SOCIETY AND CULTURE AS A COMPLEX WHOLE AND ITS ASPECTS. MODULE 2 LESSON 2 AND 3

1. GROUP 2
LESSON 2
SOCIETY AND CULTURE AS A COMPLEX WHOLE
AND ITS ASPECTS

2. 1. Beliefs are conceptions that people accept as true about how
the world operates and where individuals fit in it.
2. Values are general and shared perception of what is good, right
appropriate and worthwhile, and important with regard to modes of
conduct as in the case of self-reliance or obedience; and what
which concerns states of existence like freedom of choice or equal
opportunity.
Four aspects that make culture and
society a complex whole

3. There are three elements that
constitute the Filipino value system:

4. A. Halaga is the evaluative aspect as to what Filipinos
find most virtuous which constitute three
dimensions:
(1) Pagkatao or selfworth
(2) pakikipagkapwa-tao or
dignified relationship with others
(3) Pagkamaka-tao or
compassion

5. B. Asal is the expression of the evaluative aspect of
Filipino value system which constitute three standards
(1) Kapwa or relational
(2) Damdamin or emotional
(3) Dangal or honor.

6. C. Diwa refers to the kalooban or inner which in
essence is intertwined reason and emotion.

7. 3. Norms - form of rules , standards, or prescriptions that are strictly followe
by people who adhere on certain conventions & perform specific roles;
society's standards of propriety, morality, ethics, & legality.
a. Folkways are norms that apply to routine matters like eating,
sleeping, appearance, posture, use of appliances and relations to
various people, animals and the environment.
b. Mores are norms that people define as pivotal to the well-being of
the group.

8. 4. Symbol is any kind of physical phenomenon. It is a word, an
object, a color, a sound, a feeling, an odor, a movement, a taste to
which people assign a meaning or values.

9. LESSON 3
TOWARDS A HOLISTIC APPRECIATION OF
CULTURE

10. The development of culture according to
Schaefer (2012)
Innovation
The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.
There are two forms of innovation: discovery and invention.
 A discovery involves making known or sharing the existence of
some aspect of reality.
 An invention results when existing cultural items are combined into
a form that did not exist before.

11. Globalization
Globalization may be defined as the world-wide
integration of government policies, cultures, social
movements, and financial markets through trade
and the exchange of ideas.

12. Diffusion
Sociologists use the term diffusion to refer the process by which a cultural
item spreads from group to group or society. Diffusion can occur through a
variety of means, among them exploration, military conquest, missionary
work, the influence of the mass media, tourism, and the Internet.
Technology
Technology in its many forms has increased the speed of cultural diffusion
and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. Sociologist Gerhard
Lenski
(2013) has defined technology as “cultural information about how to use the
material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires”.