1. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Disaster and Defeat
• Map: Russian Campaign,1812
• The Last Campaigns
• The Congress of Vienna
• Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna
Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

2. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Preview, continued
• The Revolution’s Legacy
• Faces of History: Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video: The Impact of the French Revolution
Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

3. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Reading Focus
• What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon?
• What were Napoleon’s last campaigns?
• What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?
• What is the legacy of the French Revolution?
Main Idea
1. After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into
exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability
to Europe.
Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

4. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Portugal
• Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal
• Peninsular campaign was a failure
Costly Mistake
• Napoleon turned east in 1812
• Hoped to teach Russia a lesson
Russia
• Czar Nicholas I didn’t like French troops on western border
• Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports
Disaster and Defeat

5. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4

6. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
June 1812
• Napoleon and army of 600,000
troops
• Marched across Russian border
No One to Fight
• Russian troops pulled east
• French victory at Borodino, but
Russian army still strong
• Pushed to Moscow but found
city in flames
French Army
• New recruits with no loyalty
• Supplies lost or spoiled
• Disease, desertion, and hunger
Retreat Homeward
• Ruined city, no winter supplies
• Starvation and freezing
temperatures decimated army
• Only 94,000 men survived
The Russian Campaign

7. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against
France
• Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced
• In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the
Nations near Leipzig
• In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris.
• Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went
into exile on tiny island of Elba
Defeat and Exile to Elba

8. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Identify Cause and Effect
What factors contributed to
Napoleon’s failure in Russia?
Answer(s): soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon,
extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease,
desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh
Russian winter

9. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
The Hundred Days
• French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII
• King unpopular; Napoleon returns after year in exile
• Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by
allies
• Paris cheered Napoleon’s return
• Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days
The Last Campaigns

10. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
• Duke of Wellington led final
confrontation
• Battle of Waterloo
• British and Prussian armies
• Crushing defeat for
Napoleon
• End of the Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Waterloo
• Tried to escape capture, sent
to exile in Saint Helena
• Volcanic island in South
Atlantic
• Remained imprisoned for six
years
• Died at 51; cause of death
never determined
2. Napoleon’s Final Days
The Last Campaigns

11. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Draw Conclusions
How was Napoleon able to escape
exile in Elba and return to
command the French army?
Answer(s): hired a ship to return him to France
and won the support of people and the army

12. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Negotiators
• Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain
• Czar Alexander I of Russia
• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
• Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France
Goals for Other Decision Makers
• Make sure France could not rise again to such power
• Put down revolution wherever it might appear
• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule
Metternich
• Distrusted democracy and political change
• Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power
The Congress of Vienna

13. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
National borders
• Congress changed many borders
• Wanted to strengthen nations
surrounding France
Process
• Countries that aided France lost
territory
• Countries that fought France
gained territory
• Talleyrand arranged trades
New Countries
• Union of the Dutch Republic and
the Austrian Netherlands as the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Austria and 38 German states in
German Confederation
France’s loss
• Was not allowed to keep any
conquered territory
• Boundaries back to 1792
• Forced to pay indemnity, or
compensation for damages
Redrawing the Map

14. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Metternich’s Influence
• His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society.
• Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions,
voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press.
• Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and
northern Italy.
Restoring Monarchies
• Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries.
• Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the
thrones of Spain and Sicily.
• Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.

15. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Summarize
What were the main goals of the
Congress of Vienna?
Answer(s): restore order, stability, and balance of
power; ensure France could not rise again;
suppress revolution

16. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4

17. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
The Revolution’s Legacy
Was the French Revolution a failure?
• After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again
– Citizens’ rights restricted
– Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles
• 3. French Revolution changed Europe
– Monarchies no longer secure
– Common people learned they could change the world
– Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality
– Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually
inspired political movements in Asia and Africa

18. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4

19. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Draw Conclusions
Why could it be said that the French
Revolution is still being fought
today?
Answer(s): People still fight for the basic ideals of
liberty and equality.

20. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4

21. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4
Video
The Impact of the French Revolution
Click above to play the video.