This document discusses various caching options for websites to improve performance including flat file caching, RAM disk caching, Memcache caching, and APC caching. Memcache caching stores key-value pairs in memory for fast retrieval and is commonly used by large sites like Facebook and Wikipedia to cache dynamic content, database queries, and other computationally expensive processes. APC caching stores precompiled PHP opcode in shared memory for faster execution. Caching improves performance by reducing memory usage, processing time, disk access, and network traffic.

1. CACHING FOR CASH -
CACHING
Scott MacVicar
php|works 2008

2. WHY CACHE?
Reduce memory usage
Reduce processing time
Reduce network traffic
Reduce disk access

3. CACHING OPTIONS
Flat file
RAM disk
Database
Memcache
APC
Script level

4. WHAT TO CACHE?
External resources
Large result sets
Static data
Sessions

5. FLAT FILE CACHE
Write data out to a local file
Config files from Database or XML
Remote resources store locally
Output buffering to local file

6. CACHING FILES
PEAR::Cache_Lite
Zend_Cache in Zend Framework
var_export in PHP

7. RAM DISK
Mount some memory as disk space
Used when IO actions can’t be avoided
Non resizable on the fly

8. LIGHTTPD + PHP
Lua is a scripting language in lighttpd
Use PHP to write out file to disk
Have Lua look at the modified time of the file, if
within the limit serve else execute PHP

9. MEMCACHE
Origins within Livejournal
Used by Facebook, Youtube, Wikipedia and digg
Caching daemon, no persistence
Stores key / value pairs

10. FACEBOOK EXAMPLE
200 dedicated memcache servers
Each 16GB quad-core amd64
3TB memcache data

11. MEMCACHE
Slab Allocator
Libevent based (non-blocking)
Simple Protocol
Server is just a hash table
No authentication or self awareness

12. MEMCACHE CLIENT
Clients provide key and value
Responsible for serialising any value
Compress data

13. SERVER PROTOCOL
set/replace/add
get
append/prepend
increment/decrement
compare and swap

14. HASHING
Key is hashed into a value
Modulous then applied which is the number of the
servers
Server is then picked and stored
If one server drops out you only lose a fraction of the
keys

15. MEMCACHE LIMITS
Key Size is 250 bytes
Data Size is 1 megabyte
32bit/64bit memory limit
No Replication across cluster

16. MEMCACHE CLEANING UP
Uses Least Recently Used Algorithm
Looks for the oldest item and removes
TTL also applies to key / value pairs

17. SIMPLE USAGE
Fetch from memcache
If there return
Else calculate, store in cache and return

18. WHERE TO RUN?
Any server works
No need for matching size
Low CPU usage

19. MEMCACHE + PHP
PECL extension using custom connection
pecl install memcache
Provides MemcachePool and Memcache
INI settings to change hash strategy, function and
protocol.

20. MEMCACHE SAMPLE

21. MEMCACHE ACTIONS
Add - only if the key doesn’t exist
Set - will add or update key
Replace - only if the key already exists

22. MEMCACHE TASK
Open Terminal in VMWare Image and run
sudo service memcached start
Try using memcache to set, get and add values
Try setting a value using the Time To Live parameter
Ask questions :-)

23. MEMCACHEDB
Persistent key/value storage system
BDB used for persitence
Compatible with Memcache protocol

24. MEMCACHEDB CAVEATS
No expiration
Isn’t a replacement for memcache

25. APC
Provides OPCode caching in PHP
Shared memory for storage
APC is only on the local server
No network overhead from TCP/IP

26. APC
Input
Tokenizer
Parser APC
Compiler
Store Opcodes
Executor

27. APC SAMPLE

28. CACHE LAYERING
Disk /
APC Memcache
Database
Fetch from APC locally
Fetch from Memcache, add to APC
Finally fetch from the original source and store back
in Memcache

29. APC USE CASES
Should always use it to cache opcode of files
Small but frequently accessed things
You only have one server

30. APC TASK
Try storing classes or arrays in APC
Use the Time To Live
APC supports an array for keys in apc_get, fetch
multiple values

31. SQLITE
Local node storage of filesystem
Cache result sets from remote database
In memory database

32. DATABASE QUERY CACHING
Rely on MySQL to do the query caching
Doesn’t quite work though :-(
Invalidation of cache happens easily

33. ALTERNATIVE DATABASE
CACHING
Store the result set from the database using another
caching software
Hash query as a key value
Extend your DB layer to add this transparently?

34. CACHING TIPS
Pre-heat the cache
Use multiple levels of cache
Cache even dynamic data for short times
serialize() is slow

35. QUESTIONS?