2. Why WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene)
Matters
• Most diarrhea and worm infestation is caused
by unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and
poor hygiene
• Simple hygiene
practices can
dramatically
reduce diarrhea
and worms
3. Treatment and safe storage of drinking
water at point of use reduces the risk of
diarrhea by 30–40% (USAID 2004)
4. Hand washing with soap can reduce the
risk of diarrhea by
42-44%
(Curtis et al. 2003)
Hand Washing
5. Latrine use/safe feces disposal can reduce
the risk of diarrhea by 32% (Fewtrell et al. 2005)
6. Why is WASH in SCHOOLS important?
• The school community is healthier
• Students perform better
• Excellent opportunity for parent involvement
• Promotes gender equity
• Invests in life-long positive skills
8. FACT: WASH in schools improves children’s health
• WASH reduces diarrhea
and worm infestation
• 40% of diarrhea
transmission happens in
school
• 400 million school
children have worms
• Worms affect growth and
intellectual development
Source: UNICEF Raising Clean Hands
and Children Without Worms, www.childrenwithoutworms.org
(2010)
9. FACT: WASH in Schools increases attendance and
achievement
• In western Kenya schools,
worms contributed to 25% of
absenteeism and
• Improved WASH led to 50%
reduction in ascaris infection
• In China, school
handwashing with soap
program reduced absentee
days by 54%
Source: UNICEF Raising Clean Hands (2010)
10. FACT: WASH in Schools promotes gender equality
• Clean, safe toilets encourage
girls to stay in schools when
menstruation starts
• In Kenya, WASH reduced
girls’ absenteeism by 39%
• For every 10% increase in
female literacy, economy can
grow by 0.3%
Source: UNICEF Raising Clean Hands (2010)
11. FACT: WASH involves parents and community
• Children are effective change
agents
• Parents are an untapped
resource
• PTAs can get involved in
school WASH improvements
• School WASH clubs can host
school-community WASH
activities
12. HIP offers 2 new Guides for WASH Friendly Schools
13. The Model for WASH Friendly Schools emerged from
HIP’s work in:
Madagascar Ethiopia
14. What is a WASH Friendly School?
• Provides sustainable, child friendly latrine and
handwashing facilities and adequate safe
drinking water
• Offers hygiene education on using latrines,
washing hands with soap and drinking safe
water
• Organizes school to home and community
outreach activities for improved WASH
15. BASIC GUIDE
13 Steps to Becoming WASH Friendly
Each step in the pathway is accompanied by
tools found in the annexes…
16. PHASE 1: LAUNCH, CATALYZING, PLANNING
Step 1: Survey or rapid assessment of area schools
Step 2: Stakeholders meeting at district or local
level to prepare for action
Step 3: WASH training for teachers, parents, and
student leaders identified as potential
school WASH champions
17. PHASE 2: ACTION
Step 4: School ignition—bringing the school
community to awareness and a commitment
to action
Uses CLTS ignition tools:
• “Walk of Shame” – where is
open defecation practiced?
• School mapping
• Feces calculation
• Feces Flow Diagram
• Glass of water exercise
RESULT: “Oh NO!!! We’re eating and drinking each other’s poop!”
18. WASH-Friendly School Pledge
We the undersigned have assessed the hygiene and sanitation
conditions at
Name and Location of School______________________
and we agree to participate in the WASH-Friendly School
Initiative. We understand that we must assure adequate hygienic
toilets for all, a place or places to wash hands with soap, a safe
drinking water supply for the school community, and a clean and
welcoming school environment; and carry out in-class and after-
school activities to teach and practice improved hygiene.
Start date:
End date:
School Year:
Signed:
School Director_____________________
Education Official___________________
PTA Head_________________________
Health Official______________________
Date_____________________________
Place_____________________________
Step 5:
19. Step 6: “Where are we now?”
The school conducts a more complete
baseline assessment of their current
WASH-friendly status, if required
Annex E of the Guide is a School WASH Survey Form
20. • Step 7: Director, teachers, parents, and
students vet the Wash-Friendly Action
Plan that the school representatives made
during training
• Step 8: Improve water, sanitation, hand
washing facilities
21. Checklist for Minimum Standards for
School Sanitation and Hygiene Facilities
Separate latrines for boys and girls
“Child-friendly” facilities
Latrines for male and female teachers
1 latrine per 25 girls and 1 for female staff
1 latrine + 1 urinal per 50 boys and 1 for
male staff
Hand washing stations next to latrines
Latrines should have:
Walls and roof
Ventilation
Doors that lock from the inside, not the
outside
Washable slabs
Anal cleansing material (paper, leaves,
water)
Wastebasket for used wiping material
A place to wash hands after use
Cleaning items such as broom, scrub
brush, etc.
Hand washing stations should have (at
least):
Source of running water for rinsing (tap,
jug)
Soap, ash, clean sand, or mud
Soak pit to avoid standing water
See: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Standards for Schools in Low-cost
Settings (WHO, UNICEF 2009)
22. Simple low-cost handwashing and water treatment
methods
A Tippy Tap “yoke” for multiple users
A stand for SODIS bottles
32. WASH in Schools Resources
You can find the WASH-Friendly School guides and
other resources at:
http://www.hip.watsan.net/page/4086
33. Question 1:
Regarding the baseline survey, and I imagine
several participants are from other NGOs, and
many of us work in the same regions, for example
in Ethiopia. I’d like to know if HIP baseline surveys
or other NGOs are left with the local district
governments, so that we aren’t duplicating
resources for conducting these assessments,
which are part of the key process outlined in the
guide here.
34. Question 2:
I have a question for you about access to the
latrines. Are they available for use when school is
closed?
38. Question 6:
How do you build the second water station you
told us about? [NOTE: the second one is the
tippy-tap with the gored and the straw]
39. Question 7:
How can the national commitment be made a
reality and not a mere paperwork?
40. Question 8:
How many schools were involved? What was the
failure rate as compared to the success?
41. Question 9:
How does wash in schools address the need to
empty the latrines when they fill up? When you
say funding ends, who in practice ends up paying
for this expense?
42. Question 10:
Question about designs for younger children.
Have you seen in low income countries school
latrines with designs adapted for younger
children, especially below 7, for whom privacy is
not an issue, and who rather fear being alone in a
closed super structure? If yes, what did it look
like? And do you know where to find technical
resources on designing school latrines that target
younger children?
43. Question 11:
What has been learned about specific changes in
the school systems that facilitate girls menstrual
management in school?
44. Question 12:
The CLTS approach defines feces as a disgusting
product in order to promote the end of open
defecation and the establishment of sanitary
latrines and sanitary hygenic practices. However,
some approaches, primarily ecological sanitation
methods, promote fecal matter as a valuable
agricultural resources. Are there studies or other
sources of evidence that show that feces as a
disgusting product is better or worse as a method
of sanitation promotion than feces as a valuable
resource?
45. Question 13:
Do you keep statistics of the sanitation solutions
and how successful are they? How do you
measure success?
46. Question 14:
I am sure, other aspects such as barriers related
to Water and Sanitation are also largely addressed
in the WASH friendly school Initiatives. Barriers
are largely includes 'Individual, Environmental,
Institutional, Social'. Sometimes, even if the
facilities available they are not inclusive (gender,
disability), facilities are not hygienic due to lack of
maintenance, structure are narrow which become
difficult for the care givers to assist (for those
who needs special support).
47. Question 15:
Is there any experience of behavior change
communication strategy for schools? And also
does any one members have any study done on
the impact of school children on the community?
49. Question 17:
Do you have any guidance on communicating the
financial responsibilities of the school community
to maintain the school water and sanitation
facilities?
