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MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF
HEALTH AND ALLIED
SCIENCESNURSING
   SCHOOL OF
  DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL NURSING
  PEDIATRIC NURSING
  TOPIC:MANAGEMENT OF CHILD WITH
  MENINGITIS
  PRESENTER:SONGOMA JOHN
INTRODUCTION
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges
 , the protective membranes that surround the
 brain and spinal cord.
Common causes of meningitis may include:
 Bacteria, Virus, Fungi and Parasites.

 Most episodes of meningitis result from
  hematogenous seeding of infection from
  other sites to the meninges.
1. Bacterial causes
Varies with age:
1. Newborn to 3 months of age:
     E. coli and other coliforms, group B Streptococci,
     Listeria monocytogenes, Strep pneumoniae,
     H. influenza type b, Neisseria meningitidis

2.   Age 3 months to adolescence:
     N. meningitidis, S pneumoniae, H influenza type b
     (in young children)

     Mycobacterium tuberculosis is most common in
      young children, but can affect children of any
      age.
. Fungal Causes
   Common in immunocompromised patients.
    May include:Histoplasma , Coccidioides
    ,Paracoccidiodes ,Candida , Aspergilus
    Cryptococcus neoformans
   Viral Causes (aseptic meningitis) include:-
         Mumps
        Enterovirus (coxackie, polio)
        Adenovirus and
        Herpes simplex
Classification of meningitis
1. Based on duration, meningitis is classified as:
     Acute: symptoms present within a period of 0 –
      24 hrs
     Sub acute: symptoms lasting from 1-7 days.
     Chronic: symptoms lasting over 7 days


2. Based on aetiology:
     Bacterial meningitis
     Viral (aseptic) meningitis
     Fungal meningitis
Clinical Presentation: Symptoms
and signs
1. Young infants < 3 months: The signs and
  symptoms are non specific and may include:
   Fever or hypothermia
   Bulging fontanelle or acute increase in head
    circumference
   Convulsions / seizures
   High-pitched cry, irritability
   Lethargy, altered mental state
   Apnoea
   Poor feeding, vomiting.
2. Children > 3 months to adolescents:
   Fever   is present in about ~ 50% of patients.
    Headache,   photophobia, stiff neck, irritability or
     lethargy, vomiting and altered level of consciousness.
    Kerning’s sign in older children (inability to completely
     extend the leg).
 Brudzinski’s sign in older children (flexion at the
  knee in response to forward flexion of the neck).
 Convulsions in 20 – 30% of cases.

 Focal neurological deficits due to vasculitis or
  thrombosis of blood vessels.
 Papilledema (Swelling of the optic disc (where the
  optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated
  with an increase in intraocular pressure) is
  uncommon unless in advanced cases. This
  suggests increased intracranial pressure.
Laboratory Investigations
1.   CSF
        Lumbar puncture or a shunt tap is performed as
         soon as the diagnosis of meningitis is
         suspected.

        CSF should be examined for:
            Microbiology and
            Biochemistry
Laboratory Investigations cont.
2.   C-Reactive protein (CRP).
3.   Blood culture and other cultures
     (urine, abscess, and middle ear).
4.   Full Blood Picture (CBC) and ESR.
5.   Serum electrolytes, BUN, Creatinine.
Investigations cont
6.Other examinations
   Electroencephalogram (EEG) if seizures are
    prominent.
   Head imaging (CT). Indications for CT are:
     Focal neurological examination findings,
     Seizures,
     Increasing head circumference,
     Lack of improvement despite appropriate treatment
      and
     Suspected brain abscess.
   CTshould only be done when the patient is
   stable.
Medical Treatment of Meningitis
pediatric
1. Triage and ensure the ABCDs.
2. IV line for IV medication and rehydration
3. Drug therapy.
Treatment of Bacterial meningitis 1

        Give antibiotic treatment as soon as
         possible:
         1. Infants < 3 month old:
              Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV div q6hr,
               PLUS
              Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV div q6hr for
               10 to 14 days
Treatment of bacterial meningitis 2

      2. Age 3 months to < 18 years; choose on
        of the following regimens:

        1) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
         hourly, plus Ampicillin 50 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
         hourly

        2) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
         hourly, plus Benzyl penicillin 6o mg/kg
         (100,000 IU /kg) IV or IM 6 hourly.
Treatment of bacterial meningitis 2

      2. Age 3 months to < 18 years; choose on
        of the following regimens:

        1) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
         hourly, plus Ampicillin 50 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
         hourly

        2) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
         hourly, plus Benzyl penicillin 6o mg/kg
         (100,000 IU /kg) IV or IM 6 hourly.
Treatment of bacterial meningitis 3

   Alternative treatment:
       If Haemophilus influenza or Pneumococcus is
        common;
        1) Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg IV or IM 12 hourly or 100
           mg/kg IV od for up to 10 – 14 days, or
        2) Cefotaxime 50 mg/kg every 6 hrs for 3 weeks.
Supportive Treatment
       Give paracetamol 15 mg/kg 6 – 8 hrly for
        fever (>38.50 C)
       IV fluids: isotonic fluids at maintenance
        rate (250 ml/24hrs).
       Feeding according to age requirement (75
        – 100 kcal/kg/day).
       Give anticonvulsant if convulsing
       Correct hypoglycemia if present
       NGT for feeding
       Physiotherapy
Nursing management
  Monitor vital signs 2-4 hrly (Temperature, Pulse
   rate, Oxygen saturation, BP, and Respiratory
   Rate)
 Monitor Input/output

 Give treatment as prescribed.

