1. World Per Capital Energy
80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
Btu
40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year

2. Annual U. S. Per Capita Energy Use
400000000
350000000
300000000
250000000
btu
200000000
150000000
100000000
50000000
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
World Per Capital Energy
80000000
70000000
60000000
Btu 50000000
40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year

3. Natural Gas and other Fossil
Fuels

4. Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves

5. History
• China—first recorded use, piped through
bamboo
• Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and
England (this gas was distilled from coal,
wood, and peat)
• William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer
– Put coal gas lights in cotton mills

6. History cont’d
• 1821, Fredonia New York
• William Hart drilled a well 27’ deep and
piped the gas to a local inn—where it lit 66
lights
• Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859
• 1872: long-distance pipelines made
• 1879: Thomas Edison

7. Modern Use of Natural Gas
• Seamless pipes available in 1920’s but it
wasn’t until after World War II that it
became really important for heating
• Why is it a good fuel?
– No refining
– Burns cleanly
– More heat/unit weight than any other fossil
fuel

8. Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves

9. Formation
• Formed in the same manor as petroleum
– Thermogenic-->4km and >150°C
• Formed during the petrogenesis of coal

10. Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves

11. Production
• Similar to oil but easier to release because
it is much less viscous—

12. Composition of Natural Gas
• Mostly methane CH4
• Some ethane C2H6
• Propane C 3H 8
• Butane C4H10
• Hydrogen H2
• Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulphide

13. Production
• Impurities removed
• Coal scent added
• Then piped
– > 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S.
• Middle East, Africa, South America
– LNG at -162°C

14. Production-past and projected
Natural Gas Production
200
150
Quad
100
50
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006)
Release Date: June 2006

15. In Billion cubic feet
World dry Natural gas consumption
120,000
Billion cubic feet
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

16. Trillion Cubic Feet
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
North
America
Central
& South
Europe
Eurasia
Natural Gas Reserves
Reserves
Oil and Gas Journal 1/1/2007
Middle
East
Africa
Asia &
Oceania

17. Natural Gas
• History of Use
• Formation
• Production
• Reserves

18. Reserves-countries with > 200
trillion cubic feet
• U.S.A. 204
• Russia 1688
• Iran 974
• Qatar 910
• Saudi Arabia 244
• United Arab Emigrates 214
– These countries account for 67% of the
world’s reserves

19. Reserves—how long will they last?
• At the current rate?
– 100 trillion cubic feet per year—about 62
years
• At projected rates?
– About 150 trillion cubic feet per year—about
41 years

20. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Definition
• Formation
• Pilot Plants

21. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Characterized by being
– A. Dark in colour
– B. So viscous that they don’t respond to
either primary or secondary recovery
techniques
– High in sulphur, Ni, V
– Rich in asphaltines

22. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Example
• Bitumen—black viscous to semisolid HC
material found when oil has lost its light
weight volatile components

23. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Definition
• Formation
• Pilot Plants

24. Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand
• 1. oxidation and loss of lightweight
fractions
• 2. Thermal maturation
• 3. Biodegration

25. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
• Definition
• Formation
• Pilot plants no more

26. Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands

27. • In 2003, Alberta’s reserves estimates of
remaining established reserves are 174.5
billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the
oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001,
Alberta’s production of raw bitumen and
synthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that
for conventional crude oil, accounting for
53% of Alberta’s oil production. This trend
is expected to increase to about 80% of
Alberta’s oil production by 2013.

28. http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htm
l

29. Countries with large tar sand deposits
• Canada
• Venezuela
• Middle East

30. Extracting oil from tar sands
• http://
ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfm

31. Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques

32. Definition
• Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing
waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called
kerogen
• Can be converted to oil at temperatures in
excess of 500°C

33. Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques

34. Formation
• Deposited with fine-grained sediments
(mud) that are rich in organic material.
Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is
lost with temperatures in excess of 150.
• Organic material is heavy
• 5 to 25% is recoverable organic material
• Rich oil shales burn like coal

35. Oil shale from AAPG
• http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm

36. Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques

37. Reserves
• http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf
World Oil Shale Reserve
3000
2500
billion barrel
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Africa North South Asia Europe Middle Oceania
America America East

38. Oil Shale

39. Oil Shale
• Definition
• Formation
• Fuels of the future
• Mining techniques

40. Mining techniques
• Revert to notes

41. Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns

42. Carbon Content
• Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than
coal
• Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit
energy than coal
• Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit
energy than oil
• Gas<Oil<Coal

43. Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns

44. Heat content
Unit Heat (106 Btu)
Coal Short ton 21.266
Anthracite Short ton 22.244
Natural Gas 1000 ft3 1.029
Gasoline gallon 0.125071
Heating Oil Gallon 6.49
Electricity Kwh 0.003412
Wood Cord 21.5

45. Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns

46. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• From Coal 28%
• From Oil 35%
• From Natural Gas 40%

47. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html
• US existing power plants
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html

48. Electric Power USA 2005

49. Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
• 1. Carbon content
• 2. Heat Content
• 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
• 4. Environmental Concerns

50. US CO2 emissions
2000.0
1500.0
Million Metric ton
1000.0
500.0
0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

51. 2005 CO2 Emissions USA
600.0
500.0
million metric ton of carbon
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation