There are several types of mountains formed by different geological processes. Volcanic mountains such as shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes are formed by volcanic eruptions. Fault-block mountains like the Sierra Nevada range are formed through normal faulting and tension forces. Folded mountains like the Appalachians are formed by reverse faults and compression forces pushing up layers of rock. Complex mountains contain a mixture of these features and can include volcanoes, folding, and different types of faults.

3. Mauna Kea Shield volcano Hot Spot Basalt Mauna Loa in Background Kilaeua is Behind Mauna Loa

4. Kilaeua Newest ground in The world Asthenosphere coming To the surface

5. Composite Volcano Mt Rainier Compressive forces Subduction zones Andesitic composition

6. Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador Quito in foreground Composite volcanoes explosive

7. Normal fault Footwall moves Up relative to Hanging wall Tension forces FOOTWALL HANGING WALL

8. Tilted fault-block range: Sierra Nevada from east, Steep side of block fault; Ansel Adams photo

9. Tilted Fault-block Sierra Nevada from west Side, low angle Yosemite valley the result Of glaciation on low-angle relief

10. Wasatch Range From Salt Lake City Typically fault- Block system

11. Grand Tetons: Another fault-block system

12. Alternating normal faults lead to a characteristic pattern called a Horst and Graben system. An area under tension will often have Multiple mountain ranges as a result.

13. Basin and range province: tilted fault-block mountains in Nevada. The results of a horst and graben system. Nevada is under tension Because of rising magma which is unzipping the system, all the way From Baja California Sierra Nevada and Wasatch Ranges part of this system

14. REVERSE FAULTS: Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall Result of compression: plates colliding Two types: low-angle or thrust faults, and high-angle reverse faults Individual layers can move 100’s of kilometers Alps are a great example

15. Thrust faults main cause Of folded mountains

16. Appalachian Mountains of the US

17. Atlas Mountains, Northern Africa

18. Classic folded terrain: well-developed anticline

19. ZAGROS MTS PERSIAN GULF Alternating Anticlines and Synclines

20. High-angle reverse faults Forms “Sawtooth Mtns” Flatirons classic example Sawtooth effect result of Differential erosion

21. White Cloud peak SAWTOOTH RANGE, IDAHO Alice Lake

22. COMPLEX MOUNTAINS Tend to have a little of Everything: volcanoes, Folds, thrust faults, normal faults ALPS HIMALAYAS