Notas del editor
BY WAY OF SETTING THE CONTEXT, LET’S REVIEW WHY WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE or WASH IS SO IMPORTANT
THE PUBLISHED RESULTS OF KEY STUDIES HAVE PROVEN THE IMPACT OF KEY WASH INTERVENTIONS ON HEALTH
VAL CURTIS AND COLLEAGUES AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE SHOWED THAT HWS CAN CUT THE RISK OF HAVING DIARRHEA NEARLY IN HALF
getting to the subject of our presentation, we need to ask ourselves why wash in schools is important and why we should pay attention and invest time and resources in this area
the school community is healthier
schools tend to be densely populated and just as the flu can be contagious so can health improvements affect everyone
students perform better because
healthier children stay in school and are better learners
excellent opportunity for parent involvement
wash provides so many opportunities for parents to participate – from helping to build latrines to managing a clean water source to making sure that food is handled safely, and much more
promotes gender equity
girls who have access to safe, clean toilets or latrines are more likely to stay in school when menstruation starts
invests in life-long positive skills
wash skills are life skills that can be instilled at an early age and that is an investment in the current as well as future generations as the youngsters grow up and teach good wash habits such as using latrines and washing hands with soap to their own children
However, wash in schools is far from a reality across the world. unicef tried to compile data from 60 country reports on the state of water and sanitation in primary schools , and only 33 had any information.
This information is not good. under half of all schools have adequate water supply and even fewer have sanitation facilities.
We have to all join together and advocate for wash in schools. UNICEF has even issued a call to action for WASH IN SCHOOLS called “raising clean hands”. Here is information that we can use to advocate to decisionmakers
Change these covers to the newest ones
HIP’s NEWLY PUBLISHED GUIDES PRESENT A DETAILED HOW-TO FOR CREATING WASH FRIENDLY SCHOOLS USING A TOTAL SANITATION AND HYGIENE APPROACH
THE GUIDE SHOWN ON THE LEFT GIVES BASIC STEP BY STEP INFORMATION FOR SCHOOLS WITH TOOLS FOR EACH STEP INCLUDED IN ANNEXES
THE OTHER GUIDE SHOWN ON THE RIGHT IS A TRAINING GUIDE FOR GROUPS OF PARENTS, STUDENT LEADERS AND TEACHERS COMING TOGETHER FROM A SAME AREA WHERE A WASH FRIENDLY SCHOOLS PROGRAM IS BEING IMPLEMENTED. THE STRENGTH OF THIS TRAINING APPROACH IS THAT IT GROUPS ALL THREE TOGETHER RATHER THAN SEGREGATE THEM. THE ACTION DECISIONS MADE BY THE TRAINEES ARE MADE AND SHARED BY ALL.
HIP DID NOT INVENT THE “WASH FRIENDLY SCHOOLS” CONCEPT AND APPROACH,
BUT WE DID EXPAND AND TEST IT IN 2 COUNTRIES AND USED THESE EXPERIENCES AS THE BASIS FOR THE GUIDES
SO WE ARE ALL ON THE SAME PAGE ABOUT WASH FRIENDLY SCHOOLS HERE IS OUR DEFINITION
FROM HERE ON IN WE ARE GOING TO PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF THE 13 STEPS FOR BECOMING WASH FRIENDLY THAT ARE DETAILED IN THE GUIDES
ASA MENTIONED, EACH STEP HAS ITS OWN ANNEX WITH THE RIGHT TOOL FOR THE JOB. WE WILL SHOW A FEW TOOLS BUT MANY ARE TOO LONG AND YOU CAN FIND THEM IN THE GUIDES THAT ARE POSTED ON THE HIOP WEBSITE. WE’LL GIVE YOU THE ADDRESS AT THE END.
