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Day1
1.
Introduction To ES Mohamed Abd Elhay Copyright
© 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
2.
Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
3.
Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
4.
Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
5.
Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems Applications Embedded Systems Types Memories Embedded system developing Embedded Systems Market in Egypt Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
6.
Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
7.
•Embedded system is
a special purpose system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions. • Embedded systems are computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software integration. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
8.
The Word “Embedded”
reflects the fact that these systems are usually an integral part of a larger system, known as the embedding system. “A computer built into a system and not seen by the user as being a computer” It is usually Embedded as a part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
9.
Can Personal Computer
be considered as an Embedded System as it integrates hardware and software to perform functions? Why? NO PC cannot be considered as an embedded system because 1. It uses a General-Purpose Processor 2. The system is built independently from the software runs on it. Else ATM machine Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
10.
Communication: Mobile Handsets Switches and
Routers Image processing and Consumers: Cameras Mp3 and Mp4 players PlayStation Automotive: Engine Management System Claimant Control System Appliances: Microwave Washing Machines Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
11.
1) Microprocessors. 2) Microcontrollers. 3)
DSPs. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
12.
1-Microprocessor: • CPU =
ALU + Registers + Control unit • Microprocessor function is to fetch the instructions from the memory then decode and execute them. • Microprocessor alone is useless Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
13.
1-Microprocessor: a-General Purpose Processors 32
or 64-bit data path Central processing engine of a mainframe, workstation, PC, PDA X86, PowerPC, SPARC, Pentium Complex in design because these processors provide a full scale of features and a wide spectrum of functionalities Modern processors have: a built-in memory management unit (MMU) to provide memory protection and virtual memory for multitasking-capable. General-purpose operating systems. Have advanced cache logic. Built-in math co-processor capable of performing fast floating-point operations. Interfaces to support a variety of external peripheral devices. These processors result in large power consumption, heat production, and size Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
14.
1-Microprocessor: b-Embedded general purpose
Processors Designed for a wide range of application (consumer and communication) 8/16 or 32-bit data path Limited functionality depends on the application Scaled-down versions of existing computational micros Reaches around 200 MHz Usually integrated into larger dedicated systems in a SoC (System on Chip), also called core-based ASIC Examples: ARM, PowerPC, MIPS, 68K, x86 ARM has seized the lion’s share of the market Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
15.
2-Microcontroller: • Microcontrollers are often
referred to as single chip devices or single chip computers in a small size that its resources are far more limited than those of a desktop personal computer. • Microcontroller = CPU + Memory + Peripherals •The workhorse of industrial electronics. •Designed for standalone operation. •Include processing unit 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
16.
2-Microcontroller: Microcontroller Main Components Microcontroller
has eight main components: 1. Central processing unit (CPU) 2. ROM 3. RAM 4. Input and Output (GPIO or DIO) 5. Timer 6. Interrupt circuitry 7. Buses 8. Watchdog Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
17.
Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
18.
Processor Control Unit
Architecture: » Harvard Architecture: includes two memory units : ► An ►A instruction memory holds the program separate data memory is used for computations ► The advantage is that we can read an instruction and load or store data in the same clock cycle » Von Neumann Architecture: includes one memory unit : ►a single main memory that holds both program instructions and data Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
19.
Instruction Set Architecture:
RISC is short for “Reduced Instruction Set Computer” RISC is a set of building concepts, that can be followed to optimize and simplify computer system design CISC is short for “Complex Instruction Set Computer” CISC is an old concepts that dates back when memory access was slow Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
20.
Instruction Set Architecture:
CISC aimed to integrate several functionalities in one instruction, in order to limit the program size, and thus limit memory access in order to gain some speed RISC on the other hand, aims to optimize execution of instructions by limiting the capabilities of a single instruction, thus gaining speed from execution point of view As memory technology developed more and more, memory access became faster, and the limitation of memory access diminished Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
21.
3-Digital Signal Processors: •
Like microcontrollers BUT Focus on very efficient execution of arithmetic operations. • DSP has : – specialized arithmetic units, – optimized design in the memory, – Addressing and bus architectures with multiprocessing capability that allow the DSP to perform complex calculations extremely fast in real time. • Used widely in digital signal processing in communications systems such as Cell phones and Image and video processing. • TI (Texas Instruments) has been the dominant player in the DSP market for several years. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
22.