 Maintain a clear airway

• Turn the patient every 2 hours.
• Do not allow the child to lie in a wet bed.
• Pay attention to pressure points
 Monitor IV fluids very carefully and examine
   frequently for signs of fluid overload
   Nurses should monitor the child’s state of
    consciousness, respiratory rate and pupil size
    every 3 hours during the first 24 hours (thereafter,
    every 6 hours).
   On discharge, assess all children for neurological
    problems, especially hearing loss.
   Measure and record the head circumference of
    infants.
    If there is neurological damage, refer the child for
    physiotherapy, if possible, and give simple
    suggestions to the mother for passive exercises
Nursing management at
emergency
   Step one
   Triage according to clinical indicators.
   Step two
   Prioritise care. The nurse’s role is to prioritise
   Airway, Breathing and Circulation,
    accompanied by a rapid assessment of
    conscious level using the AVPU# scale.
 Step three
Follow with specific nursing assessments. These should
  include the following:
■ Assess for decreased cerebral tissue perfusion related to
  increased ICP:
– neurological observations, including blood pressure
  should be performed at intervals determined by the
  child’s clinical state
– assess for increased ICP
– monitor fluid and electrolyte status.
■ Assess for ineffective breathing pattern related to
  increased ICP:
Assess for potential for injury related to seizures:
– document characteristics of seizure activity-duration,
   characteristics of motor behaviour and post-ictal phase
– assess the patient’s environment for potential hazards.
■ Assess for alteration in fluid and electrolytes related to SIADH,
   DI, diuretics, fluid restrictions:
– monitor haemodynamic parameters
– monitor urine output
– monitor SG, urine electrolytes and osmolality.
■ Assess for alterations in comfort related to meningeal
   irritation, headache, photophobia, fever
– monitor temperature and assess effectiveness of comfort
   measures.
Reference

NSW HEALTH( 2010) Management of acute
 bacterial meningitis in infants and children
 Clinical Practice Guidelines
WHO (2005) POCKET BOOKOF Hospital care
 for children GUIDELINES FOR THE
 MANAGEMENT OF COMMON ILLNESSES
 WITH LIMITED RESOURCES