BTW, ALL THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS PRESENTATION ARE TAKEN FROM THE GUIDES
PHASE 1 IS A PREPARATORY PHASE FOR LAUNCHING THE INITIATIVE, CATALYZING PARTNERS AND PLANNING ACTION
Training CHAMPIONS of WASH –… awareness, skills, and commitment …., that they further develop later in the process
To do this,
Step One - quick and dirty survey
Would be carried out by local officials, NGO or other leaders of the initiative to provide a general idea of WASH conditions in local schools
Step Two ---- stakeholders can include local leadership from education, health, water, NGOs, religious groups, local businesses, school administrators, tourism groups, women’s groups and many more. This stakeholders meeting can result in a common action agenda for a wash friendly schools initiative where each stakeholder has a role and a job to do
Step Three -- is the training of WASH champions, namely students, teachers, parents from a cluster of schools learn and plan TOGETHER. The end Product is a plan of action for their school that they will share and refine once back home
PHASE 2 are Action Steps to be carried out at the school level after training
Step 4 is what we call the ignition step, where the school community goes through a process to identify defecation practices using these tools:
“Walk of Shame” – here we identify where open defecation is practiced. The whole group walks together, and the facilitator intentionally stands and engages conversation at the stinkiest, most fly infested spots… people hold their nose, they swat flies, they are embarrassed and horrified..
School Mapping –shows the school as a connected community… the open defecation points are mapped, by asking.. Where do boys go? Girls? How about the teachers?? any latrines, water sources, litter bins, classrooms and offices, animals, and so on.. All items are put on an informal map, either constructed together on the ground, on paper or other means
Feces calculation- the group continues to examine defecation practices at the school, and now they actually calculate how much feces the school generates… a day, then a week, and a month… it’s first measured in grams, then in donkey carts or wagon loads
Feces Flow Diagram – in this next exercise, the group starts to think about where all that feces goes, especially if not contained in a latrine… what happens when it rains, when the wind blows, when kids and animals step in it and track it all over … where do those 17 donkey carts full of feces go? The inevitable conclusion leads to … in our food and water… which leads to the final exercise …
Glass of water exercise …. The facilitator shows a glass of water that looks clean.. Then runs a broom straw or hair through a bit of feces and stirs it into the glass of water. The water stays clear looking, but when the facilitator asks who wants to drink this? Everyone is horrified and disgusted. The facilitator makes the point… well that’s what we are doing.. Eating and drinking each others feces even if we can’t actually see it.
STEP 5: ONCE THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD BY ALL, THE SCHOOL MAKES A FORMAL COMMITMENT
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PLEDGE FORM INCLUDED IN THE GUIDE, BUT PLEDGING CAN TAKE MANY OTHER FORMS
THE SURVEY FORM IS QUITE COMPLETE AND COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION “WHERE ARE WE NOW”?
IT CAN BE ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT SETTINGS AND NEEDS.
A KEY PRODUCT OF THE TRAINING LAID OUT IN THE OTHER GUIDE IS A SCHOOL LEVEL PLAN OF ACTION DEVELOPED BY THE REPRESENTATIVES FROM EACH SCHOOL. THIS PLAN SHOULD BE VETTED WITH OTHERS ONCE THE SMALL TRAINEE GROUP RETURNS HOME.
STEP EIGHT IS THE ACTUAL IMPROVEMENT WORK BUT IT DOES NOT REQUIRE HIGH FINANCE OR COMPLEX TECHNOLOGIES.
