This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition, types, causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, complications, and management. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, type 2 often related to hereditary factors and lifestyle, and gestational diabetes arising during pregnancy. The disease is characterized by high blood sugar levels and related metabolic issues. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications like insulin, and treatment or prevention of complications affecting major organs.

1. Diabetes Mellitus
Prepared by :
Aini Najihah Bt Nasurudin
Aifaa Anira Bt Anuar
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2. Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction and definition
Aetiology and causes
Pathosiology
Investigation
Signs and symptoms
Complications
Doctor’s management
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3. Introduction
Diabetes
Mellitus
Insipidus
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4.  Most common is diabetes mellitus.
 Definition: excessively high levels of blood
sugar(glucose), and the presence of glucose in
the urine.
 The term diabetes mellitus describes as a
metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology
characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia (high
blood sugar) with disturbances of
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
resulting on effects in insulin secretion, insulin
action, or both
 It is estimated that in 2010 there were globally
285 million people (approximately 6.4% of the
adult population) suffering from this disease.
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5. There are 3 types of Diabetes
mellitus
1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
3. Gestational diabetes
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6. Aetiology
• Factors of the disease:
 Gender
-for type II commonly attack men more than
women
 Aging
-usually at age 45 years, will rise considerably
at age 65 years
 Environmental disease
-unavoidable virus infection
-too much stress
-high alcohol intake
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7.  Heredity
i) Parents
-have diabetes type II, the kids will inherit it.
-If both parents have type I, the risk of the
kids to inherit are less 20%
ii) Identical Twins
-if one twin develops Type II diabetes, the
other twin chances is almost 100%
will develop it.
-In Type I diabetes, only 40 to 50% of the
second twins will develop the disease if
other twin have it.
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8. Causes
 Type I Diabetes mellitus most
common caused by three area :
 Heredity
 Viral infection
 Severe physical and emotional stress
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9. 
o
o
o
Type II Diabetes Mellitus caused by
Heredity more stronger causes.
Obesity
Lack of exercise
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10. Pathophysiology
Type I Diabetes
 Insulitis :Disease of the pancreas caused by
the infiltration of lymphocytes
 Lobules containing heavily infiltrated islets seen
adjacent to unaffected lobules
 Beta cells destroyed: the glucagon and other
hormone-secreting cells in the islet remaining
intact
 No insulin is available
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11. Type II Diabetes
 Insulin resistance : Insulin become less
effective at lowering blood sugars
 Leads to raised up insulin secretion in order to
maintain normal blood glucose levels
 Pancreatic B-cells unable to sustain the
increased demand for insulin and slowly
progressive insulin deficiency develops
 Pancreatic B-cells failure
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12. Investigation





Urinalysis for ketones
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test
Random blood sugar level
Fasting blood sugar level
Oral glucose tolerance test
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13. Symptom
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14. Sign & Symptom

Type 1
 Type 2
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Increased thirst
Increased urination
Weight loss
Blurred vision
Extreme tiredness
Constant hunger
i. Unusual Thirst
ii. Frequent
urination(especially at
night)
iii. Weight loss
iv. Blurred vision
v. Feeling tired
vi. Frequent infections
vii. Slow wound healing
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15. Complication
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16. Complication
 Heart & Blood Vessel Disease
-coronary artery disease, chest pain, heart
attack, stroke, high blood pressure
 Nerve Damage
-injured capillaries that nourish nerve, loss
sense of feeling in affected limb
 Kidney Damage
-kidney failure, damage blood vessel clusters
that filter waste from blood
 Eye Damage
-Blindness, Glaucoma, Cataracts
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17. Complication
 Foot damage
-cuts and blister can become serious
infection, leg amputation
 Skin & mouth condition
-fungal infection, Gum infection
 Pregnancy complication
-miscarriage, dangerous for both
 Hearing problem
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18. Doctor’s Management
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19. Doctor’s Management

Type 1
i. Insulin Injections
ii. Dietary plan
iii. Regular check up
of blood sugar levels
iv. Daily exercise
v. prevent/treat chronic
complications
vi. Enhance health with
food/PA
 Type 2
i. Diet
ii. Exercise for weight
loss
iii. Insulin Injections may
also be used
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20. Reference
 Diabetes.co.uk (2013)
 Jerry Edelwich & Archie Brodsky.
(1988).Diabetes : Caring For Your
Emotions As Well As Your Health
 Davidson’s Principles & Practice of
Medicine
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