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Meningitis presentation

  • 1. MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCESNURSING SCHOOL OF DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL NURSING PEDIATRIC NURSING TOPIC:MANAGEMENT OF CHILD WITH MENINGITIS PRESENTER:SONGOMA JOHN
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges , the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Common causes of meningitis may include:  Bacteria, Virus, Fungi and Parasites.  Most episodes of meningitis result from hematogenous seeding of infection from other sites to the meninges.
  • 3. 1. Bacterial causes Varies with age: 1. Newborn to 3 months of age: E. coli and other coliforms, group B Streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Strep pneumoniae, H. influenza type b, Neisseria meningitidis 2. Age 3 months to adolescence: N. meningitidis, S pneumoniae, H influenza type b (in young children) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is most common in young children, but can affect children of any age.
  • 4. . Fungal Causes  Common in immunocompromised patients. May include:Histoplasma , Coccidioides ,Paracoccidiodes ,Candida , Aspergilus Cryptococcus neoformans  Viral Causes (aseptic meningitis) include:- Mumps Enterovirus (coxackie, polio) Adenovirus and Herpes simplex
  • 5. Classification of meningitis 1. Based on duration, meningitis is classified as:  Acute: symptoms present within a period of 0 – 24 hrs  Sub acute: symptoms lasting from 1-7 days.  Chronic: symptoms lasting over 7 days 2. Based on aetiology:  Bacterial meningitis  Viral (aseptic) meningitis  Fungal meningitis
  • 6. Clinical Presentation: Symptoms and signs 1. Young infants < 3 months: The signs and symptoms are non specific and may include:  Fever or hypothermia  Bulging fontanelle or acute increase in head circumference  Convulsions / seizures  High-pitched cry, irritability  Lethargy, altered mental state  Apnoea  Poor feeding, vomiting.
  • 7. 2. Children > 3 months to adolescents:  Fever is present in about ~ 50% of patients.  Headache, photophobia, stiff neck, irritability or lethargy, vomiting and altered level of consciousness.  Kerning’s sign in older children (inability to completely extend the leg).
  • 8.  Brudzinski’s sign in older children (flexion at the knee in response to forward flexion of the neck).  Convulsions in 20 – 30% of cases.  Focal neurological deficits due to vasculitis or thrombosis of blood vessels.  Papilledema (Swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated with an increase in intraocular pressure) is uncommon unless in advanced cases. This suggests increased intracranial pressure.
  • 9. Laboratory Investigations 1. CSF  Lumbar puncture or a shunt tap is performed as soon as the diagnosis of meningitis is suspected.  CSF should be examined for:  Microbiology and  Biochemistry
  • 10. Laboratory Investigations cont. 2. C-Reactive protein (CRP). 3. Blood culture and other cultures (urine, abscess, and middle ear). 4. Full Blood Picture (CBC) and ESR. 5. Serum electrolytes, BUN, Creatinine.
  • 11. Investigations cont 6.Other examinations  Electroencephalogram (EEG) if seizures are prominent.  Head imaging (CT). Indications for CT are:  Focal neurological examination findings,  Seizures,  Increasing head circumference,  Lack of improvement despite appropriate treatment and  Suspected brain abscess.  CTshould only be done when the patient is stable.
  • 12. Medical Treatment of Meningitis pediatric 1. Triage and ensure the ABCDs. 2. IV line for IV medication and rehydration 3. Drug therapy.
  • 13. Treatment of Bacterial meningitis 1  Give antibiotic treatment as soon as possible: 1. Infants < 3 month old:  Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV div q6hr, PLUS  Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV div q6hr for 10 to 14 days
  • 14. Treatment of bacterial meningitis 2 2. Age 3 months to < 18 years; choose on of the following regimens: 1) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6 hourly, plus Ampicillin 50 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6 hourly 2) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6 hourly, plus Benzyl penicillin 6o mg/kg (100,000 IU /kg) IV or IM 6 hourly.
  • 15. Treatment of bacterial meningitis 2 2. Age 3 months to < 18 years; choose on of the following regimens: 1) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6 hourly, plus Ampicillin 50 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6 hourly 2) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6 hourly, plus Benzyl penicillin 6o mg/kg (100,000 IU /kg) IV or IM 6 hourly.
  • 16. Treatment of bacterial meningitis 3  Alternative treatment:  If Haemophilus influenza or Pneumococcus is common; 1) Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg IV or IM 12 hourly or 100 mg/kg IV od for up to 10 – 14 days, or 2) Cefotaxime 50 mg/kg every 6 hrs for 3 weeks.
  • 17. Supportive Treatment  Give paracetamol 15 mg/kg 6 – 8 hrly for fever (>38.50 C)  IV fluids: isotonic fluids at maintenance rate (250 ml/24hrs).  Feeding according to age requirement (75 – 100 kcal/kg/day).  Give anticonvulsant if convulsing  Correct hypoglycemia if present  NGT for feeding  Physiotherapy
  • 18. Nursing management  Monitor vital signs 2-4 hrly (Temperature, Pulse rate, Oxygen saturation, BP, and Respiratory Rate)  Monitor Input/output  Give treatment as prescribed.  Maintain a clear airway • Turn the patient every 2 hours. • Do not allow the child to lie in a wet bed. • Pay attention to pressure points  Monitor IV fluids very carefully and examine frequently for signs of fluid overload
  • 19. Nurses should monitor the child’s state of consciousness, respiratory rate and pupil size every 3 hours during the first 24 hours (thereafter, every 6 hours).  On discharge, assess all children for neurological problems, especially hearing loss.  Measure and record the head circumference of infants.  If there is neurological damage, refer the child for physiotherapy, if possible, and give simple suggestions to the mother for passive exercises
  • 20. Nursing management at emergency  Step one  Triage according to clinical indicators.  Step two  Prioritise care. The nurse’s role is to prioritise  Airway, Breathing and Circulation, accompanied by a rapid assessment of conscious level using the AVPU# scale.
  • 21.  Step three Follow with specific nursing assessments. These should include the following: ■ Assess for decreased cerebral tissue perfusion related to increased ICP: – neurological observations, including blood pressure should be performed at intervals determined by the child’s clinical state – assess for increased ICP – monitor fluid and electrolyte status. ■ Assess for ineffective breathing pattern related to increased ICP:
  • 22. Assess for potential for injury related to seizures: – document characteristics of seizure activity-duration, characteristics of motor behaviour and post-ictal phase – assess the patient’s environment for potential hazards. ■ Assess for alteration in fluid and electrolytes related to SIADH, DI, diuretics, fluid restrictions: – monitor haemodynamic parameters – monitor urine output – monitor SG, urine electrolytes and osmolality. ■ Assess for alterations in comfort related to meningeal irritation, headache, photophobia, fever – monitor temperature and assess effectiveness of comfort measures.
  • 23. Reference NSW HEALTH( 2010) Management of acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children Clinical Practice Guidelines WHO (2005) POCKET BOOKOF Hospital care for children GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMON ILLNESSES WITH LIMITED RESOURCES