale".
We have proved ... that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the
human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the sun.
—Frank Shuman, New York Times, July 2, 1916

48. BETTER WAYS OF
USAGE
Government should take measures and see that solar lights are used as street
lights in all the areas.
We can place solar panels in the barren lands instead of keeping it away uselessly.
We can also keep these solar panels in the deserts , where we can make use of
this energy with the help of a rechargeable battery.
Efficiency of solar panels depends on the range of frequencies of light that strikes
the surface . So they can give higher efficiency if we split the light into different
frequency ranges and direct the beams onto the cells tuned to these frequencies.
Building a new home is the best time to design and orient the home to take the
advantage of the sun’s rays.

50.  BY:
BELIEVE
THAT ALL
OF U
WOULD
HAVE
ENJOYED!
 V.S.VIVEKRAJ
R.M.DEEPAK GUPTA
A.A. AJIMEER ASLAM
M. KISHORE KUMAR
S.MANICKAVASAGAM FROM:
SHINING
M.SAM ARUL RAJ
STARS
OF 10TH
S.SIRANJEEVI PERUMAL
IIT