1. Submitted by :- Jupiter
House
Prepared by :-Soham
Acharya

2. SAPROTROP
-HIC
SYMBIOSIS
AUTOTROHIC
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
AMOEBA –
A CASE
STUDY
HOLOZOIC
HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
CARNIVORES OMNIVORES HERBIVORES

3.  Nutrition is the process of taking
food by an organism and its utilization
by the body to build the body, for
growth, to repair the damaged parts of
the body and for energy.
Life on earth depends on carbon
based molecules and most of the food
are also carbon based molecules. The
outside raw materials used by living
organisms are food, water and air.
Modes of nutrition :- There are two
main modes of nutrition. They are:-
 Autotrophic nutrition and
 Heterotrophic nutrition.

4. Autotrophic nutrition :- is nutrition in which
organisms prepare their own food from simple
inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and
water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Eg :- all green plants and some bacteria.

5.  The cell membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding into
pseudopodia.
 Amoeba surrounds a food particle with pseudopodia and
makes a food vacuole. The food vacuole contains the food
particle and water. Digestive enzymes are secreted in the food
vacuole and digestion takes place.
 After that, digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole.
 The food vacuole moves near the cell membrane and
undigested food is expelled out.

6.  A mutually beneficial association of
two different kinds of organisms.
 To live together; a condition in which
two animals, two plants, or a plant
and an animal live in partnership. The
relationship can be that of
commensalism, where one organism
benefits from activities of the other;
parasitism, where one organism lives
on another to the detriment of its host;
or mutualism, where both organisms
benefit from the association.
 The living together of unlike
organisms in a close, long-lasting
association.
Most diatoms produce, and
they assist as support for the
sponge.
lichen

7.  In symbiosis, at least one member of
the pair benefits from the relationship.
The other member may be :-
1. Injured = parasitism
2. Relatively unaffected =
commensalism
3. May also benefit = mutualism
 Example of other aquatic heterotrophs
that show symbiosis :-
1. sponges
2. sea anemones
3. planarians
4. clams
 Also harbor algae within their cells.
The ash bolete (Gyrodon merulioides), which
occurs under ash trees in North America (Fraxinus
Americana), has a symbiotic association with
aphids (seen in cross section).

8. Symbiosis album
Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas) in the Great
Barrier Reef. Note algae in mantle
(rollover image shows greater detail).
Nitrogen fixing symbiotic association of the cycad
Macrozamia riedlei. These coralloid roots at the soil
surface which contain cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen.
Other nitrogen fixing associations include bacteria in
nodules of peas (the Fabaceae) and actinomycete
nodules in several other plant families.
Monotropa uniflora (Canada) is a myco-
heterotrophic plant lacking chlorophyll that
is entirely dependant on ECM fungi linked to
nearby trees.
Monotropa root with epidermal Hartig net (H) and
mantle (M) in a cross-section viewed with UV light.
Roll-over - hypha projecting into an epidermal cell
(arrow) in stained root section.

9.  Holozoic nutrition (Greek: holo whole and zoikos of animals) is a
method of nutrition that involves the ingestion of liquid or solid
organic material, digestion, absorption and assimilation of it to
utilize it. It includes taking in the complex substances and
converting them into simpler forms. Eg :- amoeba,
paramecium, birds, fishes, humans etc.
 In this mode of nutrition, the food may be a small bacterium, a
plant, or an animal. This nutrition involves:
 Ingestion: Taking in complex organic food through mouth
opening.
 Digestion: Change of complex food into simple form by action of
enzymes.
 Absorption: Passing of simple, soluble nutrients through blood or
lymph.
 Assimilation: Utilization of absorbed food for various metabolic
processes.
 Egestion: Expelling out the undigested food.
Holozoic nutrition

10.  Holozoic nutrition has it’s three
subtypes:-
 Carnivores:- Term applied to a
heterotrophs, usually an animal, that
eats other animals. Carnivores
function as secondary, tertiary, or top
consumers in food chains and food
webs.
 Omnivores:- The category of animals
that feed on both plants and animals.
(Omni-all; vore-eater)
such as bears and humans, eat both
meat and plants.
 Herbivores:- Feeding on plants. For
example, animals such as moose and
snowshoe hares are herbivorous.
Types of
Holozoic nutrition

11.  Term applied to a
heterotroph, usually an
animal, that eats other
animals. Carnivores function
as secondary, tertiary, or top
consumers in food chains
and food webs.
 Organisms that mainly prey
upon animals.
 . (Carni- flesh; vore-eater)
CARNIVORES
Snow leopard
Lion

12.  Omnivores eat plants, but
not all kinds of plants.
 Omnivores can't digest
some of the substances in
grains or other plants that
do not produce fruit.
 They can eat fruits and
vegetables, though. Some
of the insect omnivores in
this simulation are
pollinators, which are
very important to the life
cycle of some kinds of
plants.
omnivores
Large Omnivores-bear

13.  Cranial fermentors or ruminants have a
large, multi compartmented section of the
digestive tract between the esophagus and
true stomach. These forestomachs house a
very complex ecosystem that supports
fermentation. Examples of ruminants are
cattle, sheep and deer.
 Ruminants can utilize dietary starch, but
very little of it is absorbed as glucose.
 Rather, starch and other soluble
carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty
acids in the forestomachs.
 In contrast, starch fed to a horse is digested
to glucose by amylase and maltase in the
small intestine, and that glucose is absorbed
across the epithelium into blood
herbivores
Stomach of a herbivore

14. Q. The question mark is will be filled up by which
of the following step??
A)Pseudopodia comes
out.
D) None of these
C) Both of these
B)Pseudopodia
surrounds the food

15. Q. “Ruminants can utilize dietary starch,
but very little of it is absorbed as
glucose.
TRUE
FALSE

16. Q. In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair
benefits from the relationship. The other
member may be :-
Injured = parasitism
All of these
May also benefit =
mutualism
Relatively unaffected =
commensalism

17. Q. In Holozoic nutrition steps involved are:-
The question mark can be removed by writing here:-
Egestion
Absorption?
DigestionIngestion
Absorption Release of bile
None of theseRelease of
Hcl+pepsin…

18.  Amoeba shows an example of:-
Holozoic nutrition
Symbiotic relationship
Parasitic nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition

19. Presented By :-
Soham Acharya

20. ABSOLUTELY CORRECT
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21. SORRY!! YOU ARE WRONG
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