Advanced Embedded System •
Multi-core system on chip Like mobile handset which has one chip contains: 1. DSP processor 2. Embedded processors like ARM 3. Custom hardware for GSM 4. Custom peripherals for board interface (keyboard, touch screen, memory card interface) Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
23.
RAM ROM
EEPROM/FLASH Memory Mapping Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
24.
1-RAM: Random Access
Memory (RAM) Also called Read/Write Memory, The term random access refers to the ability to access any memory cell directly. RAM is much faster than ROM Volatile memory, requires external power to maintain memory content. Used to store data as long as Microcontroller is powered and the program is running Modifiable through program instructions Addressable in instruction sets through different addressing Mode Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
25.
1-RAM: RAM Types: 1. Dynamic
RAM (DRAM): DRAM is a RAM device that requires periodic refreshing to retain its content. 2. Static RAM (SRAM): SRAM is a RAM device that retains its content as long as power is supplied by an external power source. SRAM does not require periodic refreshing and it is faster than DRAM. 3. Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) • NVRAM is a special type of SRAM that has backup battery power so it can retain its content after the main system power is shut off. • Another variation of NVARM combines SRAM and EEPROM so that its content is written into the EEPROM when power is shut off and is read back from the EEPROM when power is restored. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
26.
1-RAM: RAM contents Divided virtually
to: 1. General purpose registers for CPU acts as accumulators 2. Peripherals control special registers 3. Data RAM: all static variables in the program i.e. each variable has a static address and its last value lasts until microcontroller power off. 4. Stack Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
27.
2-ROM Permanent memory
(Non-Volatile) Written upon programming the microcontroller Can’t be written/modified at run time Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
28.
2-ROM ROM types • OTP: –
one time programming ROM – used in products • Mask ROM: – Programmed upon microcontroller production • Flash ROM: – Program electrically many times – Used during development time – Currently used in products to be updatable Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
29.
2-ROM ROM contents: I. Program
code II. Constant data – Handled through const keyword in C. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
30.
EEPROM/FLASH Electrically erasable programmable
Read only Memory Acts as peripheral of microcontroller Accessed through special registers Could write/modify Data during Run time Take more time in read/write access than RAM keep data even the microcontroller is powered off the FLASH memory is a variation of EEPROM, which allows for block-level (e.g., 512-byte) programmability that is much faster than EEPROM. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
31.
Memory Mapping Copyright ©
2012 Embedded Systems Committee
32.
Trade off between
HW and SW For a certain application Which functional blocks should be performed in Hardware?? Which functional blocks should be performed in software?? Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
33.
Software characteristics Highly
configurable Shorter development cycle Easier in versions updates Cheaper Constrained with processor speed which may satisfy real time application and may not Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
34.
Hardware characteristics Longer
development cycle Customized for specific application Better performance in high speed real time application Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
35.
SYSTEM ON BOARD Board Copyright
© 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
36.
SYSTEM ON CHIP Keyboard controller LCD controller USB
interface CPU Memories Customized hardware ASIC Chip Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
37.
HW / SW
Partitioning • In complicated systems functional blocks could be: Level 1: External discrete hardware component on board. Level 2: Hardware integrated with CPU on chip (SoC). Level 3: Done by software running on CPU. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
38.
“Those systems in
which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of the computation, but also on the time at which the results are produced” Real Time Systems are a very fast systems? Real-time means completing tasks within specified deadlines, it is not defined or limited by a specific execution speed. Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
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Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
40.
System Development Cycle 1.
System Specification Analysis 2. System Design 3. Development Hardware Development Software Development 4. System Integration 5. System Validation Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
41.
Software Development Cycle 1-Software
Specification 2-Software Design 3-Coding / Testing 4-Software Integration 5-Software Validation Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
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1- Assembly a-Lowest level
human readable b-Platform specific. c-Assembly has one-to-one corresponding machine language d-Using compiler to convert High Level language to Assembly 2-C Language Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
43.
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Embedded Systems Committee
44.
References • ESC Training
Team Copyright © 2012 Embedded Systems Committee
45.
info@escommittee.net Copyright © 2012
Embedded Systems Committee
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