OUR APPROACH FOCUSES ON ‘SMALL DOABLE ACTIONS’… IMPROVEMENTS TO WASH THAT CAN HAPPEN TODAY OR TOMORROW WITH EXISTING RESOURCES. YOU DON’T NEED TO WAIT FOR THE GOVERNMENT OR UNICEF TO INSTALL A PUMP. YOU CAN SET UP A TIPPY TAP STAND, IMPROVE THE PRIVACY OF THE LATRINE BY HANGING A CURTAIN OR FIXING THE WALL. ADD A MIRROR AND INDOOR WASHING STATION FOR MENSTRUATING GIRLS. THESE ARE SMALL DOABLE ACTIONS…
THIS CHECKLIST BY WHO AND UNICEF HAS BEEN INCLUDED TO GUIDE ACTIONS AND MONITORING OF SCHOOL FACILITY IMPROVEMENTS
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO WASH PROBLEMS IN SCHOOLS
THE TIPPY TAPS ARE MADE FROM EMPTY WATER BOTTLES STRUNG ONTO A YOKE WITH LITTLE SOAP HOLDERS – IDEAL FOR MULTIPLE USERS
SODIS STANDS FOR SOLAR DISINFECTION, A SIMPLE METHOD FOR TREATING DRINKING WATER BY EXPOSING CLEAR BUT UNSAFE WATER TO THE UNLTRAVIOLET RAYS OF THE SUN FOR 6 HOURS OR LONGER IF THE DAY IS CLOUDY
THIS IS A SODIS STAND MADE FOR MULTIPLE BOTTLES FOR CLASSROOM USE
THIS TIPPY TAP WAS MADE FROM A GOURD WITH A TUBE AS A FAUCET. THE TUPE CAN BE A HOLLOW STEM OR A BALLPOINT PEN CASING
ON THE RIGHT IS A CLEAN IMPORVED LATRINE WITH VENTILATION, DOORS THAT LOCK AND WIPING AND CLEANING SUPPLIES, WITH A TIPPY TAP HANDWASHING STATION NEXT TO IT. NOTE THE STONES FOR DRAINAGE TO PREVENT WATER FROM POOLING AND PUDDLING
BUILDING NEW WASH FACILITIES IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERYONE TO GET INVOLVED, STUDENTS AND PARENTS AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS ALIKE
EXAMPLES OF LESSONS ARE INCLUDED IN THE GUIDE. SOME OF THEM COME FROM THE EXERCISES IN THE TRAINING GUIDE AND FROM THE IGNITION PROCESS (FOR EXAMPLE, FECES CALCULATION IS A GREAT WASH EXERCISE FOR MATH CLASS)
THIS COMMITTEE CAN HAVE ANY NUMBER OF WASH-RELATED TASKS – BUILDING, OVERSIGHT, MAINTENANCE, MANAGEMENT, FUNDRAISING AND MORE
IN PLACES LIKE ETHIOPIA, THE PARENTS ACTUALLY BUILD THE SCHOOLS… NOW THEY ADD THE WASH FUNCTION TO THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES … AND ASSURE A LATRINE THAT MEETS MINIMUM STANDARDS, AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR WASHING AND DRINKING AND MORE
HERE YOU CAN SEE THE WASH CLUB TEAM IN A SACK RACE CHEERED ON BY PARENTS AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS
SPORTS CLUBS ARE ESPECIALLY MOTIVATED BECAUSE PLAYIONG IN A FIELD WHERE PEOPLE DEFECATE IS GROSS
THIS IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE OF MANY WASH CLUB ACTIVITIES SPELLED OUT IN THE GUIDE
THESE CAN BE OBTAINED FROM UNICEF AND LOCAL NGOS, BUT WHY NOT MAKE IT AN ACTIVITY FOR WASH CLUBS OR CLASSROOMS TO PRODUCE NICE POSTERS OR CARTOONS OR OTHER CREATIVE ITEMS TO PROMOTE GOOD HYGIENE PRACTICES?
WASH FRIENDLY SCHOOLS SHOULD BE A NATIONAL OR REGIONAL UNDERTAKING FOR COVERAGE AND MOMENTUM.
PRIOR TO LAUNCHING, SCHOOL AND OTHER OFFICIALS SHOULD AGREE ON THE CRITERIA AND EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SCHOOLS WHO ASPIRE TO BE WASH FRIENDLY.
THERE IS A SAMPLE EVALUATION TOOL IN THE GUIDE
WHEN A SCHOOL IS CERTIFIED AS WASH FRIENDLY, IT’S TIME FOR A BIG CELEBRATION. SOME SCHOOLS PUT A PLAQUE IN FRONT OF THE SCHOOL. SOME FLY THE WASH FRIENDLY FLAG.
